https://wiki.swarma.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Nancy集智百科 - 复杂系统|人工智能|复杂科学|复杂网络|自组织 - 用户贡献 [zh-cn]2026-11-03T23:14:01Z用户贡献MediaWiki 1.35.0https://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E6%8B%90%E7%82%B9&diff=26464拐点2021-09-08T07:59:59Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>此词条由Typhoid翻译<br />
{{short description|Point where the curvature of a curve changes sign}}<br />
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{{More footnotes|date=July 2013}}<br />
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[[Image:x cubed plot.svg|thumb|Plot of {{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point]].|链接=Special:FilePath/X_cubed_plot.svg]]<br />
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Plot of {{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point.]]<br />
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{{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} 的函数图像，(0,0)是其拐点 ，也是[[驻点]]。<br />
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{{Cubic graph special points.svg}}<br />
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In [[differential calculus]] and differential geometry, an '''inflection point''', '''point of inflection''', '''flex''', or '''inflection''' (British English: '''inflexion''') is a point on a [[plane curve#Smooth plane curve|smooth plane curve]] at which the [[signed curvature|curvature]] changes sign. In particular, in the case of the [[graph of a function]], it is a point where the function changes from being [[Concave function|concave]] (concave downward) to [[convex function|convex]] (concave upward), or vice versa.<br />
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在微分和微分几何中，拐点（英文名为inflection point，point of infection,，flex，或者inflection，英式拼写为inflextion）是光滑平面曲线上的曲率符号改变的点。在函数图像中，拐点处函数从下凹变为上凸 ，或从上凸变为下凹。<br />
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For example, if the curve is the graph of a function {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}}, of [[differentiability class]] {{math|''C''<sup>2</sup>}}, an inflection point of the curve is where ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', the [[second derivative]] of {{mvar|f}}, vanishes (''f<nowiki>''</nowiki> = 0'') and changes its sign at the point (from positive to negative or from negative to positive).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title=Calculus|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2015|isbn=978-1-285-74062-1|edition=8|location=Boston|pages=281}}</ref> A point where the second derivative vanishes but does not change its sign is sometimes called a '''point of undulation''' or '''undulation point'''.<br />
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例如，若曲线 {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}} 有二阶导数，那么拐点处曲线二阶导数 ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' 为0（''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' =0），并且符号改变（从正到负或从负到正）<ref name=":0" />。二阶导数为0但其符号不变的点有时称为波动点。<br />
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In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a [[regular point of an algebraic variety|regular point]] where the tangent meets the curve to [[Glossary of classical algebraic geometry#O|order]] at least 3, and an undulation point or '''hyperflex''' is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.<br />
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In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a regular point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 3, and an undulation point or hyperflex is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.<br />
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在代数几何中，拐点的定义更为广泛一些，如切线与曲线相切的正则点至少为3，波动点或超高频点则定义为切线与曲线相交处至少为4。<br />
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==Definition==<br />
定义<br />
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Inflection points in differential geometry are the points of the curve where the [[curvature]] changes its sign.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Problems in mathematical analysis|origyear=1964 |year=1976|publisher=Mir Publishers|others=Baranenkov, G. S.|isbn=5030009434|location=Moscow|oclc=21598952}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Bronshtein |last2=Semendyayev |title=Handbook of Mathematics |edition=4th |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=3-540-43491-7 |page=231 }}</ref><br />
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在微分几何中，拐点是曲率符号改变的点。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
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For example, the graph of the [[differentiable function]] has an inflection point at {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}} if and only if its [[derivative|first derivative]], {{mvar|f'}}, has an [[isolated point|isolated]] [[extremum]] at {{mvar|x}}. (This is not the same as saying that {{mvar|f}} has an extremum). That is, in some neighborhood, {{mvar|x}} is the one and only point at which {{mvar|f'}} has a (local) minimum or maximum. If all [[extremum|extrema]] of {{mvar|f'}} are [[isolated point|isolated]], then an inflection point is a point on the graph of {{mvar|f}} at which the [[tangent]] crosses the curve.<br />
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例如，当且仅当可微函数 {{mvar|f}} 的一阶导数 {{mvar|f'}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处具有孤立极值时（而不是极值），函数在 {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}}处有拐点。也就是说，在某些邻域中，{{mvar|x}} 是 {{mvar|f'}} 具有（局部）最小值或最大值的唯一点。如果所有 {{mvar|f'}} 的极值都是孤立的，那么拐点就是 {{mvar|f}} 曲线图上切线穿越曲线的点。<br />
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A ''falling point of inflection'' is an inflection point where the derivative is negative on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is decreasing. A ''rising point of inflection'' is a point where the derivative is positive on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is increasing.<br />
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下降拐点的两边导数都为负，即在该点附近函数值变小。上升拐点的两边导数都为正，即在该点附近函数值变大。<br />
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For an [[algebraic curve]], a non singular point is an inflection point if and only if the [[intersection number]] of the tangent line and the curve (at the point of tangency) is greater than 2.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Point_of_inflection|title=Point of inflection|encyclopedia=encyclopediaofmath.org}}</ref><br />
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对于一条代数曲线，当且仅当切线与曲线（在切点处）的交点数大于2时，非奇点为拐点。<br />
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The principal result is that the set of the inflection points of an algebraic curve coincides with the intersection set of the curve with the [[Polar curve|Hessian curve]].<br />
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其主要结果是代数曲线拐点的集合与曲线同黑塞曲线 (Hessian curve) 的交点集合一致。<br />
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For a smooth curve given by [[parametric equation]]s, a point is an inflection point if its [[Curvature#Signed curvature|signed curvature]] changes from plus to minus or from minus to plus, i.e., changes [[sign (mathematics)|sign]].<br />
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对于由参数方程组给出的光滑曲线，若某点处曲率符号改变（从正变为负或从负变为正），则该点就是拐点。<br />
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For a smooth curve which is a graph of a twice differentiable function, an inflection point is a point on the graph at which the [[second derivative]] has an isolated zero and changes sign.<br />
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对于一条二次可微函数的光滑曲线，拐点是的二次导数具有孤立零值并且改变曲率符号的点。<br />
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[[Image:Animated illustration of inflection point.gif|upright=2.5|thumb|Plot of {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} sin(2''x'')}} from −{{pi}}/4 to 5{{pi}}/4; the second [[derivative]] is {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'') {{=}} –4sin(2''x'')}}, and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of {{mvar|f}}. Tangent is blue where the curve is [[convex function|convex]] (above its own [[tangent line|tangent]]), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, {{pi}}/2 and {{pi}}|链接=Special:FilePath/Animated_illustration_of_inflection_point.gif]]<br />
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Plot of f(x)=sin(2x) from −π/4 to 5π/4; the second derivative is f"(x)=–4sin(2x), and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of f. Tangent is blue where the curve is convex (above its own tangent), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, π/2 and π.<br />
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f(x)=sin(2x)−π/4 到 5π/4 的函数图像。该函数二阶导数为 f"(x)=–4sin(2x)，和 f 符号相反。曲线为凸时（函数在切线上方）切线颜色为蓝色，曲线为凹时（函数在切线下方）切线颜色为绿色，拐点颜色为红色：0，π/2 和 π。<br />
==A necessary but not sufficient condition==<br />
必要非充分条件<br />
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If the second derivative, {{math|''f"{{''}}''(''x'')}} exists at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}, and {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} is an inflection point for {{mvar|f}}, then {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''<sub>0</sub>) {{=}} 0}}, but this condition is not [[Sufficient condition|sufficient]] for having a point of inflection, even if derivatives of any order exist. In this case, one also needs the lowest-order (above the second) non-zero derivative to be of odd order (third, fifth, etc.). If the lowest-order non-zero derivative is of even order, the point is not a point of inflection, but an ''undulation point''. However, in algebraic geometry, both inflection points and undulation points are usually called ''inflection points''. An example of an undulation point is {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} for the function {{mvar|f}} given by {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}}.<br />
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如果二阶导数 f"(x) 在点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 处存在，且 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是该函数的拐点，那么f"(x0)=0。然而，即使存在任意阶的导数，这也只是拐点的必要非充分条件。在这种情况下，若最低阶(第二阶以上)非零导数为奇数阶(第三阶、第五阶等)，则该点是拐点；若最低阶非零导数为偶数阶，则该点不是拐点，而是波动点。但在代数几何中，波动点也是拐点。例如，函数 {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}} 的波动点是 {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} 。<br />
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In the preceding assertions, it is assumed that {{mvar|f}} has some higher-order non-zero derivative at {{mvar|x}}, which is not necessarily the case. If it is the case, the condition that the first nonzero derivative has an odd order implies that the sign of {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is the same on either side of {{mvar|x}} in a [[neighborhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]] of {{mvar|x}}. If this sign is [[positive number|positive]], the point is a ''rising point of inflection''; if it is [[negative number|negative]], the point is a ''falling point of inflection''.<br />
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前面我们假定 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，但并不一定存在。如果 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，第一个非零导数有奇数阶意味着f<nowiki>''</nowiki>(x)的符号在某邻域的任一边都是相同的。如果符号为正，那么这个点就是上升拐点；如果符号为负，那么这个点就是下降拐点。<br />
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'''Inflection points sufficient conditions:'''<br />
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拐点充分条件:<br />
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1) A sufficient existence condition for a point of inflection is:<br />
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1）第一充分条件：<br />
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:If {{math|''f''(''x'')}} is {{mvar|k}} times continuously differentiable in a certain neighborhood of a point {{mvar|x}} with {{mvar|k}} odd and {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}, while {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;{{=}}&nbsp;0}} for {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2,&nbsp;&hellip;,&nbsp;''k''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1}} and {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;≠&nbsp;0}} then {{math|''f''(''x'')}} has a point of inflection at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}.<br />
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设函数在点 {{mvar|x}} 的某邻域 {{mvar|k}} 阶连续可微，{{mvar|k}} 为奇数且 {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}，若 {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;{{=}}&nbsp;0}} ( {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2,&nbsp;&hellip;,&nbsp;''k''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1}}) 且 {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;≠&nbsp;0}} ，那么点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是 {{math|''f''(''x'')}} 的拐点。<br />
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2) Another sufficient existence condition requires {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'' + ε)}} and {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''&nbsp;−&nbsp;''ε'')}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of&nbsp;''x'' ([[Bronshtein and Semendyayev]] 2004, p.&nbsp;231).<br />
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2) Another sufficient existence condition requires (x + ε)}} and (x&nbsp;−&nbsp;ε)}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of&nbsp;x (Bronshtein and Semendyayev 2004, p.&nbsp;231).<br />
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2）第二充分条件：f<nowiki>''</nowiki>(x + ε) 和 f<nowiki>''</nowiki> (x&nbsp;−&nbsp;ε) 在 x 邻域符号相反。（见《数学手册》2004版第231页）<br />
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==Categorization of points of inflection==<br />
拐点的分类<br />
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[[Image:X to the 4th minus x.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup> – ''x''}} has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).|链接=Special:FilePath/X_to_the_4th_minus_x.svg]]<br />
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y=x<sup>4</sup>–x has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).<br />
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y=x<sup>4</sup> – x在点 (0,0) 处二阶导数为0，但 (0,0) 不是拐点，因为其四阶导数是一阶非零导数（三阶导数也是零）。<br />
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Points of inflection can also be categorized according to whether {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero or nonzero.<br />
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拐点也可以根据f"=(x)是否为0来进行分类。<br />
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* if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero, the point is a ''[[stationary point]] of inflection''<br />
* 若 f"(x)=0，该点为驻点拐点。<br />
* if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is not zero, the point is a ''non-stationary point of inflection''<br />
* 若 f"(x)≠0，该点为非驻点拐点。<br />
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A stationary point of inflection is not a [[local extremum]]. More generally, in the context of [[functions of several real variables]], a stationary point that is not a local extremum is called a [[saddle point#Mathematical discussion|saddle point]].<br />
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驻点拐点不是局部极值点。在多实变量函数中，不是局部极值点的驻点通常被称为鞍点。<br />
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An example of a stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup>}}. The tangent is the {{mvar|x}}-axis, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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驻点拐点例子：{{math|(0, 0)}} 为函数 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} 的驻点 。切线为 {{mvar|x}} 轴，在{{math|(0, 0)}}与函数相切。<br />
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An example of a non-stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''ax''}}, for any nonzero {{mvar|a}}. The tangent at the origin is the line {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''ax''}}, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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非驻点拐点例子：{{math|(0, 0)}}为函数 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''ax''}} 的非驻点（{{mvar|a}}为任意非零常数）。切线为 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''ax''}}，在{{math|(0, 0)}}与函数相切。<br />
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==Functions with discontinuities==<br />
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非连续函数<br />
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Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative {{mvar|x}} and convex for positive {{mvar|x}}, but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.<br />
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Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative and convex for positive , but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.<br />
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有些函数虽然没有拐点但也可改变凹度。这些函数可以通过改变垂直渐近线或非连续性来改变凹度。例如，函数 < math > x mapsto frac1x <nowiki></math ></nowiki> 在函数值为负时显凹性，在函数值为正时显凸性。但这个函数不具有拐点，因为0不在其定义域内。<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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* [[Critical point (mathematics)]]临界点<br />
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* [[Ecological threshold]]生态阈值<br />
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* [[Hesse configuration]] formed by the nine inflection points of an [[elliptic curve]]海塞配置 被椭圆曲线上九个拐点所组成<br />
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* [[Ogee]], an architectural form with an inflection point S形曲线，具有一个拐点的建筑型式曲线<br />
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* [[Vertex (curve)]], a local minimum or maximum of curvature顶点，曲线的局部最小或局部最大值点<br />
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==References==<br />
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{{reflist}}<br />
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==Sources==<br />
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* {{MathWorld|title=Inflection Point|urlname=InflectionPoint}}<br />
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* {{springer|title=Point of inflection|id=p/p073190}}<br />
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[[Category:Differential calculus]]<br />
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Category:Differential calculus<br />
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类别: 微分<br />
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[[Category:Curves]]<br />
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Category:Curves<br />
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类别: 曲线<br />
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[[Category:Analytic geometry]]<br />
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Category:Analytic geometry<br />
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类别: 解析几何<br />
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<noinclude><br />
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Inflection point]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[拐点/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E6%8B%90%E7%82%B9&diff=26461拐点2021-09-08T07:33:11Z<p>Nancy：</p>
<hr />
<div>此词条由Typhoid翻译<br />
{{short description|Point where the curvature of a curve changes sign}}<br />
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{{More footnotes|date=July 2013}}<br />
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[[Image:x cubed plot.svg|thumb|Plot of {{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point]].|链接=Special:FilePath/X_cubed_plot.svg]]<br />
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Plot of {{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point.]]<br />
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{{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} 的拐点是(0,0) ，也是一个[[驻点]]。<br />
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{{Cubic graph special points.svg}}<br />
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In [[differential calculus]] and differential geometry, an '''inflection point''', '''point of inflection''', '''flex''', or '''inflection''' (British English: '''inflexion''') is a point on a [[plane curve#Smooth plane curve|smooth plane curve]] at which the [[signed curvature|curvature]] changes sign. In particular, in the case of the [[graph of a function]], it is a point where the function changes from being [[Concave function|concave]] (concave downward) to [[convex function|convex]] (concave upward), or vice versa.<br />
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在微分和微分几何中，拐点（英文名为inflection point，point of infection,，flex，或者inflection，英式拼写为inflextion）是光滑平面曲线上的曲率符号改变的点。在函数图像中，拐点处函数从下凹变为上凸 ，或从上凸变为下凹。<br />
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For example, if the curve is the graph of a function {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}}, of [[differentiability class]] {{math|''C''<sup>2</sup>}}, an inflection point of the curve is where ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', the [[second derivative]] of {{mvar|f}}, vanishes (''f<nowiki>''</nowiki> = 0'') and changes its sign at the point (from positive to negative or from negative to positive).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title=Calculus|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2015|isbn=978-1-285-74062-1|edition=8|location=Boston|pages=281}}</ref> A point where the second derivative vanishes but does not change its sign is sometimes called a '''point of undulation''' or '''undulation point'''.<br />
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例如，若曲线 {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}} 有二阶导数，那么拐点处曲线二阶导数 ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' 为0（''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' =0），并且符号改变（从正到负或从负到正）<ref name=":0" />。二阶导数为0但其符号不变的点有时称为波动点。<br />
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In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a [[regular point of an algebraic variety|regular point]] where the tangent meets the curve to [[Glossary of classical algebraic geometry#O|order]] at least 3, and an undulation point or '''hyperflex''' is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.<br />
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In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a regular point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 3, and an undulation point or hyperflex is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.<br />
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在代数几何中，拐点的定义更为广泛一些，如切线与曲线相交处的正则点至少为3，波动点或超高频点则定义为切线与曲线相交处至少为4。<br />
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==Definition==<br />
定义<br />
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Inflection points in differential geometry are the points of the curve where the [[curvature]] changes its sign.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Problems in mathematical analysis|origyear=1964 |year=1976|publisher=Mir Publishers|others=Baranenkov, G. S.|isbn=5030009434|location=Moscow|oclc=21598952}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Bronshtein |last2=Semendyayev |title=Handbook of Mathematics |edition=4th |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=3-540-43491-7 |page=231 }}</ref><br />
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在微分几何中，拐点是曲率符号改变的点。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
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For example, the graph of the [[differentiable function]] has an inflection point at {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}} if and only if its [[derivative|first derivative]], {{mvar|f'}}, has an [[isolated point|isolated]] [[extremum]] at {{mvar|x}}. (This is not the same as saying that {{mvar|f}} has an extremum). That is, in some neighborhood, {{mvar|x}} is the one and only point at which {{mvar|f'}} has a (local) minimum or maximum. If all [[extremum|extrema]] of {{mvar|f'}} are [[isolated point|isolated]], then an inflection point is a point on the graph of {{mvar|f}} at which the [[tangent]] crosses the curve.<br />
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例如，当且仅当可微函数 {{mvar|f}} 的一阶导数 {{mvar|f'}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处具有孤立极值时（而不是极值），函数在 {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}}处有拐点。也就是说，在某些邻域中，{{mvar|x}} 是 {{mvar|f'}} 具有（局部）最小值或最大值的唯一点。如果所有 {{mvar|f'}} 的极值都是孤立的，那么拐点就是 {{mvar|f}} 曲线图上切线穿越曲线的点。<br />
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A ''falling point of inflection'' is an inflection point where the derivative is negative on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is decreasing. A ''rising point of inflection'' is a point where the derivative is positive on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is increasing.<br />
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下降拐点的两边导数都为负，即在该点附近函数值变小。上升拐点的两边导数都为正，即在该点附近函数值变大。<br />
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For an [[algebraic curve]], a non singular point is an inflection point if and only if the [[intersection number]] of the tangent line and the curve (at the point of tangency) is greater than 2.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Point_of_inflection|title=Point of inflection|encyclopedia=encyclopediaofmath.org}}</ref><br />
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对于一条代数曲线，当且仅当切线与曲线（在切点处）的交点数大于2时，非奇点为拐点。<br />
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The principal result is that the set of the inflection points of an algebraic curve coincides with the intersection set of the curve with the [[Polar curve|Hessian curve]].<br />
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其主要结果是代数曲线拐点的集合与曲线同黑塞曲线 (Hessian curve) 的交点集合一致。<br />
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For a smooth curve given by [[parametric equation]]s, a point is an inflection point if its [[Curvature#Signed curvature|signed curvature]] changes from plus to minus or from minus to plus, i.e., changes [[sign (mathematics)|sign]].<br />
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对于由参数方程组给出的光滑曲线，若某点处曲率符号改变（从正变为负或从负变为正），则该点就是拐点。<br />
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For a smooth curve which is a graph of a twice differentiable function, an inflection point is a point on the graph at which the [[second derivative]] has an isolated zero and changes sign.<br />
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对于一条二次可微函数的光滑曲线，拐点是的二次导数具有孤立零值并且改变曲率符号的点。<br />
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[[Image:Animated illustration of inflection point.gif|upright=2.5|thumb|Plot of {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} sin(2''x'')}} from −{{pi}}/4 to 5{{pi}}/4; the second [[derivative]] is {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'') {{=}} –4sin(2''x'')}}, and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of {{mvar|f}}. Tangent is blue where the curve is [[convex function|convex]] (above its own [[tangent line|tangent]]), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, {{pi}}/2 and {{pi}}|链接=Special:FilePath/Animated_illustration_of_inflection_point.gif]]<br />
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Plot of sin(2x)}} from −/4 to 5/4; the second [[derivative is (x) –4sin(2x)}}, and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of . Tangent is blue where the curve is convex (above its own tangent), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, /2 and ]]<br />
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从-/4到5/4的 sin (2x)}的图; 第二个[[导数是(x)-4sin (2x)}] ，它的符号因此相反。切线是蓝色的，该处曲线是凸的(在它自己的切线之上) ，绿色的是凹的(在它的切线之下) ，并且红色的是拐点: 0,/2和]。<br />
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==A necessary but not sufficient condition==<br />
必要非充分条件<br />
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If the second derivative, {{math|''f"{{''}}''(''x'')}} exists at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}, and {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} is an inflection point for {{mvar|f}}, then {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''<sub>0</sub>) {{=}} 0}}, but this condition is not [[Sufficient condition|sufficient]] for having a point of inflection, even if derivatives of any order exist. In this case, one also needs the lowest-order (above the second) non-zero derivative to be of odd order (third, fifth, etc.). If the lowest-order non-zero derivative is of even order, the point is not a point of inflection, but an ''undulation point''. However, in algebraic geometry, both inflection points and undulation points are usually called ''inflection points''. An example of an undulation point is {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} for the function {{mvar|f}} given by {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}}.<br />
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如果二阶导数 f"(x) 在点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 处存在，且 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是该函数的拐点，那么f"(x0)=0。然而，即使存在任意阶的导数，这也只是拐点的必要非充分条件。在这种情况下，若最低阶(第二阶以上)非零导数为奇数阶(第三阶、第五阶等)，则该点是拐点；若最低阶非零导数为偶数阶，则该点不是拐点，而是波动点。但在代数几何中，波动点也是拐点。例如，函数 {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}} 的波动点是 {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} 。<br />
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In the preceding assertions, it is assumed that {{mvar|f}} has some higher-order non-zero derivative at {{mvar|x}}, which is not necessarily the case. If it is the case, the condition that the first nonzero derivative has an odd order implies that the sign of {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is the same on either side of {{mvar|x}} in a [[neighborhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]] of {{mvar|x}}. If this sign is [[positive number|positive]], the point is a ''rising point of inflection''; if it is [[negative number|negative]], the point is a ''falling point of inflection''.<br />
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前面我们假定 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，但并不一定存在。如果 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，第一个非零导数有奇数阶意味着f<nowiki>''</nowiki>(x)的符号在某邻域的任一边都是相同的。如果符号为正，那么这个点就是上升拐点；如果符号为负，那么这个点就是下降拐点。<br />
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'''Inflection points sufficient conditions:'''<br />
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拐点充分条件:<br />
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1) A sufficient existence condition for a point of inflection is:<br />
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1)第一充分条件：<br />
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:If {{math|''f''(''x'')}} is {{mvar|k}} times continuously differentiable in a certain neighborhood of a point {{mvar|x}} with {{mvar|k}} odd and {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}, while {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;{{=}}&nbsp;0}} for {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2,&nbsp;&hellip;,&nbsp;''k''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1}} and {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;≠&nbsp;0}} then {{math|''f''(''x'')}} has a point of inflection at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}.<br />
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设函数在点 {{mvar|x}} 的某邻域 {{mvar|k}} 阶连续可微，{{mvar|k}} 为奇数且 {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}，若 {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;{{=}}&nbsp;0}} ( {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2,&nbsp;&hellip;,&nbsp;''k''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1}}) 且 {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;≠&nbsp;0}} ，那么点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是 {{math|''f''(''x'')}} 的拐点。<br />
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2) Another sufficient existence condition requires {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'' + ε)}} and {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''&nbsp;−&nbsp;''ε'')}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of&nbsp;''x'' ([[Bronshtein and Semendyayev]] 2004, p.&nbsp;231).<br />
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2) Another sufficient existence condition requires (x + ε)}} and (x&nbsp;−&nbsp;ε)}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of&nbsp;x (Bronshtein and Semendyayev 2004, p.&nbsp;231).<br />
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2)第二充分条件：f<nowiki>''</nowiki>(x + ε) 和 f<nowiki>''</nowiki> (x&nbsp;−&nbsp;ε) 在 x 邻域符号相反。<br />
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==Categorization of points of inflection==<br />
拐点的分类<br />
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[[Image:X to the 4th minus x.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup> – ''x''}} has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).|链接=Special:FilePath/X_to_the_4th_minus_x.svg]]<br />
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x<sup>4</sup> – x}} has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).<br />
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x<sup>4</sup><nowiki> – x}}在点 (0,0) 处二阶导数为0，但 (0,0) 不是拐点，因为其四阶导数是一阶非零导数（三阶导数也是零）。</nowiki><br />
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Points of inflection can also be categorized according to whether {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero or nonzero.<br />
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拐点也可以根据f"=(x)是否为0来进行分类。<br />
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* if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero, the point is a ''[[stationary point]] of inflection''<br />
* 若 f"(x)=0，该点为驻点拐点。<br />
* if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is not zero, the point is a ''non-stationary point of inflection''<br />
* 若 f"(x)≠0，该点为非驻点拐点。<br />
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A stationary point of inflection is not a [[local extremum]]. More generally, in the context of [[functions of several real variables]], a stationary point that is not a local extremum is called a [[saddle point#Mathematical discussion|saddle point]].<br />
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驻点拐点不是局部极值点。在多实变量函数中，不是局部极值点的驻点通常被称为鞍点。<br />
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An example of a stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup>}}. The tangent is the {{mvar|x}}-axis, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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驻点拐点例子：{{math|(0, 0)}} 为函数 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} 的驻点 。切线为 {{mvar|x}} 轴，在{{math|(0, 0)}}与函数相切。<br />
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An example of a non-stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''ax''}}, for any nonzero {{mvar|a}}. The tangent at the origin is the line {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''ax''}}, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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非驻点拐点例子：{{math|(0, 0)}}为函数 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''ax''}} 的非驻点（{{mvar|a}}为任意非零常数）。切线为 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''ax''}}，在{{math|(0, 0)}}与函数相切。<br />
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==Functions with discontinuities==<br />
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非连续函数<br />
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Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative {{mvar|x}} and convex for positive {{mvar|x}}, but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.<br />
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Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative and convex for positive , but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.<br />
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有些函数虽然没有拐点但也可改变凹度。这些函数可以通过改变垂直渐近线或非连续性来改变凹度。例如，函数 < math > x mapsto frac1x <nowiki></math ></nowiki> 在函数值为负时显凹性，在函数值为正时显凸性。但这个函数不具有拐点，因为0不在其定义域内。<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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* [[Critical point (mathematics)]]临界点<br />
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* [[Ecological threshold]]生态阈值<br />
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* [[Hesse configuration]] formed by the nine inflection points of an [[elliptic curve]]海塞配置 被椭圆曲线上九个拐点所组成<br />
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* [[Ogee]], an architectural form with an inflection point S形曲线，具有一个拐点的建筑型式曲线<br />
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* [[Vertex (curve)]], a local minimum or maximum of curvature顶点，曲线的局部最小或局部最大值点<br />
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==References==<br />
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{{reflist}}<br />
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==Sources==<br />
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* {{MathWorld|title=Inflection Point|urlname=InflectionPoint}}<br />
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* {{springer|title=Point of inflection|id=p/p073190}}<br />
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[[Category:Differential calculus]]<br />
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Category:Differential calculus<br />
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类别: 微分<br />
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[[Category:Curves]]<br />
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Category:Curves<br />
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类别: 曲线<br />
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[[Category:Analytic geometry]]<br />
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Category:Analytic geometry<br />
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类别: 解析几何<br />
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<noinclude><br />
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Inflection point]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[拐点/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E6%8B%90%E7%82%B9&diff=26460拐点2021-09-08T07:24:49Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>此词条由Typhoid翻译<br />
{{short description|Point where the curvature of a curve changes sign}}<br />
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{{More footnotes|date=July 2013}}<br />
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[[Image:x cubed plot.svg|thumb|Plot of {{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point]].|链接=Special:FilePath/X_cubed_plot.svg]]<br />
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Plot of with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point.]]<br />
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拐点在(0,0) ，也是一个[[驻点]]。<br />
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{{Cubic graph special points.svg}}<br />
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In [[differential calculus]] and differential geometry, an '''inflection point''', '''point of inflection''', '''flex''', or '''inflection''' (British English: '''inflexion''') is a point on a [[plane curve#Smooth plane curve|smooth plane curve]] at which the [[signed curvature|curvature]] changes sign. In particular, in the case of the [[graph of a function]], it is a point where the function changes from being [[Concave function|concave]] (concave downward) to [[convex function|convex]] (concave upward), or vice versa.<br />
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在微分和微分几何中，拐点（英文名为inflection point，point of infection,，flex，或者inflection，英式拼写为inflextion）是光滑平面曲线上的曲率符号改变的点。在函数图像中，拐点处函数从下凹变为上凸 ，或从上凸变为下凹。<br />
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For example, if the curve is the graph of a function {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}}, of [[differentiability class]] {{math|''C''<sup>2</sup>}}, an inflection point of the curve is where ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', the [[second derivative]] of {{mvar|f}}, vanishes (''f<nowiki>''</nowiki> = 0'') and changes its sign at the point (from positive to negative or from negative to positive).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title=Calculus|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2015|isbn=978-1-285-74062-1|edition=8|location=Boston|pages=281}}</ref> A point where the second derivative vanishes but does not change its sign is sometimes called a '''point of undulation''' or '''undulation point'''.<br />
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例如，若曲线 {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}} 有二阶导数，那么拐点处曲线二阶导数 ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' 为0（''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' =0），并且符号改变（从正到负或从负到正）<ref name=":0" />。二阶导数为0但其符号不变的点有时称为波动点。<br />
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In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a [[regular point of an algebraic variety|regular point]] where the tangent meets the curve to [[Glossary of classical algebraic geometry#O|order]] at least 3, and an undulation point or '''hyperflex''' is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.<br />
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In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a regular point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 3, and an undulation point or hyperflex is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.<br />
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在代数几何中，拐点的定义更为广泛一些，如切线与曲线相交处的正则点至少为3，波动点或超高频点则定义为切线与曲线相交处至少为4。<br />
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==Definition==<br />
定义<br />
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Inflection points in differential geometry are the points of the curve where the [[curvature]] changes its sign.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Problems in mathematical analysis|origyear=1964 |year=1976|publisher=Mir Publishers|others=Baranenkov, G. S.|isbn=5030009434|location=Moscow|oclc=21598952}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Bronshtein |last2=Semendyayev |title=Handbook of Mathematics |edition=4th |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=3-540-43491-7 |page=231 }}</ref><br />
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在微分几何中，拐点是曲率符号改变的点。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
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For example, the graph of the [[differentiable function]] has an inflection point at {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}} if and only if its [[derivative|first derivative]], {{mvar|f'}}, has an [[isolated point|isolated]] [[extremum]] at {{mvar|x}}. (This is not the same as saying that {{mvar|f}} has an extremum). That is, in some neighborhood, {{mvar|x}} is the one and only point at which {{mvar|f'}} has a (local) minimum or maximum. If all [[extremum|extrema]] of {{mvar|f'}} are [[isolated point|isolated]], then an inflection point is a point on the graph of {{mvar|f}} at which the [[tangent]] crosses the curve.<br />
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例如，当且仅当可微函数 {{mvar|f}} 的一阶导数 {{mvar|f'}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处具有孤立极值时（而不是极值），函数在 {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}}处有拐点。也就是说，在某些邻域中，{{mvar|x}} 是 {{mvar|f'}} 具有（局部）最小值或最大值的唯一点。如果所有 {{mvar|f'}} 的极值都是孤立的，那么拐点就是 {{mvar|f}} 曲线图上切线穿越曲线的点。<br />
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A ''falling point of inflection'' is an inflection point where the derivative is negative on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is decreasing. A ''rising point of inflection'' is a point where the derivative is positive on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is increasing.<br />
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下降拐点的两边导数都为负，即在该点附近函数值变小。上升拐点的两边导数都为正，即在该点附近函数值变大。<br />
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For an [[algebraic curve]], a non singular point is an inflection point if and only if the [[intersection number]] of the tangent line and the curve (at the point of tangency) is greater than 2.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Point_of_inflection|title=Point of inflection|encyclopedia=encyclopediaofmath.org}}</ref><br />
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对于一条代数曲线，当且仅当切线与曲线（在切点处）的交点数大于2时，非奇点为拐点。<br />
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The principal result is that the set of the inflection points of an algebraic curve coincides with the intersection set of the curve with the [[Polar curve|Hessian curve]].<br />
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其主要结果是代数曲线拐点的集合与曲线同黑塞曲线 (Hessian curve) 的交点集合一致。<br />
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For a smooth curve given by [[parametric equation]]s, a point is an inflection point if its [[Curvature#Signed curvature|signed curvature]] changes from plus to minus or from minus to plus, i.e., changes [[sign (mathematics)|sign]].<br />
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对于由参数方程组给出的光滑曲线，若某点处曲率符号改变（从正变为负或从负变为正），则该点就是拐点。<br />
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For a smooth curve which is a graph of a twice differentiable function, an inflection point is a point on the graph at which the [[second derivative]] has an isolated zero and changes sign.<br />
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对于一条二次可微函数的光滑曲线，拐点是的二次导数具有孤立零值并且改变曲率符号的点。<br />
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[[Image:Animated illustration of inflection point.gif|upright=2.5|thumb|Plot of {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} sin(2''x'')}} from −{{pi}}/4 to 5{{pi}}/4; the second [[derivative]] is {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'') {{=}} –4sin(2''x'')}}, and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of {{mvar|f}}. Tangent is blue where the curve is [[convex function|convex]] (above its own [[tangent line|tangent]]), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, {{pi}}/2 and {{pi}}|链接=Special:FilePath/Animated_illustration_of_inflection_point.gif]]<br />
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Plot of sin(2x)}} from −/4 to 5/4; the second [[derivative is (x) –4sin(2x)}}, and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of . Tangent is blue where the curve is convex (above its own tangent), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, /2 and ]]<br />
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从-/4到5/4的 sin (2x)}的图; 第二个[[导数是(x)-4sin (2x)}] ，它的符号因此相反。切线是蓝色的，该处曲线是凸的(在它自己的切线之上) ，绿色的是凹的(在它的切线之下) ，并且红色的是拐点: 0,/2和]。<br />
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==A necessary but not sufficient condition==<br />
必要非充分条件<br />
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If the second derivative, {{math|''f"{{''}}''(''x'')}} exists at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}, and {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} is an inflection point for {{mvar|f}}, then {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''<sub>0</sub>) {{=}} 0}}, but this condition is not [[Sufficient condition|sufficient]] for having a point of inflection, even if derivatives of any order exist. In this case, one also needs the lowest-order (above the second) non-zero derivative to be of odd order (third, fifth, etc.). If the lowest-order non-zero derivative is of even order, the point is not a point of inflection, but an ''undulation point''. However, in algebraic geometry, both inflection points and undulation points are usually called ''inflection points''. An example of an undulation point is {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} for the function {{mvar|f}} given by {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}}.<br />
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如果二阶导数 f"(x) 在点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 处存在，且 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是该函数的拐点，那么f"(x0)=0。然而，即使存在任意阶的导数，这也只是拐点的必要非充分条件。在这种情况下，若最低阶(第二阶以上)非零导数为奇数阶(第三阶、第五阶等)，则该点是拐点；若最低阶非零导数为偶数阶，则该点不是拐点，而是波动点。但在代数几何中，波动点也是拐点。例如，函数 {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}} 的波动点是 {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} 。<br />
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In the preceding assertions, it is assumed that {{mvar|f}} has some higher-order non-zero derivative at {{mvar|x}}, which is not necessarily the case. If it is the case, the condition that the first nonzero derivative has an odd order implies that the sign of {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is the same on either side of {{mvar|x}} in a [[neighborhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]] of {{mvar|x}}. If this sign is [[positive number|positive]], the point is a ''rising point of inflection''; if it is [[negative number|negative]], the point is a ''falling point of inflection''.<br />
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前面我们假定 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，但并不一定存在。如果 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，第一个非零导数有奇数阶意味着f<nowiki>''</nowiki>(x)的符号在某邻域的任一边都是相同的。如果符号为正，那么这个点就是上升拐点；如果符号为负，那么这个点就是下降拐点。<br />
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'''Inflection points sufficient conditions:'''<br />
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拐点充分条件:<br />
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1) A sufficient existence condition for a point of inflection is:<br />
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1)第一充分条件：<br />
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:If {{math|''f''(''x'')}} is {{mvar|k}} times continuously differentiable in a certain neighborhood of a point {{mvar|x}} with {{mvar|k}} odd and {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}, while {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;{{=}}&nbsp;0}} for {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2,&nbsp;&hellip;,&nbsp;''k''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1}} and {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;≠&nbsp;0}} then {{math|''f''(''x'')}} has a point of inflection at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}.<br />
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设函数在点 {{mvar|x}} 的某邻域 {{mvar|k}} 阶连续可微，{{mvar|k}} 为奇数且 {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}，若 {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;{{=}}&nbsp;0}} ( {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2,&nbsp;&hellip;,&nbsp;''k''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1}}) 且 {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;≠&nbsp;0}} ，那么点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是 {{math|''f''(''x'')}} 的拐点。<br />
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2) Another sufficient existence condition requires {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'' + ε)}} and {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''&nbsp;−&nbsp;''ε'')}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of&nbsp;''x'' ([[Bronshtein and Semendyayev]] 2004, p.&nbsp;231).<br />
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2) Another sufficient existence condition requires (x + ε)}} and (x&nbsp;−&nbsp;ε)}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of&nbsp;x (Bronshtein and Semendyayev 2004, p.&nbsp;231).<br />
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2)第二充分条件：f<nowiki>''</nowiki>(x + ε) 和 f<nowiki>''</nowiki> (x&nbsp;−&nbsp;ε) 在 x 邻域符号相反。<br />
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==Categorization of points of inflection==<br />
拐点的分类<br />
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[[Image:X to the 4th minus x.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup> – ''x''}} has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).|链接=Special:FilePath/X_to_the_4th_minus_x.svg]]<br />
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x<sup>4</sup> – x}} has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).<br />
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x<sup>4</sup><nowiki> – x}}在点 (0,0) 处二阶导数为0，但 (0,0) 不是拐点，因为其四阶导数是一阶非零导数（三阶导数也是零）。</nowiki><br />
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Points of inflection can also be categorized according to whether {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero or nonzero.<br />
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拐点也可以根据f"=(x)是否为0来进行分类。<br />
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* if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero, the point is a ''[[stationary point]] of inflection''<br />
* 若 f"(x)=0，该点为驻点拐点。<br />
* if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is not zero, the point is a ''non-stationary point of inflection''<br />
* 若 f"(x)≠0，该点为非驻点拐点。<br />
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A stationary point of inflection is not a [[local extremum]]. More generally, in the context of [[functions of several real variables]], a stationary point that is not a local extremum is called a [[saddle point#Mathematical discussion|saddle point]].<br />
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驻点拐点不是局部极值点。在多实变量函数中，不是局部极值点的驻点通常被称为鞍点。<br />
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An example of a stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup>}}. The tangent is the {{mvar|x}}-axis, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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驻点拐点例子：{{math|(0, 0)}} 为函数 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} 的驻点 。切线为 {{mvar|x}} 轴，在{{math|(0, 0)}}与函数相切。<br />
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An example of a non-stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''ax''}}, for any nonzero {{mvar|a}}. The tangent at the origin is the line {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''ax''}}, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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An example of a non-stationary point of inflection is the point on the graph of x<sup>3</sup> + ax}}, for any nonzero . The tangent at the origin is the line ax}}, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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非驻点拐点例子：{{math|(0, 0)}}为函数 {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''ax''}} 的非驻点（{{mvar|a}}<nowiki>为任意非零常数），在原点处的切线是ax }}}}</nowiki><br />
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==Functions with discontinuities==<br />
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非连续性函数<br />
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Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative {{mvar|x}} and convex for positive {{mvar|x}}, but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.<br />
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Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative and convex for positive , but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.<br />
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有些函数在没有拐点的情况下也可改变凹度。他们可以通过改变垂直渐近线或非连续性来实现。例如，函数 < math > x mapsto frac1x </math > 在x为负的时候显凹性，在x为正的时候显凸性。但这个函数不具有拐点，因为0不在其定义域内。<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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* [[Critical point (mathematics)]]临界点<br />
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* [[Ecological threshold]]生态阈值<br />
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* [[Hesse configuration]] formed by the nine inflection points of an [[elliptic curve]]海塞配置 被椭圆曲线上九个拐点所组成<br />
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* [[Ogee]], an architectural form with an inflection point S形曲线，具有一个拐点的建筑型式曲线<br />
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* [[Vertex (curve)]], a local minimum or maximum of curvature顶点，曲线的局部最小或局部最大值点<br />
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==References==<br />
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{{reflist}}<br />
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==Sources==<br />
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* {{MathWorld|title=Inflection Point|urlname=InflectionPoint}}<br />
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* {{springer|title=Point of inflection|id=p/p073190}}<br />
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[[Category:Differential calculus]]<br />
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Category:Differential calculus<br />
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类别: 微分<br />
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[[Category:Curves]]<br />
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Category:Curves<br />
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类别: 曲线<br />
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[[Category:Analytic geometry]]<br />
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Category:Analytic geometry<br />
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类别: 解析几何<br />
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<noinclude><br />
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Inflection point]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[拐点/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E6%8B%90%E7%82%B9&diff=26459拐点2021-09-08T07:10:53Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>此词条由Typhoid翻译<br />
{{short description|Point where the curvature of a curve changes sign}}<br />
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{{More footnotes|date=July 2013}}<br />
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[[Image:x cubed plot.svg|thumb|Plot of {{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point]].|链接=Special:FilePath/X_cubed_plot.svg]]<br />
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Plot of with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point.]]<br />
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拐点在(0,0) ，也是一个[[驻点]]。<br />
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{{Cubic graph special points.svg}}<br />
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In [[differential calculus]] and differential geometry, an '''inflection point''', '''point of inflection''', '''flex''', or '''inflection''' (British English: '''inflexion''') is a point on a [[plane curve#Smooth plane curve|smooth plane curve]] at which the [[signed curvature|curvature]] changes sign. In particular, in the case of the [[graph of a function]], it is a point where the function changes from being [[Concave function|concave]] (concave downward) to [[convex function|convex]] (concave upward), or vice versa.<br />
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在微分和微分几何中，拐点（英文名为inflection point，point of infection,，flex，或者inflection，英式拼写为inflextion）是光滑平面曲线上的曲率符号改变的点。在函数图像中，拐点处函数从下凹变为上凸 ，或从上凸变为下凹。<br />
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For example, if the curve is the graph of a function {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}}, of [[differentiability class]] {{math|''C''<sup>2</sup>}}, an inflection point of the curve is where ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', the [[second derivative]] of {{mvar|f}}, vanishes (''f<nowiki>''</nowiki> = 0'') and changes its sign at the point (from positive to negative or from negative to positive).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title=Calculus|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2015|isbn=978-1-285-74062-1|edition=8|location=Boston|pages=281}}</ref> A point where the second derivative vanishes but does not change its sign is sometimes called a '''point of undulation''' or '''undulation point'''.<br />
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例如，若曲线 {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}} 有二阶导数，那么拐点处曲线二阶导数 ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' 为0（''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' =0），并且符号改变（从正到负或从负到正）<ref name=":0" />。二阶导数为0但其符号不变的点有时称为波动点。<br />
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In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a [[regular point of an algebraic variety|regular point]] where the tangent meets the curve to [[Glossary of classical algebraic geometry#O|order]] at least 3, and an undulation point or '''hyperflex''' is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.<br />
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In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a regular point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 3, and an undulation point or hyperflex is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.<br />
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在代数几何中，拐点的定义更为广泛一些，如切线与曲线相交处的正则点至少为3，波动点或超高频点则定义为切线与曲线相交处至少为4。<br />
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==Definition==<br />
定义<br />
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Inflection points in differential geometry are the points of the curve where the [[curvature]] changes its sign.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Problems in mathematical analysis|origyear=1964 |year=1976|publisher=Mir Publishers|others=Baranenkov, G. S.|isbn=5030009434|location=Moscow|oclc=21598952}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last=Bronshtein |last2=Semendyayev |title=Handbook of Mathematics |edition=4th |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=3-540-43491-7 |page=231 }}</ref><br />
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在微分几何中，拐点是曲率符号改变的点。<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
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For example, the graph of the [[differentiable function]] has an inflection point at {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}} if and only if its [[derivative|first derivative]], {{mvar|f'}}, has an [[isolated point|isolated]] [[extremum]] at {{mvar|x}}. (This is not the same as saying that {{mvar|f}} has an extremum). That is, in some neighborhood, {{mvar|x}} is the one and only point at which {{mvar|f'}} has a (local) minimum or maximum. If all [[extremum|extrema]] of {{mvar|f'}} are [[isolated point|isolated]], then an inflection point is a point on the graph of {{mvar|f}} at which the [[tangent]] crosses the curve.<br />
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例如，当且仅当可微函数 {{mvar|f}} 的一阶导数 {{mvar|f'}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处具有孤立极值时（而不是极值），函数在 {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}}处有拐点。也就是说，在某些邻域中，{{mvar|x}} 是 {{mvar|f'}} 具有（局部）最小值或最大值的唯一点。如果所有 {{mvar|f'}} 的极值都是孤立的，那么拐点就是 {{mvar|f}} 曲线图上切线穿越曲线的点。<br />
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A ''falling point of inflection'' is an inflection point where the derivative is negative on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is decreasing. A ''rising point of inflection'' is a point where the derivative is positive on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is increasing.<br />
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下降拐点的两边导数都为负，即在该点附近函数值变小。上升拐点的两边导数都为正，即在该点附近函数值变大。<br />
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For an [[algebraic curve]], a non singular point is an inflection point if and only if the [[intersection number]] of the tangent line and the curve (at the point of tangency) is greater than 2.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Point_of_inflection|title=Point of inflection|encyclopedia=encyclopediaofmath.org}}</ref><br />
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对于一条代数曲线，当且仅当切线与曲线（在切点处）的交点数大于2时，非奇点为拐点。<br />
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The principal result is that the set of the inflection points of an algebraic curve coincides with the intersection set of the curve with the [[Polar curve|Hessian curve]].<br />
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其主要结果是代数曲线拐点的集合与曲线同黑塞曲线 (Hessian curve) 的交点集合一致。<br />
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For a smooth curve given by [[parametric equation]]s, a point is an inflection point if its [[Curvature#Signed curvature|signed curvature]] changes from plus to minus or from minus to plus, i.e., changes [[sign (mathematics)|sign]].<br />
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对于由参数方程组给出的光滑曲线，若某点处曲率符号改变（从正变为负或从负变为正），则该点就是拐点。<br />
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For a smooth curve which is a graph of a twice differentiable function, an inflection point is a point on the graph at which the [[second derivative]] has an isolated zero and changes sign.<br />
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对于一条二次可微函数的光滑曲线，拐点是的二次导数具有孤立零值并且改变曲率符号的点。<br />
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[[Image:Animated illustration of inflection point.gif|upright=2.5|thumb|Plot of {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} sin(2''x'')}} from −{{pi}}/4 to 5{{pi}}/4; the second [[derivative]] is {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'') {{=}} –4sin(2''x'')}}, and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of {{mvar|f}}. Tangent is blue where the curve is [[convex function|convex]] (above its own [[tangent line|tangent]]), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, {{pi}}/2 and {{pi}}|链接=Special:FilePath/Animated_illustration_of_inflection_point.gif]]<br />
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Plot of sin(2x)}} from −/4 to 5/4; the second [[derivative is (x) –4sin(2x)}}, and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of . Tangent is blue where the curve is convex (above its own tangent), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, /2 and ]]<br />
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从-/4到5/4的 sin (2x)}的图; 第二个[[导数是(x)-4sin (2x)}] ，它的符号因此相反。切线是蓝色的，该处曲线是凸的(在它自己的切线之上) ，绿色的是凹的(在它的切线之下) ，并且红色的是拐点: 0,/2和]。<br />
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==A necessary but not sufficient condition==<br />
必要非充分条件<br />
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If the second derivative, {{math|''f"{{''}}''(''x'')}} exists at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}, and {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} is an inflection point for {{mvar|f}}, then {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''<sub>0</sub>) {{=}} 0}}, but this condition is not [[Sufficient condition|sufficient]] for having a point of inflection, even if derivatives of any order exist. In this case, one also needs the lowest-order (above the second) non-zero derivative to be of odd order (third, fifth, etc.). If the lowest-order non-zero derivative is of even order, the point is not a point of inflection, but an ''undulation point''. However, in algebraic geometry, both inflection points and undulation points are usually called ''inflection points''. An example of an undulation point is {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} for the function {{mvar|f}} given by {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}}.<br />
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如果二阶导数 f"(x) 在点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 处存在，且 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是该函数的拐点，那么f"(x0)=0。然而，即使存在任意阶的导数，这也只是拐点的必要非充分条件。在这种情况下，若最低阶(第二阶以上)非零导数为奇数阶(第三阶、第五阶等)，则该点是拐点；若最低阶非零导数为偶数阶，则该点不是拐点，而是波动点。但在代数几何中，波动点也是拐点。例如函数 {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}} 的一个波动点是 {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} 。<br />
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In the preceding assertions, it is assumed that {{mvar|f}} has some higher-order non-zero derivative at {{mvar|x}}, which is not necessarily the case. If it is the case, the condition that the first nonzero derivative has an odd order implies that the sign of {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is the same on either side of {{mvar|x}} in a [[neighborhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]] of {{mvar|x}}. If this sign is [[positive number|positive]], the point is a ''rising point of inflection''; if it is [[negative number|negative]], the point is a ''falling point of inflection''.<br />
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前面我们假定 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，但并不一定存在。如果 {{mvar|f}} 在 {{mvar|x}} 处存在高阶非零导数，第一个非零导数有奇数阶意味着f<nowiki>''</nowiki>(x)的符号在某邻域的任一边都是相同的。如果符号为正，那么这个点就是上升拐点；如果符号为负，那么这个点就是下降拐点。<br />
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'''Inflection points sufficient conditions:'''<br />
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拐点充分条件:<br />
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1) A sufficient existence condition for a point of inflection is:<br />
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1)第一充分条件：<br />
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:If {{math|''f''(''x'')}} is {{mvar|k}} times continuously differentiable in a certain neighborhood of a point {{mvar|x}} with {{mvar|k}} odd and {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}, while {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;{{=}}&nbsp;0}} for {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2,&nbsp;&hellip;,&nbsp;''k''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1}} and {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;≠&nbsp;0}} then {{math|''f''(''x'')}} has a point of inflection at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}.<br />
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设函数在点 {{mvar|x}} 的某邻域 {{mvar|k}} 阶连续可微，{{mvar|k}} 为奇数且 {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}，若 {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;{{=}}&nbsp;0}} ( {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2,&nbsp;&hellip;,&nbsp;''k''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1}}) 且 {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;≠&nbsp;0}} ，那么点 {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} 是 {{math|''f''(''x'')}} 的拐点。<br />
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2) Another sufficient existence condition requires {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'' + ε)}} and {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''&nbsp;−&nbsp;''ε'')}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of&nbsp;''x'' ([[Bronshtein and Semendyayev]] 2004, p.&nbsp;231).<br />
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2) Another sufficient existence condition requires (x + ε)}} and (x&nbsp;−&nbsp;ε)}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of&nbsp;x (Bronshtein and Semendyayev 2004, p.&nbsp;231).<br />
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2)第二充分条件：f<nowiki>''</nowiki>(x + ε) 和 f<nowiki>''</nowiki> (x&nbsp;−&nbsp;ε) 在 x 邻域符号相反。<br />
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==Categorization of points of inflection==<br />
拐点的分类<br />
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[[Image:X to the 4th minus x.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup> – ''x''}} has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).|链接=Special:FilePath/X_to_the_4th_minus_x.svg]]<br />
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x<sup>4</sup> – x}} has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).<br />
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x<sup>4</sup><nowiki> – x}}在点 (0,0) 处二阶导数为0，但 (0,0) 不是拐点，因为其四阶导数是一阶非零导数（三阶导数也是零）。</nowiki><br />
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Points of inflection can also be categorized according to whether {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero or nonzero.<br />
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拐点也可以根据f"=(x)是否为0来进行分类。<br />
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* if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero, the point is a ''[[stationary point]] of inflection''<br />
* 若 f"(x)=0，该点为驻点拐点。<br />
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* if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is not zero, the point is a ''non-stationary point of inflection''<br />
* 若 f"(x)≠0，该点为非驻点拐点。<br />
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A stationary point of inflection is not a [[local extremum]]. More generally, in the context of [[functions of several real variables]], a stationary point that is not a local extremum is called a [[saddle point#Mathematical discussion|saddle point]].<br />
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A stationary point of inflection is not a local extremum. More generally, in the context of functions of several real variables, a stationary point that is not a local extremum is called a saddle point.<br />
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驻点并不是局部极值点。普遍地，在多实变量函数的前提下，不是局部极值点的驻点被称为鞍点。<br />
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An example of a stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup>}}. The tangent is the {{mvar|x}}-axis, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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An example of a stationary point of inflection is the point on the graph of x<sup>3</sup>}}. The tangent is the -axis, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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一个驻点的例子是在x<sup>3 图上的点（0,0），其切线是x轴。<br />
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An example of a non-stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''ax''}}, for any nonzero {{mvar|a}}. The tangent at the origin is the line {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''ax''}}, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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An example of a non-stationary point of inflection is the point on the graph of x<sup>3</sup> + ax}}, for any nonzero . The tangent at the origin is the line ax}}, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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一个非驻点的例子是x < sup > 3 + ax }图上的（0,0），对于任意非零的a，在原点处的切线是ax }}}}<br />
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==Functions with discontinuities==<br />
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非连续性函数<br />
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Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative {{mvar|x}} and convex for positive {{mvar|x}}, but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.<br />
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Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative and convex for positive , but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.<br />
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有些函数在没有拐点的情况下也可改变凹度。他们可以通过改变垂直渐近线或非连续性来实现。例如，函数 < math > x mapsto frac1x </math > 在x为负的时候显凹性，在x为正的时候显凸性。但这个函数不具有拐点，因为0不在其定义域内。<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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* [[Critical point (mathematics)]]临界点<br />
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* [[Ecological threshold]]生态阈值<br />
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* [[Hesse configuration]] formed by the nine inflection points of an [[elliptic curve]]海塞配置 被椭圆曲线上九个拐点所组成<br />
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* [[Ogee]], an architectural form with an inflection point S形曲线，具有一个拐点的建筑型式曲线<br />
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* [[Vertex (curve)]], a local minimum or maximum of curvature顶点，曲线的局部最小或局部最大值点<br />
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==References==<br />
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{{reflist}}<br />
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==Sources==<br />
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* {{MathWorld|title=Inflection Point|urlname=InflectionPoint}}<br />
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* {{springer|title=Point of inflection|id=p/p073190}}<br />
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[[Category:Differential calculus]]<br />
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Category:Differential calculus<br />
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类别: 微分<br />
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[[Category:Curves]]<br />
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Category:Curves<br />
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类别: 曲线<br />
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[[Category:Analytic geometry]]<br />
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Category:Analytic geometry<br />
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类别: 解析几何<br />
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<noinclude><br />
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Inflection point]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[拐点/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E6%8B%90%E7%82%B9&diff=26458拐点2021-09-08T06:04:17Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>此词条由Typhoid翻译<br />
{{short description|Point where the curvature of a curve changes sign}}<br />
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{{More footnotes|date=July 2013}}<br />
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[[Image:x cubed plot.svg|thumb|Plot of {{math|1=''y'' = ''x''<sup>3</sup>}} with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point]].|链接=Special:FilePath/X_cubed_plot.svg]]<br />
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Plot of with an inflection point at (0,0), which is also a [[stationary point.]]<br />
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拐点在(0,0) ，这也是一个[[驻点]]<br />
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{{Cubic graph special points.svg}}<br />
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In [[differential calculus]] and differential geometry, an '''inflection point''', '''point of inflection''', '''flex''', or '''inflection''' (British English: '''inflexion''') is a point on a [[plane curve#Smooth plane curve|smooth plane curve]] at which the [[signed curvature|curvature]] changes sign. In particular, in the case of the [[graph of a function]], it is a point where the function changes from being [[Concave function|concave]] (concave downward) to [[convex function|convex]] (concave upward), or vice versa.<br />
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在微分和微分几何中，拐点（英文名为inflection point，point of infection,，flex，或者inflection，英式拼写为inflextion）是光滑平面曲线上的曲率符号改变的点。在函数图像中，拐点处函数从下凹变为上凸 ，或从上凸变为下凹。<br />
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For example, if the curve is the graph of a function {{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}}, of [[differentiability class]] {{math|''C''<sup>2</sup>}}, an inflection point of the curve is where ''f<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', the [[second derivative]] of {{mvar|f}}, vanishes (''f<nowiki>''</nowiki> = 0'') and changes its sign at the point (from positive to negative or from negative to positive).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Stewart|first=James|title=Calculus|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2015|isbn=978-1-285-74062-1|edition=8|location=Boston|pages=281}}</ref> A point where the second derivative vanishes but does not change its sign is sometimes called a '''point of undulation''' or '''undulation point'''.<br />
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For example, if the curve is the graph of a function , of differentiability class , an inflection point of the curve is where f<nowiki></nowiki>, the second derivative of , vanishes (f<nowiki></nowiki> = 0) and changes its sign at the point (from positive to negative or from negative to positive). A point where the second derivative vanishes but does not change its sign is sometimes called a point of undulation or undulation point.<br />
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例如，若曲线{{math|1=''y'' = ''f''(''x'')}}有二阶导数，那么拐点处曲线二阶导数''f<nowiki>'''</nowiki>''为0（f<nowiki>''</nowiki>=0），并且符号改变（从正到负或从负到正）<ref name=":0" />。二阶导数为0但其符号不变的点有时称为波动点。<br />
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In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a [[regular point of an algebraic variety|regular point]] where the tangent meets the curve to [[Glossary of classical algebraic geometry#O|order]] at least 3, and an undulation point or '''hyperflex''' is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.<br />
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In algebraic geometry an inflection point is defined slightly more generally, as a regular point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 3, and an undulation point or hyperflex is defined as a point where the tangent meets the curve to order at least 4.<br />
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在代数几何中，拐点的定义更为广泛一些，如切线与曲线相交处的正则点至少为3，波动点或超高频点则定义为切线与曲线相交处至少为4。<br />
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==Definition==<br />
定义<br />
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Inflection points in differential geometry are the points of the curve where the [[curvature]] changes its sign.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Problems in mathematical analysis|origyear=1964 |year=1976|publisher=Mir Publishers|others=Baranenkov, G. S.|isbn=5030009434|location=Moscow|oclc=21598952}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bronshtein |last2=Semendyayev |title=Handbook of Mathematics |edition=4th |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=3-540-43491-7 |page=231 }}</ref><br />
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Inflection points in differential geometry are the points of the curve where the curvature changes its sign.<br />
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在微分几何中，拐点是改变曲率符号的点。<br />
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For example, the graph of the [[differentiable function]] has an inflection point at {{math|(''x'', ''f''(''x''))}} if and only if its [[derivative|first derivative]], {{mvar|f'}}, has an [[isolated point|isolated]] [[extremum]] at {{mvar|x}}. (This is not the same as saying that {{mvar|f}} has an extremum). That is, in some neighborhood, {{mvar|x}} is the one and only point at which {{mvar|f'}} has a (local) minimum or maximum. If all [[extremum|extrema]] of {{mvar|f'}} are [[isolated point|isolated]], then an inflection point is a point on the graph of {{mvar|f}} at which the [[tangent]] crosses the curve.<br />
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For example, the graph of the differentiable function has an inflection point at if and only if its first derivative, , has an isolated extremum at . (This is not the same as saying that has an extremum). That is, in some neighborhood, is the one and only point at which has a (local) minimum or maximum. If all extrema of are isolated, then an inflection point is a point on the graph of at which the tangent crosses the curve.<br />
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例如，当其仅当一阶导数在x处具有孤立极值点时（这不同于极值点的说法），可微函数图才在(x, f(x))处拥有拐点。也就是说，在某些邻域中，该点是唯一具有(局部)最小值或最大值的点。如果所有的极值都是孤立的，那么拐点就是曲线图上切线与曲线相交的点。<br />
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A ''falling point of inflection'' is an inflection point where the derivative is negative on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is decreasing. A ''rising point of inflection'' is a point where the derivative is positive on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is increasing.<br />
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A falling point of inflection is an inflection point where the derivative is negative on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is decreasing. A rising point of inflection is a point where the derivative is positive on both sides of the point; in other words, it is an inflection point near which the function is increasing.<br />
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下降拐点的两边导数都是负数，即在该点附近函数减小。上升拐点的两边导数都为正，即在该点附近函数增加。<br />
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For an [[algebraic curve]], a non singular point is an inflection point if and only if the [[intersection number]] of the tangent line and the curve (at the point of tangency) is greater than 2.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Point_of_inflection|title=Point of inflection|encyclopedia=encyclopediaofmath.org}}</ref><br />
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For an algebraic curve, a non singular point is an inflection point if and only if the intersection number of the tangent line and the curve (at the point of tangency) is greater than 2.<br />
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对于一条代数曲线，当且仅当切线与曲线(在切点处)的交点数大于2时，非奇点为拐点。<br />
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The principal result is that the set of the inflection points of an algebraic curve coincides with the intersection set of the curve with the [[Polar curve|Hessian curve]].<br />
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The principal result is that the set of the inflection points of an algebraic curve coincides with the intersection set of the curve with the Hessian curve.<br />
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其主要结果是代数曲线拐点的集合与曲线同海森曲线的交点集合一致。<br />
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For a smooth curve given by [[parametric equation]]s, a point is an inflection point if its [[Curvature#Signed curvature|signed curvature]] changes from plus to minus or from minus to plus, i.e., changes [[sign (mathematics)|sign]].<br />
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For a smooth curve given by parametric equations, a point is an inflection point if its signed curvature changes from plus to minus or from minus to plus, i.e., changes sign.<br />
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对于由参数方程组给出的光滑曲线，若某点处曲率从正变为负或从负变为正，即改变曲率符号，则该点就是拐点。<br />
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For a smooth curve which is a graph of a twice differentiable function, an inflection point is a point on the graph at which the [[second derivative]] has an isolated zero and changes sign.<br />
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For a smooth curve which is a graph of a twice differentiable function, an inflection point is a point on the graph at which the second derivative has an isolated zero and changes sign.<br />
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对于一条二次可微函数的光滑曲线，拐点处上的二次导数为0并且改变曲率符号。<br />
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[[Image:Animated illustration of inflection point.gif|upright=2.5|thumb|Plot of {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} sin(2''x'')}} from −{{pi}}/4 to 5{{pi}}/4; the second [[derivative]] is {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'') {{=}} –4sin(2''x'')}}, and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of {{mvar|f}}. Tangent is blue where the curve is [[convex function|convex]] (above its own [[tangent line|tangent]]), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, {{pi}}/2 and {{pi}}|链接=Special:FilePath/Animated_illustration_of_inflection_point.gif]]<br />
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Plot of sin(2x)}} from −/4 to 5/4; the second [[derivative is (x) –4sin(2x)}}, and its sign is thus the opposite of the sign of . Tangent is blue where the curve is convex (above its own tangent), green where concave (below its tangent), and red at inflection points: 0, /2 and ]]<br />
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从-/4到5/4的 sin (2x)}的图; 第二个[[导数是(x)-4sin (2x)}] ，它的符号因此相反。切线是蓝色的，该处曲线是凸的(在它自己的切线之上) ，绿色的是凹的(在它的切线之下) ，并且红色的是拐点: 0,/2和]。<br />
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==A necessary but not sufficient condition==<br />
必要非充分条件<br />
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If the second derivative, {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'')}} exists at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}, and {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}} is an inflection point for {{mvar|f}}, then {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''<sub>0</sub>) {{=}} 0}}, but this condition is not [[Sufficient condition|sufficient]] for having a point of inflection, even if derivatives of any order exist. In this case, one also needs the lowest-order (above the second) non-zero derivative to be of odd order (third, fifth, etc.). If the lowest-order non-zero derivative is of even order, the point is not a point of inflection, but an ''undulation point''. However, in algebraic geometry, both inflection points and undulation points are usually called ''inflection points''. An example of an undulation point is {{math|''x'' {{=}} 0}} for the function {{mvar|f}} given by {{math|''f''(''x'') {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup>}}.<br />
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If the second derivative, (x)}} exists at , and is an inflection point for , then (x<sub>0</sub>) 0}}, but this condition is not sufficient for having a point of inflection, even if derivatives of any order exist. In this case, one also needs the lowest-order (above the second) non-zero derivative to be of odd order (third, fifth, etc.). If the lowest-order non-zero derivative is of even order, the point is not a point of inflection, but an undulation point. However, in algebraic geometry, both inflection points and undulation points are usually called inflection points. An example of an undulation point is 0}} for the function given by x<sup>4</sup>}}.<br />
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<nowiki>如果二阶导数，(x)}}在x0处存在，并且x0是该函数的拐点，那么(x < sub > 0 )0} ，那么即使存在任意阶的导数，这个条件对于有拐点也是不充分的。在这种情况下，还需要最低阶(第二阶以上)非零导数为奇数阶(第三阶、第五阶等)。若最低阶非零导数为偶数阶，则该点不是拐点，而是波动点。然而，在代数几何中，拐点和起伏点被统称为拐点。对于给定的 x < sup > 4 }的函数，波动点是0}}。</nowiki><br />
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In the preceding assertions, it is assumed that {{mvar|f}} has some higher-order non-zero derivative at {{mvar|x}}, which is not necessarily the case. If it is the case, the condition that the first nonzero derivative has an odd order implies that the sign of {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is the same on either side of {{mvar|x}} in a [[neighborhood (mathematics)|neighborhood]] of {{mvar|x}}. If this sign is [[positive number|positive]], the point is a ''rising point of inflection''; if it is [[negative number|negative]], the point is a ''falling point of inflection''.<br />
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In the preceding assertions, it is assumed that has some higher-order non-zero derivative at , which is not necessarily the case. If it is the case, the condition that the first nonzero derivative has an odd order implies that the sign of (x)}} is the same on either side of in a neighborhood of . If this sign is positive, the point is a rising point of inflection; if it is negative, the point is a falling point of inflection.<br />
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在前面的断言中，假定有一些高阶非零导数在，这不一定是这种情况。如果是这样的话，第一个非零导数有奇数阶的条件意味着(x)}的符号在一个邻域的任一边都是相同的。如果这个符号是正的，那么这个点就是拐点的上升点; 如果是负的，那么这个点就是拐点的下降点。<br />
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'''Inflection points sufficient conditions:'''<br />
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Inflection points sufficient conditions:<br />
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拐点充分条件:<br />
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1) A sufficient existence condition for a point of inflection is:<br />
<br />
1) A sufficient existence condition for a point of inflection is:<br />
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1)拐点存在的一个充分条件是:<br />
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:If {{math|''f''(''x'')}} is {{mvar|k}} times continuously differentiable in a certain neighborhood of a point {{mvar|x}} with {{mvar|k}} odd and {{math|''k'' ≥ 3}}, while {{math|''f''<sup>(''n'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;{{=}}&nbsp;0}} for {{math|''n'' {{=}} 2,&nbsp;&hellip;,&nbsp;''k''&nbsp;−&nbsp;1}} and {{math|''f''<sup>(''k'')</sup>(''x''<sub>0</sub>)&nbsp;≠&nbsp;0}} then {{math|''f''(''x'')}} has a point of inflection at {{math|''x''<sub>0</sub>}}.<br />
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If is times continuously differentiable in a certain neighborhood of a point with odd and , while &nbsp;0}} for 2,&nbsp;&hellip;,&nbsp;k&nbsp;−&nbsp;1}} and then has a point of inflection at .<br />
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如果在一个奇数点和，而0}为2，& hellip; ，k-1}的点的某个邻域内是时间连续可微的，那么在该处有一个拐点。<br />
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2) Another sufficient existence condition requires {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x'' + ε)}} and {{math|''f{{''}}''(''x''&nbsp;−&nbsp;''ε'')}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of&nbsp;''x'' ([[Bronshtein and Semendyayev]] 2004, p.&nbsp;231).<br />
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2) Another sufficient existence condition requires (x + ε)}} and (x&nbsp;−&nbsp;ε)}} to have opposite signs in the neighborhood of&nbsp;x (Bronshtein and Semendyayev 2004, p.&nbsp;231).<br />
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2)另一个充分存在条件则要求(x + ε)}和(x-ε)}}在 x (Bronshtein 和 Semendyayev，2004，p. 231)附近具有相反的符号。<br />
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==Categorization of points of inflection==<br />
拐点的分类<br />
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[[Image:X to the 4th minus x.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>4</sup> – ''x''}} has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).|链接=Special:FilePath/X_to_the_4th_minus_x.svg]]<br />
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x<sup>4</sup> – x}} has a 2nd derivative of zero at point (0,0), but it is not an inflection point because the fourth derivative is the first higher order non-zero derivative (the third derivative is zero as well).<br />
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X < sup > 4 -x }在点(0,0)处二阶导数为0，但它不是拐点，因为其四阶导数是一阶非零导数(三阶导数也是零)。<br />
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Points of inflection can also be categorized according to whether {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero or nonzero.<br />
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Points of inflection can also be categorized according to whether (x)}} is zero or nonzero.<br />
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拐点也可以根据(x)}是否为0来进行分类。<br />
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* if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is zero, the point is a ''[[stationary point]] of inflection''<br />
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* if {{math|''f{{'}}''(''x'')}} is not zero, the point is a ''non-stationary point of inflection''<br />
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A stationary point of inflection is not a [[local extremum]]. More generally, in the context of [[functions of several real variables]], a stationary point that is not a local extremum is called a [[saddle point#Mathematical discussion|saddle point]].<br />
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A stationary point of inflection is not a local extremum. More generally, in the context of functions of several real variables, a stationary point that is not a local extremum is called a saddle point.<br />
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驻点并不是局部极值点。普遍地，在多实变量函数的前提下，不是局部极值点的驻点被称为鞍点。<br />
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An example of a stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup>}}. The tangent is the {{mvar|x}}-axis, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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An example of a stationary point of inflection is the point on the graph of x<sup>3</sup>}}. The tangent is the -axis, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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一个驻点的例子是在x<sup>3 图上的点（0,0），其切线是x轴。<br />
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An example of a non-stationary point of inflection is the point {{math|(0, 0)}} on the graph of {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''x''<sup>3</sup> + ''ax''}}, for any nonzero {{mvar|a}}. The tangent at the origin is the line {{math|''y'' {{=}} ''ax''}}, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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An example of a non-stationary point of inflection is the point on the graph of x<sup>3</sup> + ax}}, for any nonzero . The tangent at the origin is the line ax}}, which cuts the graph at this point.<br />
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一个非驻点的例子是x < sup > 3 + ax }图上的（0,0），对于任意非零的a，在原点处的切线是ax }}}}<br />
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==Functions with discontinuities==<br />
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非连续性函数<br />
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Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative {{mvar|x}} and convex for positive {{mvar|x}}, but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.<br />
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Some functions change concavity without having points of inflection. Instead, they can change concavity around vertical asymptotes or discontinuities. For example, the function <math>x\mapsto \frac1x</math> is concave for negative and convex for positive , but it has no points of inflection because 0 is not in the domain of the function.<br />
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有些函数在没有拐点的情况下也可改变凹度。他们可以通过改变垂直渐近线或非连续性来实现。例如，函数 < math > x mapsto frac1x </math > 在x为负的时候显凹性，在x为正的时候显凸性。但这个函数不具有拐点，因为0不在其定义域内。<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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* [[Critical point (mathematics)]]临界点<br />
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* [[Ecological threshold]]生态阈值<br />
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* [[Hesse configuration]] formed by the nine inflection points of an [[elliptic curve]]海塞配置 被椭圆曲线上九个拐点所组成<br />
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* [[Ogee]], an architectural form with an inflection point S形曲线，具有一个拐点的建筑型式曲线<br />
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* [[Vertex (curve)]], a local minimum or maximum of curvature顶点，曲线的局部最小或局部最大值点<br />
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==References==<br />
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{{reflist}}<br />
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==Sources==<br />
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* {{MathWorld|title=Inflection Point|urlname=InflectionPoint}}<br />
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* {{springer|title=Point of inflection|id=p/p073190}}<br />
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[[Category:Differential calculus]]<br />
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Category:Differential calculus<br />
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类别: 微分<br />
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[[Category:Curves]]<br />
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Category:Curves<br />
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类别: 曲线<br />
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[[Category:Analytic geometry]]<br />
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Category:Analytic geometry<br />
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类别: 解析几何<br />
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<noinclude><br />
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Inflection point]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[拐点/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=26132薛定谔的猫2021-08-25T15:28:44Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
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{{other uses}}<br><br />
模板：其他用途<br />
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{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
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[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br />
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Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.<br />
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薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源入密闭容器。如果盒内监测器（如盖革计数器）检测到放射性，即单个原子衰变，烧瓶会破碎，毒药释放，杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''认为，一段时间之后，猫既活着又死了。但是，人们看向盒内时，猫不是活着就是死了，不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，量子叠加具体何时结束，现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref><br />
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薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思想实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦<ref name="Schrodinger1935" />。<br />
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It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring"><nowiki>{{cite book</nowiki><br><br />
</ref>a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
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该实验表明了薛定谔认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题，提出了一只可能同时活着且死去的猫<ref name="Moring" />。这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能发生也可能不发生的随机亚原子事件相联系导致的结果。<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
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该思想实验也经常出现在对量子力学诠释理论的探讨中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
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==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源和动机<br />
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[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
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埃尔温·薛定谔于1921年-1926年居住在苏黎世的胡特大街 (Huttenstrasse) 9号，屋子花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，参观房子的人不会提前知道雕像的位置。<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref name=":0">[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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1935年，薛定谔本来想将该思想实验作为对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论<ref name=":0" /> 。EPR论文强调了量子叠加的反直觉性，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以处于多个状态，对应不同的结果。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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当时的主流理论是哥本哈根诠释，它认为一个量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察到之前，一直处于叠加状态。这时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种定态。EPR实验表明，包含多个相距较远的粒子的系统可以处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就后者的EPR佯谬论文通信，在信中，爱因斯坦指出，一个不稳定的火药桶会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
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为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加态的办法，即让该系统依赖于处于叠加态的量子粒子。他提出在一个密闭的钢制房间中放一只猫，猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态，即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。薛定谔认为，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前，既活着也死了。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也或是一种严谨的可能性，相反，他希望用这个例子说明量子力学<ref name="Schrodinger1935" />现有观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Tetlow">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他量子力学的数学解释，其中一些解释认为 “既生又死”的猫叠加态非常真实<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> 。薛定谔的猫思想实验意在批判哥本哈根诠释（1935年的主流正统学说），至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的试金石，具有决定性意义。物理学家经常用各种诠释解释薛定谔的猫的方式来说明和比较各种诠释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思想实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<nowiki><ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:</nowiki><br />
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薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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薛定谔写道：<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
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人们甚至可以提出相当荒谬的实验。把一只猫和盖革计数器，少量放射物质（设备必须不会干涉猫）一起关在钢制房间内。放射物质含量极少，也许一个小时原子就会衰变，但也有可能不衰变；如果原子衰变，计数管就会放电，并通过继电器释放出一个锤子，击碎装有氢氰酸的瓶子。如果我们把这整个系统单独放一小时，如果在此期间没有原子衰变，猫就还活着。第一次原子衰变会将它毒死。整个系统的普西函数将通过将活猫和死猫（原谅这个表达）混合或均分在相同部分来表达这一点。<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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{{Quote|<br />
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{{Quote|<br />
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{引用 | <br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.<br />
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显然，这些实验中最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为了宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地认为代表现实的“模糊模型”有效。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃或失焦照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思想实验提出了一个问题：“量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而坍缩为叠加态的其中一种状态？”（更严格地说，从何时起，实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活着，它只记得活着的状态。但是EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求猫和笔记本之类的宏观物体并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思想实验说明了这一显而易见的悖论。直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于多种状态的混合，然而上述思想实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的混合态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者需要另外一个外部观察者使得猫能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，猫的思维实验极大地突出了这些问题，令他印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道：<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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You are the only contemporary physicist, besides Laue, who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是现在仅存的物理学家，劳尔认为只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏——现实是独立于实验的。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的诠释，在这个系统里，普西函数既包含活着的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在与否与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中并没有火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦在信中也一并讨论了。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了许多其他的量子力学诠释，针对薛定谔的猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及他们何时（或是否）坍缩，这些诠释给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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量子力学的主流诠释之一是哥本哈根诠释<ref name="Wimmel1992" />。该诠释认为，一个系统在观察时将不再处于叠加态，而是坍缩为叠加态中的任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，哥本哈根诠释没有明确定义测量和观察的本质。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核/死猫”和“未衰变的原子核/活猫”叠加态中，只有打开盒子进行观察时，波函数才会坍缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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但是，哥本哈根诠释的主要科学家尼尔斯·玻尔从未认为是观察者引起了波函数的坍缩，因为他并不认为波函数真实存在，它只是一个统计工具。因此薛定谔的猫对他来说不是什么谜题。早在意识的观察者<ref name="Faye2008" /> 打开盒子前，猫就已经死去或者仍然活着。分析一个真实的实验会发现，尽管实验涉及的有效性尚有争议<ref name="Okon2006" />，在有意识的观察者对测量结果<ref name="Carpenter2006" /> 进行观察前，测量本身（比如盖革计数器）就足以使量子波函数发生坍缩。（这种当原子核中的粒子撞击监测器时“观察”已经发生的观点可以发展为客观坍缩理论。在薛定谔的思维实验中，波函数要发生坍缩，监测器需要进行“无意识观察”。相比之下，“多世界理论”否认曾发生过坍缩。<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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用'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''解释量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。多世界诠释认为每一个事件都是一个分支点。不管盒子是否打开，猫都是既活着也死了，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，同样真实但不能相互作用。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗莱特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释并不把观察视为一个特殊过程。在多世界诠释中，盒子打开后，活猫和死猫仍然存在，但彼此之间是退相干的。换句话说，盒子被打开时，观察者和可能死亡的猫分裂成两个分支：观察者看着盒中的死猫，观察者看着盒中的活猫。但由于死态和活态是退相干的，它们之间无法发生有效的交流或相互作用。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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打开盒子时，观察者与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了对应猫生与死的“观察者状态”；每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，因此“猫状态的观察”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相干确保不同的结果不会相互影响，对多世界诠释的历史一致论也很重要。在多世界诠释中，只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能称为一致历史的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了避免同时对多个叠加态<ref name="zurek03" /><ref name="zurek91" />进行观察。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克思·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，称为量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验薛定谔的猫实验，并认为通过这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加态不过是一个更大系综的子系综。态矢量不适用于单个猫实验，而仅适用于大量相似准备的猫实验的统计数据。该诠释的支持者认为，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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这一诠释抛弃了单一量子力学系统有一个始终对应的数学描述这一观点<ref name=":2" />。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color="”#ff8000”">关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''认为人类实验者、猫或装置之间，或者生命体与非生命体之间没有本质区别；所有这些遵循相同波函数演化规则的量子系统都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据掌握的不同盒内系统信息<ref name=":3" /> ，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是装置的观察者；同时，实验者可以被认为是盒内系统（猫和装置）的另一个观察者。在盒子被打开之前，根据自身的死活，猫拥有关于设备状态的信息（原子要么已经衰变要么没有衰变）；但是实验者并不掌握这些信息。这样，在同一时刻两个观察者对于盒子的状态有不同的描述：对猫来说，装置的波函数“坍缩”了，对实验者来说，盒内系统处于叠加态。直到盒子被打开，两个观察者对所发生的事情都掌握了同样的信息，两个系统才“坍缩”为同样一个确定结果，既猫不是活着就是死了。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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在'''<font color="”#ff8000”">交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，实验装置发射一个逆着时间行进的超前波，超前波与粒子源发射的顺着时间行进的波相互作用，形成驻波。这些波被认为是真实存在的，装置被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是“非时间性的”，并且发生在粒子源与实验装置相互作用的整个阶段。猫从未处于叠加态，相反，不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定时间都只处于一种状态。这样交易诠释就解决了这一量子悖论<ref name=":4" />。<br />
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===Zeno effects===<br><br />
量子芝诺效应<br />
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The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''指延缓量子从对初始状态到其他状态的演化。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，存在加速量子系统演化的反芝诺效应。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，你可能会延迟或加速决定性选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。被测量的量子系统必须与周围环境（在这个例子中是实验装置、实验室等）强耦合，以获得更准确的信息。但是，在薛定的猫实验中，没有信息传递到盒子外部，这种与环境的耦合被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦猫的生死（通过窥视盒子）传递到了盒子外部，准测量就变成了测量。准测量和测量一样都会引起芝诺效应<ref name=":5" />。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为环境而被延迟或加速。<br />
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===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
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According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>''，当达到某些客观物理阈值（时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等），叠加态会自动地被破坏（与外部观察无关）。因此，猫应该早在盒子被打开之前很久就已经稳定在一个确定状态。这可以粗略地称为“猫观察自己”，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
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客观坍缩理论需要对标准量子力学进行修改，以允许叠加态被时间演化<ref name=":6" />破坏。<br />
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==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用和测试<br />
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[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
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Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
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薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和退相干环境效应<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
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薛定谔的猫实验是纯理论性的，所涉及的实验装置并被制造出来。但是，很多涉及类似原理的实验已经取得成功，例如一些（在量子力学标准中）相对较大系统的叠加态已经实现<ref name=":7" />。这些实验并没有表明与猫大小一样的物体可以处于叠加态，但是这些实验提升了存在“猫态”的系统的大小上线。在很多实验中，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，猫态也只能短暂存在。<br />
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* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref name=":8">{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br>多光子的“猫态”已经实现<ref name=":8" />。<br />
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* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref name=":9">[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br>观测到处于叠加态的被捕获的铍离子<ref name=":9" />。<br />
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* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref name=":10">[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br>一项涉及超导量子干涉仪（ SQUID）的实验与薛定谔思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不是说十亿个电子正向流动，十亿个电子反向流动。超导电子总是沿同一方向移动，当超导量子干涉仪中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫态<ref name=":10" />时，它们会同时在回路中双向流动。“<br />
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* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref name=":11">[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br>一种压电“音叉”已经被制造出来，可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加态。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子<ref name=":11" />。<br />
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* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref name=":12">{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br>一项涉及流感病毒的实验已被提出<ref name=":12" />。<br />
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* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref name=":13">{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br>一项利用机电振荡器和细菌的实验已被提出<ref name=":13" />。<br />
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In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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在量子计算中，“猫态”有时指GHZ态（Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger态），其中若干量子比特处于全为0和全为1两种态的相等叠加态。<br />
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:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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至少有一种观点认为，有可能在观察猫之前就确定它的状态<ref name="LS-20191107" /><ref name="NJP-20191001" />。<br />
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==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
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[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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“维格纳的朋友”是薛定谔实验的一个变体。实验中有两个人类观察者：第一个观察者通过观察确定是否看到闪光，然后将观察结果传递给第二个观察者。问题是，波函数究竟何时“坍缩”？是在第一个观察者进行观察时，还是只有当第二个观察者知道了第一个观察者的观察结果时？<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref name=":14">{{cite web<br />
<br />
In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<nowiki><ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
<br />
|</nowiki>last =Chown<br />
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<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki>last =Chown<br />
<br />
最后的巧克力<br />
<br />
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki>first =Marcus<br />
<br />
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki>first =Marcus<br />
<br />
首先是马库斯<br />
<br />
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki>authorlink =Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki>authorlink =Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
作者: Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki>title =Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
<br />
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki>title =Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
<br />
<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki>work =[[New Scientist]]<br />
<br />
|work =New Scientist<br />
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作者: 《新科学家》<br />
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|date =2007-11-22<br />
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|date =2007-11-22<br />
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日期2007-11-22<br />
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|url =https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url =https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|accessdate =2007-11-25<br />
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|accessdate =2007-11-25<br />
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2007-11-25<br />
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|url-status =live<br />
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|url-status =live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|archivedate =2016-03-10<br />
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<nowiki> </nowiki><nowiki>|</nowiki>archivedate =2016-03-10<br />
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2016-03-10<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{cite journal<br />
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}}</ref><ref name=":16"><nowiki>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
} / ref { cite journal<br />
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| last =Krauss<br />
<br />
| last =Krauss<br />
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最后的克劳斯<br />
<br />
| first =Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
| first =Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
<br />
| title =Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
| title =Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
<br />
| journal =Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
| journal =Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
<br />
| volume =100<br />
<br />
| volume =100<br />
<br />
第100卷<br />
<br />
| issue =17<br />
<br />
| issue =17<br />
<br />
第17期<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
171301页<br />
<br />
| location =US<br />
<br />
| location =US<br />
<br />
| 位置: US<br />
<br />
| date =April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
| date =April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
<br />
| arxiv =0711.1821<br />
<br />
| arxiv =0711.1821<br />
<br />
0711.1821<br />
<br />
| doi =10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi =10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
<br />
| pmid =18518269<br />
<br />
| pmid =18518269<br />
<br />
18518269<br />
<br />
| id |bibcode =2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</nowiki></ref><br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名的物理学家甚至认为，通过一种伪薛定谔猫效应，天文学家在1998年对宇宙暗能量的观测可能会“缩短宇宙的预期寿命”，但这种观点非常具有争议<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" />。<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
<br />
*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
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*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
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*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
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{{div col end}}<br />
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==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
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* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
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* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
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==External links==<br />
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{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
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* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
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* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
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* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
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* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
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{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
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[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
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Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
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分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
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[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
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Category:Concepts in physics<br />
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分类: 物理概念<br />
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[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
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Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
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类别: 物理悖论<br />
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[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
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Category:Quantum measurement<br />
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类别: 量子测量<br />
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[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
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Category:Fictional cats<br />
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分类: 虚构的猫<br />
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[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
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Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
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类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
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Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
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类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
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<noinclude><br />
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25951薛定谔的猫2021-08-18T04:25:28Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
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{{other uses}}<br><br />
模板：其他用途<br />
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{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
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[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源入密闭容器。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性，即单个原子衰变，烧瓶会破碎，毒药释放，杀死猫。量子力学的哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation认为，一段时间之后，猫既活着又死了。但是，人们看向盒内时，猫不是活着就是死了，不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，量子叠加具体何时结束，现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
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薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源入密闭容器。如果盒内监测器（如盖革计数器）检测到放射性，即单个原子衰变，烧瓶会破碎，毒药释放，杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''认为，一段时间之后，猫既活着又死了。但是，人们看向盒内时，猫不是活着就是死了，不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，量子叠加具体何时结束，现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思想实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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{{cite journal<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
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日期: 1935年11月}<br />
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</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验表明了薛定谔认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题，提出了一只可能同时活着且死去的猫。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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首先，加里<br />
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| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
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| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
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白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
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| publisher = Penguin<br />
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| publisher = Penguin<br />
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企鹅出版社<br />
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| date = 2001<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
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寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
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|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
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出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
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|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
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|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
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量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
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理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
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|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
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| 高尔出版社有限公司。<br />
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|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
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|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
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| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
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|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
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| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
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第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
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|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
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|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
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解释宇宙<br />
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|publisher = Universities Press<br />
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|publisher = Universities Press<br />
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出版商: 大学出版社<br />
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|date = 2002<br />
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|date = 2002<br />
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2002年<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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访问注册<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
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引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
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|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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8173714673<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
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最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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首先是 j. c。<br />
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|title = The Quantum World<br />
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|title = The Quantum World<br />
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标题: 量子世界<br />
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|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
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|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
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出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
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|date = 1985<br />
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|date = 1985<br />
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1985年<br />
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|pages = 67<br />
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|pages = 67<br />
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第67页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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0691023883<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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档案日期2015-05-19<br />
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}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
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<nowiki>}}</nowiki><nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能发生也可能不发生的随机亚原子事件相联系导致的结果。<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
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该思想实验也经常出现在对量子力学诠释理论的探讨中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
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==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源和动机<br />
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[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔于1921年-1926年居住在苏黎世的胡特大街 (Huttenstrasse) 9号，屋子花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，参观房子的人不会提前知道雕像的位置。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
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埃尔温·薛定谔于1921年-1926年居住在苏黎世的胡特大街 (Huttenstrasse) 9号，屋子花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，参观房子的人不会提前知道雕像的位置。<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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1935年，薛定谔本来想将该思想实验作为对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论。EPR论文强调了量子叠加的反直觉性，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以处于多个状态，对应不同的结果。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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当时的主流理论是哥本哈根诠释，它认为一个量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察到之前，一直处于叠加状态。这时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种定态。EPR实验表明，包含多个相距较远的粒子的系统可以处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就后者的EPR佯谬论文通信，在信中，爱因斯坦指出，一个不稳定的火药桶会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
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为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加态的办法，即让该系统依赖于处于叠加态的量子粒子。他提出在一个密闭的钢制房间中放一只猫，猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态，即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。薛定谔认为，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前，既活着也死了。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也或是一种严谨的可能性，相反，他希望用这个例子说明量子力学现有观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他量子力学的数学解释，其中一些解释认为 “既生又死”的猫叠加态非常真实。薛定谔的猫思想实验意在批判哥本哈根诠释（1935年的主流正统学说），至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的试金石，具有决定性意义。物理学家经常用各种诠释解释薛定谔的猫的方式来说明和比较各种诠释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思想实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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薛定谔写道：<br />
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人们甚至可以提出相当荒谬的实验。把一只猫和盖革计数器，少量放射物质（设备必须不会干涉猫）一起关在钢制房间内。放射物质含量极少，也许一个小时原子就会衰变，但也有可能不衰变；如果原子衰变，计数管就会放电，并通过继电器释放出一个锤子，击碎装有氢氰酸的瓶子。如果我们把这整个系统单独放一小时，如果在此期间没有原子衰变，猫就还活着。第一次原子衰变会将它毒死。整个系统的普西函数将通过将活猫和死猫（原谅这个表达）混合或均分在相同部分来表达这一点。<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.<br />
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显然，这些实验中最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为了宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地认为代表现实的“模糊模型”有效。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃或失焦照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思想实验提出了一个问题：“量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而坍缩为叠加态的其中一种状态？”（更严格地说，从何时起，实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活着，它只记得活着的状态。但是EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求猫和笔记本之类的宏观物体并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思想实验说明了这一显而易见的悖论。直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于多种状态的混合，然而上述思想实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的混合态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者需要另外一个外部观察者使得猫能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，猫的思维实验极大地突出了这些问题，令他印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道：<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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You are the only contemporary physicist, besides Laue, who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是现在仅存的物理学家，劳尔认为只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏——现实是独立于实验的。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的诠释，在这个系统里，普西函数既包含活着的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在与否与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中并没有火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦在信中也一并讨论了。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了许多其他的量子力学诠释，针对薛定谔的猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及他们何时（或是否）坍缩，这些诠释给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Schrodingers-cat-desmos-graph.png|thumb|The likelihood for which Schrödinger's cat is dead is invariant irrespective of time.]] --><br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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量子力学的主流诠释之一是哥本哈根诠释。该诠释认为，一个系统在观察时将不再处于叠加态，而是坍缩为叠加态中的任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，哥本哈根诠释没有明确定义测量和观察的本质。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核/死猫”和“未衰变的原子核/活猫”叠加态中，只有打开盒子进行观察时，波函数才会坍缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, "<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach" </font>denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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但是，哥本哈根诠释的主要科学家尼尔斯·玻尔从未认为是观察者引起了波函数的坍缩，因为他并不认为波函数真实存在，它只是一个统计工具。因此薛定谔的猫对他来说不是什么谜题。早在意识的观察者打开盒子前，猫就已经死去或者仍然活着。分析一个真实的实验会发现，尽管实验涉及的有效性尚有争议，在有意识的观察者对测量结果进行观察前，测量本身（比如盖革计数器）就足以使量子波函数发生坍缩。（这种当原子核中的粒子撞击监测器时“观察”已经发生的观点可以发展为客观坍缩理论。在薛定谔的思维实验中，波函数要发生坍缩，监测器需要进行“无意识观察”。相比之下，“多世界理论”否认曾发生过坍缩。<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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用'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''解释量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。多世界诠释认为每一个事件都是一个分支点。不管盒子是否打开，猫都是既活着也死了，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，同样真实但不能相互作用。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗莱特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释并不把观察视为一个特殊过程。在多世界诠释中，盒子打开后，活猫和死猫仍然存在，但彼此之间是退相干的。换句话说，盒子被打开时，观察者和可能死亡的猫分裂成两个分支：观察者看着盒中的死猫，观察者看着盒中的活猫。但由于死态和活态是退相干的，它们之间无法发生有效的交流或相互作用。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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打开盒子时，观察者与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了对应猫生与死的“观察者状态”；每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，因此“猫状态的观察”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相干确保不同的结果不会相互影响，对多世界诠释的历史一致论也很重要。在多世界诠释中，只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能称为一致历史的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了避免同时对多个叠加态进行观察。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克思·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，称为量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验薛定谔的猫实验，并认为通过这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加态不过是一个更大系综的子系综。态矢量不适用于单个猫实验，而仅适用于大量相似准备的猫实验的统计数据。该诠释的支持者认为，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这一诠释抛弃了单一量子力学系统有一个始终对应的数学描述这一观点。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''认为人类实验者、猫或装置之间，或者生命体与非生命体之间没有本质区别；所有这些遵循相同波函数演化规则的量子系统都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据掌握的不同盒内系统信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是装置的观察者；同时，实验者可以被认为是盒内系统（猫和装置）的另一个观察者。在盒子被打开之前，根据自身的死活，猫拥有关于设备状态的信息（原子要么已经衰变要么没有衰变）；但是实验者并不掌握这些信息。这样，在同一时刻两个观察者对于盒子的状态有不同的描述：对猫来说，装置的波函数“坍缩”了，对实验者来说，盒内系统处于叠加态。直到盒子被打开，两个观察者对所发生的事情都掌握了同样的信息，两个系统才“坍缩”为同样一个确定结果，既猫不是活着就是死了。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
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在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，实验装置发射一个逆着时间行进的超前波，超前波与粒子源发射的顺着时间行进的波相互作用，形成驻波。这些波被认为是真实存在的，装置被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是“非时间性的”，并且发生在粒子源与实验装置相互作用的整个阶段。猫从未处于叠加态，相反，不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定时间都只处于一种状态。这样交易诠释就解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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===Zeno effects===<br><br />
量子芝诺效应<br />
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The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''指延缓量子从对初始状态到其他状态的演化。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，存在加速量子系统演化的反芝诺效应。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，你可能会延迟或加速决定性选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。被测量的量子系统必须与周围环境（在这个例子中是实验装置、实验室等）强耦合，以获得更准确的信息。但是，在薛定的猫实验中，没有信息传递到盒子外部，这种与环境的耦合被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦猫的生死（通过窥视盒子）传递到了盒子外部，准测量就变成了测量。准测量和测量一样都会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为环境而被延迟或加速。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
<br />
According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
<br />
According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
<br />
根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>''，当达到某些客观物理阈值（时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等），叠加态会自动地被破坏（与外部观察无关）。因此，猫应该早在盒子被打开之前很久就已经稳定在一个确定状态。这可以粗略地称为“猫观察自己”，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
<br />
Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
<br />
客观坍缩理论需要对标准量子力学进行修改，以允许叠加态被时间演化破坏。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用和测试<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和退相干环境效应<br />
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<br />
<br />
The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
<br />
The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫实验是纯理论性的，所涉及的实验装置并被制造出来。但是，很多涉及类似原理的实验已经取得成功，例如一些（在量子力学标准中）相对较大系统的叠加态已经实现。这些实验并没有表明与猫大小一样的物体可以处于叠加态，但是这些实验提升了存在“猫态”的系统的大小上线。在很多实验中，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，猫态也只能短暂存在。<br />
<br />
* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br>多光子的“猫态”已经实现。<br />
<br />
* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br>观测到处于叠加态的被捕获的铍离子。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br>一项涉及超导量子干涉仪（ SQUID）的实验与薛定谔思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不是说十亿个电子正向流动，十亿个电子反向流动。超导电子总是沿同一方向移动，当超导量子干涉仪中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫态时，它们会同时在回路中双向流动。“<br />
<br />
* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br>一种压电“音叉”已经被制造出来，可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加态。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br>一项涉及流感病毒的实验已被提出。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br>一项利用机电振荡器和细菌的实验已被提出。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
在量子计算中，“猫态”有时指GHZ态（Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger态），其中若干量子比特处于全为0和全为1两种态的相等叠加态。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
<br />
<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
<br />
(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
<br />
至少有一种观点认为，有可能在观察猫之前就确定它的状态。<br />
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<br />
<br />
==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
<br />
[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
<br />
Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
<br />
“维格纳的朋友”是薛定谔实验的一个变体。实验中有两个人类观察者：第一个观察者通过观察确定是否看到闪光，然后将观察结果传递给第二个观察者。问题是，波函数究竟何时“坍缩”？是在第一个观察者进行观察时，还是只有当第二个观察者知道了第一个观察者的观察结果时？<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
<br />
|last = Chown<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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最后的巧克力<br />
<br />
|first = Marcus<br />
<br />
|first = Marcus<br />
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首先是马库斯<br />
<br />
|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
作者: Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
<br />
|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
<br />
观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
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|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
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|work = New Scientist<br />
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作者: 《新科学家》<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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日期2007-11-22<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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2007-11-25<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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2016-03-10<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
} / ref { cite journal<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
<br />
| last = Krauss<br />
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最后的克劳斯<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
第100卷<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
第17期<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
171301页<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| 位置: US<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
0711.1821<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
18518269<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名的物理学家甚至认为，通过一种伪薛定谔猫效应，天文学家在1998年对宇宙暗能量的观测可能会“缩短宇宙的预期寿命”，但这种观点非常具有争议。<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
<br />
*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
<br />
*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
<br />
*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
<br />
* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
<br />
* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
<br />
* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
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{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Schrodinger's cat}}<br />
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[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
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Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
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分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
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[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
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Category:Concepts in physics<br />
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分类: 物理概念<br />
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[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
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Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
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类别: 物理悖论<br />
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[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
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Category:Quantum measurement<br />
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类别: 量子测量<br />
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[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
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Category:Fictional cats<br />
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分类: 虚构的猫<br />
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[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
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Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
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类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
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Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
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类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25950薛定谔的猫2021-08-18T04:20:30Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
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{{other uses}}<br><br />
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{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
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[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源入密闭容器。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性，即单个原子衰变，烧瓶会破碎，毒药释放，杀死猫。量子力学的哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation认为，一段时间之后，猫既活着又死了。但是，人们看向盒内时，猫不是活着就是死了，不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，量子叠加具体何时结束，现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
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薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源入密闭容器。如果盒内监测器（如盖革计数器）检测到放射性，即单个原子衰变，烧瓶会破碎，毒药释放，杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''认为，一段时间之后，猫既活着又死了。但是，人们看向盒内时，猫不是活着就是死了，不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，量子叠加具体何时结束，现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思想实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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{{cite journal<br />
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| authorlink 埃尔温·薛定谔<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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量子力学的现状<br />
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| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
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| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
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| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
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| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
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| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
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10.1007 / BF01491891<br />
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| volume =23<br />
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| issue= 48<br />
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| date=November 1935}}<br />
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日期: 1935年11月}<br />
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</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验表明了薛定谔认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题，提出了一只可能同时活着且死去的猫。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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| last1 = Moring<br />
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| last1 = Moring<br />
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| 上午1点<br />
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| first1 = Gary<br />
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| first1 = Gary<br />
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首先，加里<br />
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| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
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| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
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| publisher = Penguin<br />
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| publisher = Penguin<br />
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企鹅出版社<br />
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| date = 2001<br />
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| date = 2001<br />
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2001年<br />
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| location = <br />
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| location = <br />
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| pages = 192–193<br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| isbn = 1440695725<br />
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第一个约翰<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
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寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
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|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
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|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
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出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
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日期2011年<br />
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|pages = 234<br />
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|pages = 234<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|first1 = George<br />
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|first2 = Arthur<br />
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|first2 = Arthur<br />
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首先，亚瑟<br />
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|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
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|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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出版商: Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
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2006年<br />
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|pages = 186<br />
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|pages = 186<br />
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第186页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 076372470X<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
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首先，菲利普<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
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|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
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| 高尔出版社有限公司。<br />
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|date = 2012<br />
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|date = 2012<br />
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日期2012年<br />
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|pages = 321<br />
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|pages = 321<br />
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第321页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
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|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
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978-1409440406<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|first1 = Nick<br />
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|first1 = Nick<br />
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首先，尼克<br />
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|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
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|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
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| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
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|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
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|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
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| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
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日期2011年<br />
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|pages = 150<br />
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第150页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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档案日期2015-05-18<br />
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{} / ref name"charap"{ cite book<br />
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|last1 = Charap<br />
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1 Charap<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
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第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
解释宇宙<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
出版商: 大学出版社<br />
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|date = 2002<br />
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|date = 2002<br />
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2002年<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/9999<br />
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|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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访问注册<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
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引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
<br />
|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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8173714673<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"polkinghorne"{ cite book<br />
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最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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首先是 j. c。<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
标题: 量子世界<br />
<br />
|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
<br />
|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
<br />
出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
1985年<br />
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|pages = 67<br />
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|pages = 67<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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档案日期2015-05-19<br />
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}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
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<nowiki>}}</nowiki><nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能发生也可能不发生的随机亚原子事件相联系导致的结果。<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
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该思想实验也经常出现在对量子力学诠释理论的探讨中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
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==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源和动机<br />
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[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔于1921年-1926年居住在苏黎世的胡特大街 (Huttenstrasse) 9号，屋子花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，参观房子的人不会提前知道雕像的位置。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
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埃尔温·薛定谔于1921年-1926年居住在苏黎世的胡特大街 (Huttenstrasse) 9号，屋子花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，参观房子的人不会提前知道雕像的位置。<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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1935年，薛定谔本来想将该思想实验作为对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论。EPR论文强调了量子叠加的反直觉性，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以处于多个状态，对应不同的结果。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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当时的主流理论是哥本哈根诠释，它认为一个量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察到之前，一直处于叠加状态。这时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种定态。EPR实验表明，包含多个相距较远的粒子的系统可以处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就后者的EPR佯谬论文通信，在信中，爱因斯坦指出，一个不稳定的火药桶会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
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为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加态的办法，即让该系统依赖于处于叠加态的量子粒子。他提出在一个密闭的钢制房间中放一只猫，猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态，即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。薛定谔认为，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前，既活着也死了。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也或是一种严谨的可能性，相反，他希望用这个例子说明量子力学现有观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他量子力学的数学解释，其中一些解释认为 “既生又死”的猫叠加态非常真实。薛定谔的猫思想实验意在批判哥本哈根诠释（1935年的主流正统学说），至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的试金石，具有决定性意义。物理学家经常用各种诠释解释薛定谔的猫的方式来说明和比较各种诠释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思想实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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薛定谔写道：<br />
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人们甚至可以提出相当荒谬的实验。把一只猫和盖革计数器，少量放射物质（设备必须不会干涉猫）一起关在钢制房间内。放射物质含量极少，也许一个小时原子就会衰变，但也有可能不衰变；如果原子衰变，计数管就会放电，并通过继电器释放出一个锤子，击碎装有氢氰酸的瓶子。如果我们把这整个系统单独放一小时，如果在此期间没有原子衰变，猫就还活着。第一次原子衰变会将它毒死。整个系统的普西函数将通过将活猫和死猫（原谅这个表达）混合或均分在相同部分来表达这一点。<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.<br />
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显然，这些实验中最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为了宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地认为代表现实的“模糊模型”有效。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃或失焦照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思想实验提出了一个问题：“量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而坍缩为叠加态的其中一种状态？”（更严格地说，从何时起，实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活着，它只记得活着的状态。但是EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求猫和笔记本之类的宏观物体并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思想实验说明了这一显而易见的悖论。直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于多种状态的混合，然而上述思想实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的混合态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者需要另外一个外部观察者使得猫能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，猫的思维实验极大地突出了这些问题，令他印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道：<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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You are the only contemporary physicist, besides Laue, who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是现在仅存的物理学家，劳尔认为只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏——现实是独立于实验的。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的诠释，在这个系统里，普西函数既包含活着的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在与否与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中并没有火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦在信中也一并讨论了。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了许多其他的量子力学诠释，针对薛定谔的猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及他们何时（或是否）坍缩，这些诠释给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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量子力学的主流诠释之一是哥本哈根诠释。该诠释认为，一个系统在观察时将不再处于叠加态，而是坍缩为叠加态中的任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，哥本哈根诠释没有明确定义测量和观察的本质。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核/死猫”和“未衰变的原子核/活猫”叠加态中，只有打开盒子进行观察时，波函数才会坍缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, "<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach" </font>denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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但是，哥本哈根诠释的主要科学家尼尔斯·玻尔从未认为是观察者引起了波函数的坍缩，因为他并不认为波函数真实存在，它只是一个统计工具。因此薛定谔的猫对他来说不是什么谜题。早在意识的观察者打开盒子前，猫就已经死去或者仍然活着。分析一个真实的实验会发现，尽管实验涉及的有效性尚有争议，在有意识的观察者对测量结果进行观察前，测量本身（比如盖革计数器）就足以使量子波函数发生坍缩。（这种当原子核中的粒子撞击监测器时“观察”已经发生的观点可以发展为客观坍缩理论。在薛定谔的思维实验中，波函数要发生坍缩，监测器需要进行“无意识观察”。相比之下，“多世界理论”否认曾发生过坍缩。<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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用'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''解释量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。多世界诠释认为每一个事件都是一个分支点。不管盒子是否打开，猫都是既活着也死了，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，同样真实但不能相互作用。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗莱特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释并不把观察视为一个特殊过程。在多世界诠释中，盒子打开后，活猫和死猫仍然存在，但彼此之间是退相干的。换句话说，盒子被打开时，观察者和可能死亡的猫分裂成两个分支：观察者看着盒中的死猫，观察者看着盒中的活猫。但由于死态和活态是退相干的，它们之间无法发生有效的交流或相互作用。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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打开盒子时，观察者与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了对应猫生与死的“观察者状态”；每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，因此“猫状态的观察”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相干确保不同的结果不会相互影响，对多世界诠释的历史一致论也很重要。在多世界诠释中，只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能称为一致历史的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了避免同时对多个叠加态进行观察。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克思·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，称为量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验薛定谔的猫实验，并认为通过这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加态不过是一个更大系综的子系综。态矢量不适用于单个猫实验，而仅适用于大量相似准备的猫实验的统计数据。该诠释的支持者认为，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这一诠释抛弃了单一量子力学系统有一个始终对应的数学描述这一观点。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''认为人类实验者、猫或装置之间，或者生命体与非生命体之间没有本质区别；所有这些遵循相同波函数演化规则的量子系统都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据掌握的不同盒内系统信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是装置的观察者；同时，实验者可以被认为是盒内系统（猫和装置）的另一个观察者。在盒子被打开之前，根据自身的死活，猫拥有关于设备状态的信息（原子要么已经衰变要么没有衰变）；但是实验者并不掌握这些信息。这样，在同一时刻两个观察者对于盒子的状态有不同的描述：对猫来说，装置的波函数“坍缩”了，对实验者来说，盒内系统处于叠加态。直到盒子被打开，两个观察者对所发生的事情都掌握了同样的信息，两个系统才“坍缩”为同样一个确定结果，既猫不是活着就是死了。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
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在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，实验装置发射一个逆着时间行进的超前波，超前波与粒子源发射的顺着时间行进的波相互作用，形成驻波。这些波被认为是真实存在的，装置被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是“非时间性的”，并且发生在粒子源与实验装置相互作用的整个阶段。猫从未处于叠加态，相反，不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定时间都只处于一种状态。这样交易诠释就解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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===Zeno effects===<br><br />
量子芝诺效应<br />
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The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''指延缓量子从对初始状态到其他状态的演化。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，存在加速量子系统演化的反芝诺效应。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，你可能会延迟或加速决定性选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。被测量的量子系统必须与周围环境（在这个例子中是实验装置、实验室等）强耦合，以获得更准确的信息。但是，在薛定的猫实验中，没有信息传递到盒子外部，这种与环境的耦合被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦猫的生死（通过窥视盒子）传递到了盒子外部，准测量就变成了测量。准测量和测量一样都会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为环境而被延迟或加速。<br />
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===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
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According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>''，当达到某些客观物理阈值（时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等），叠加态会自动地被破坏（与外部观察无关）。因此，猫应该早在盒子被打开之前很久就已经稳定在一个确定状态。这可以粗略地称为“猫观察自己”，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
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客观坍缩理论需要对标准量子力学进行修改，以允许叠加态被时间演化破坏。<br />
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==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用和测试<br />
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[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
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Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
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薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和退相干环境效应<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
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薛定谔的猫实验是纯理论性的，所涉及的实验装置并被制造出来。但是，很多涉及类似原理的实验已经取得成功，例如一些（在量子力学标准中）相对较大系统的叠加态已经实现。这些实验并没有表明与猫大小一样的物体可以处于叠加态，但是这些实验提升了存在“猫态”的系统的大小上线。在很多实验中，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，猫态也只能短暂存在。<br />
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* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br>多光子的“猫态”已经实现。<br />
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* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br>观测到处于叠加态的被捕获的铍离子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br>一项涉及超导量子干涉仪（ SQUID）的实验与薛定谔思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不是说十亿个电子正向流动，十亿个电子反向流动。超导电子总是沿同一方向移动，当超导量子干涉仪中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫态时，它们会同时在回路中双向流动。“<br />
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* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br>一种压电“音叉”已经被制造出来，可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加态。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br>一项涉及流感病毒的实验已被提出。<br />
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* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br>一项利用机电振荡器和细菌的实验已被提出。<br />
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In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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在量子计算中，“猫态”有时指GHZ态（Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger态），其中若干量子比特处于全为0和全为1两种态的相等叠加态。<br />
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:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
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至少有一种观点认为，有可能在观察猫之前就确定它的状态。<br />
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==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
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[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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“维格纳的朋友”是薛定谔实验的一个变体。实验中有两个人类观察者：第一个观察者通过观察确定是否看到闪光，然后将观察结果传递给第二个观察者。问题是，波函数究竟何时“坍缩”？是在第一个观察者进行观察时，还是只有当第二个观察者知道了第一个观察者的观察结果时？<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
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另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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最后的巧克力<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
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首先是马库斯<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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作者: Marcus Chown<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
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|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
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|work = New Scientist<br />
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作者: 《新科学家》<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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日期2007-11-22<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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2016-03-10<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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最后的克劳斯<br />
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| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
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|author2=James Dent<br />
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|author2=James Dent<br />
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作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
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| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
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| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
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虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
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| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
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| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
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体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
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| volume = 100<br />
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| volume = 100<br />
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第100卷<br />
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| issue = 17<br />
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| issue = 17<br />
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第17期<br />
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| pages =171301<br />
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| pages =171301<br />
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171301页<br />
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| location = US<br />
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| location = US<br />
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| 位置: US<br />
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| date = April 30, 2008<br />
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| date = April 30, 2008<br />
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日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
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| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
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| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
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0711.1821<br />
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| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
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| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
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| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
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| pmid = 18518269<br />
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| pmid = 18518269<br />
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18518269<br />
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| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
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另一方面，一些著名的物理学家甚至认为，通过一种伪薛定谔猫效应，天文学家在1998年对宇宙暗能量的观测可能会“缩短宇宙的预期寿命”，但这种观点非常具有争议。<br />
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| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
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| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
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==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
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{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
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{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
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*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
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*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
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*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
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*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
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*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
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*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
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*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
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*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
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*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
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*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
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*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
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*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
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*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
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*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
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==References==<br />
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{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
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* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
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* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
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* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
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* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
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==External links==<br />
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{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
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* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
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* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
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* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
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* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
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{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Schrodinger's cat}}<br />
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[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
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Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
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分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
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[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
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Category:Concepts in physics<br />
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分类: 物理概念<br />
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[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
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Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
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类别: 物理悖论<br />
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[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
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类别: 量子测量<br />
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[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
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Category:Fictional cats<br />
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分类: 虚构的猫<br />
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[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
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Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
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类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
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Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
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类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
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<noinclude><br />
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25948薛定谔的猫2021-08-18T03:36:35Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
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{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
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[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源入密闭容器。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性，即单个原子衰变，烧瓶会破碎，毒药释放，杀死猫。量子力学的哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation认为，一段时间之后，猫既活着又死了。但是，人们看向盒内时，猫不是活着就是死了，不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，量子叠加具体何时结束，现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
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薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源入密闭容器。如果盒内监测器（如盖革计数器）检测到放射性，即单个原子衰变，烧瓶会破碎，毒药释放，杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''认为，一段时间之后，猫既活着又死了。但是，人们看向盒内时，猫不是活着就是死了，不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，量子叠加具体何时结束，现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思想实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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<br />
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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{{cite journal<br />
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{{cite journal<br />
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{引用期刊<br />
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| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
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| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
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| authorlink 埃尔温·薛定谔<br />
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| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
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| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
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| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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量子力学的现状<br />
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| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
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| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
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| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
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| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
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| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
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10.1007 / BF01491891<br />
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| volume =23<br />
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| volume =23<br />
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| issue= 48<br />
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| pages= 807–812<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode 1935NW... 23. . 807 s<br />
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| date=November 1935}}<br />
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| date=November 1935}}<br />
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日期: 1935年11月}<br />
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</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验表明了薛定谔认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题，提出了一只可能同时活着且死去的猫。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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| last1 = Moring<br />
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| last1 = Moring<br />
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| 上午1点<br />
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| first1 = Gary<br />
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| first1 = Gary<br />
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首先，加里<br />
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| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
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| publisher = Penguin<br />
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| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
企鹅出版社<br />
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| date = 2001<br />
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| date = 2001<br />
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2001年<br />
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| location = <br />
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| location = <br />
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| 位置<br />
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| pages = 192–193<br />
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| pages = 192–193<br />
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第192-193页<br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=y4ebcfton_oc&pg=pa193&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| doi = <br />
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| isbn = 1440695725<br />
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|first1 = John<br />
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|first1 = John<br />
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第一个约翰<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
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|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
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出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
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日期2011年<br />
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|pages = 234<br />
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|pages = 234<br />
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234页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| last 1 Greenstein<br />
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|first1 = George<br />
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|first1 = George<br />
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首先，乔治<br />
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|last2 = Zajonc<br />
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|last2 = Zajonc<br />
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2 Zajonc<br />
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|first2 = Arthur<br />
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|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
首先，亚瑟<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
<br />
|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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出版商: Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
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2006年<br />
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|pages = 186<br />
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|pages = 186<br />
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第186页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 076372470X<br />
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|isbn = 076372470X<br />
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| isbn 076372470X<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| last 1 Tetlow<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
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首先，菲利普<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
| 高尔出版社有限公司。<br />
<br />
|date = 2012<br />
<br />
|date = 2012<br />
<br />
日期2012年<br />
<br />
|pages = 321<br />
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|pages = 321<br />
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第321页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
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|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
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978-1409440406<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|last1 = Herbert<br />
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最后一个赫伯特<br />
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|first1 = Nick<br />
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|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
首先，尼克<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
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日期2011年<br />
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|pages = 150<br />
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|pages = 150<br />
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第150页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
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978-0307806741<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Charap">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"charap"{ cite book<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
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第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
解释宇宙<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
出版商: 大学出版社<br />
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|date = 2002<br />
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|date = 2002<br />
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2002年<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/9999<br />
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|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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访问注册<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
<br />
|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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8173714673<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"polkinghorne"{ cite book<br />
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|last1 = Polkinghorne<br />
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|last1 = Polkinghorne<br />
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最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
<br />
|first1 = J. C.<br />
<br />
首先是 j. c。<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
标题: 量子世界<br />
<br />
|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
<br />
|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
<br />
出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
1985年<br />
<br />
|pages = 67<br />
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|pages = 67<br />
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第67页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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0691023883<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
<br />
<nowiki>}}</nowiki><nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能发生也可能不发生的随机亚原子事件相联系导致的结果。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
<br />
该思想实验也经常出现在对量子力学诠释理论的探讨中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
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==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源和动机<br />
<br />
<br />
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[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔于1921年-1926年居住在苏黎世的胡特大街 (Huttenstrasse) 9号，屋子花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，参观房子的人不会提前知道雕像的位置。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
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埃尔温·薛定谔于1921年-1926年居住在苏黎世的胡特大街 (Huttenstrasse) 9号，屋子花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，参观房子的人不会提前知道雕像的位置。<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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1935年，薛定谔本来想将该思想实验作为对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论。EPR论文强调了量子叠加的反直觉性，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以处于多个状态，对应不同的结果。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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当时的主流理论是哥本哈根诠释，它认为一个量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察到之前，一直处于叠加状态。这时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种定态。EPR实验表明，包含多个相距较远的粒子的系统可以处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就后者的EPR佯谬论文通信，在信中，爱因斯坦指出，一个不稳定的火药桶会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
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为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加态的办法，即让该系统依赖于处于叠加态的量子粒子。他提出在一个密闭的钢制房间中放一只猫，猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态，即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。薛定谔认为，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前，既活着也死了。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也或是一种严谨的可能性，相反，他希望用这个例子说明量子力学现有观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他量子力学的数学解释，其中一些解释认为 “既生又死”的猫叠加态非常真实。薛定谔的猫思想实验意在批判哥本哈根诠释（1935年的主流正统学说），至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的试金石，具有决定性意义。物理学家经常用各种诠释解释薛定谔的猫的方式来说明和比较各种诠释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思想实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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人们甚至可以<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.<br />
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在这些情况下，典型的情况是，最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地接受代表现实的“模糊模型”作为有效的模型。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃的失焦的照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思想实验提出了一个问题：“量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而坍缩为叠加态的其中一种状态？”（更严格地说，从何时起，实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活着，它只记得活着的状态。但是EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求猫和笔记本之类的宏观物体并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思想实验说明了这一显而易见的悖论。直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于多种状态的混合，然而上述思想实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的混合态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者需要另外一个外部观察者使得猫能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，猫的思维实验极大地突出了这些问题，令他印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道：<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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You are the only contemporary physicist, besides Laue, who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是唯一的当代物理学家，他发现只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏-现实是独立于实验建立的东西。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药电荷+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的解释，在这个系统里，psi功能既包含活的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在或不存在与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中并没有火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦在信中也一并讨论了。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了许多其他的量子力学诠释，针对薛定谔的猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及他们何时（或是否）坍缩，这些诠释给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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量子力学的主流诠释之一是哥本哈根诠释。该诠释认为，一个系统在观察时将不再处于叠加态，而是坍缩为叠加态中的任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，哥本哈根诠释没有明确定义测量和观察的本质。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核/死猫”和“未衰变的原子核/活猫”叠加态中，只有打开盒子进行观察时，波函数才会坍缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, "<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach" </font>denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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但是，哥本哈根诠释的主要科学家尼尔斯·玻尔从未认为是观察者引起了波函数的坍缩，因为他并不认为波函数真实存在，它只是一个统计工具。因此薛定谔的猫对他来说不是什么谜题。早在意识的观察者打开盒子前，猫就已经死去或者仍然活着。分析一个真实的实验会发现，尽管实验涉及的有效性尚有争议，在有意识的观察者对测量结果进行观察前，测量本身（比如盖革计数器）就足以使量子波函数发生坍缩。（这种当原子核中的粒子撞击监测器时“观察”已经发生的观点可以发展为客观坍缩理论。在薛定谔的思维实验中，波函数要发生坍缩，监测器需要进行“无意识观察”。相比之下，“多世界理论”否认曾发生过坍缩。<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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用'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''解释量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。多世界诠释认为每一个事件都是一个分支点。不管盒子是否打开，猫都是既活着也死了，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，同样真实但不能相互作用。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗莱特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释并不把观察视为一个特殊过程。在多世界诠释中，盒子打开后，活猫和死猫仍然存在，但彼此之间是退相干的。换句话说，盒子被打开时，观察者和可能死亡的猫分裂成两个分支：观察者看着盒中的死猫，观察者看着盒中的活猫。但由于死态和活态是退相干的，它们之间无法发生有效的交流或相互作用。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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打开盒子时，观察者与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了对应猫生与死的“观察者状态”；每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，因此“猫状态的观察”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相干确保不同的结果不会相互影响，对多世界诠释的历史一致论也很重要。在多世界诠释中，只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能称为一致历史的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了避免同时对多个叠加态进行观察。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克思·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，称为量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验薛定谔的猫实验，并认为通过这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加态不过是一个更大系综的子系综。态矢量不适用于单个猫实验，而仅适用于大量相似准备的猫实验的统计数据。该诠释的支持者认为，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这一诠释抛弃了单一量子力学系统有一个始终对应的数学描述这一观点。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''认为人类实验者、猫或装置之间，或者生命体与非生命体之间没有本质区别；所有这些遵循相同波函数演化规则的量子系统都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据掌握的不同盒内系统信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是装置的观察者；同时，实验者可以被认为是盒内系统（猫和装置）的另一个观察者。在盒子被打开之前，根据自身的死活，猫拥有关于设备状态的信息（原子要么已经衰变要么没有衰变）；但是实验者并不掌握这些信息。这样，在同一时刻两个观察者对于盒子的状态有不同的描述：对猫来说，装置的波函数“坍缩”了，对实验者来说，盒内系统处于叠加态。直到盒子被打开，两个观察者对所发生的事情都掌握了同样的信息，两个系统才“坍缩”为同样一个确定结果，既猫不是活着就是死了。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
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在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，实验装置发射一个逆着时间行进的超前波，超前波与粒子源发射的顺着时间行进的波相互作用，形成驻波。这些波被认为是真实存在的，装置被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是“非时间性的”，并且发生在粒子源与实验装置相互作用的整个阶段。猫从未处于叠加态，相反，不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定时间都只处于一种状态。这样交易诠释就解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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===Zeno effects===<br><br />
量子芝诺效应<br />
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The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''指延缓量子从对初始状态到其他状态的演化。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，存在加速量子系统演化的反芝诺效应。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，你可能会延迟或加速决定性选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。被测量的量子系统必须与周围环境（在这个例子中是实验装置、实验室等）强耦合，以获得更准确的信息。但是，在薛定的猫实验中，没有信息传递到盒子外部，这种与环境的耦合被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦猫的生死（通过窥视盒子）传递到了盒子外部，准测量就变成了测量。准测量和测量一样都会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为环境而被延迟或加速。<br />
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===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
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According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>''，当达到某些客观物理阈值（时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等），叠加态会自动地被破坏（与外部观察无关）。因此，猫应该早在盒子被打开之前很久就已经稳定在一个确定状态。这可以粗略地称为“猫观察自己”，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
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客观坍缩理论需要对标准量子力学进行修改，以允许叠加态被时间演化破坏。<br />
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==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用和测试<br />
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[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
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Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
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薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和退相干环境效应<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
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薛定谔的猫实验是纯理论性的，所涉及的实验装置并被制造出来。但是，很多涉及类似原理的实验已经取得成功，例如一些（在量子力学标准中）相对较大系统的叠加态已经实现。这些实验并没有表明与猫大小一样的物体可以处于叠加态，但是这些实验提升了存在“猫态”的系统的大小上线。在很多实验中，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，猫态也只能短暂存在。<br />
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* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br>多光子的“猫态”已经实现。<br />
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* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br>观测到处于叠加态的被捕获的铍离子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br>一项涉及超导量子干涉仪（ SQUID）的实验与薛定谔思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不是说十亿个电子正向流动，十亿个电子反向流动。超导电子总是沿同一方向移动，当超导量子干涉仪中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫态时，它们会同时在回路中双向流动。“<br />
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* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br>一种压电“音叉”已经被制造出来，可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加态。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br>一项涉及流感病毒的实验已被提出。<br />
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* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br>一项利用机电振荡器和细菌的实验已被提出。<br />
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In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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在量子计算中，“猫态”有时指GHZ态（Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger态），其中若干量子比特处于全为0和全为1两种态的相等叠加态。<br />
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:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
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至少有一种观点认为，有可能在观察猫之前就确定它的状态。<br />
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==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
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[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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“维格纳的朋友”是薛定谔实验的一个变体。实验中有两个人类观察者：第一个观察者通过观察确定是否看到闪光，然后将观察结果传递给第二个观察者。问题是，波函数究竟何时“坍缩”？是在第一个观察者进行观察时，还是只有当第二个观察者知道了第一个观察者的观察结果时？<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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最后的巧克力<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
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首先是马库斯<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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作者: Marcus Chown<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
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|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
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|work = New Scientist<br />
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作者: 《新科学家》<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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日期2007-11-22<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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2007-11-25<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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2016-03-10<br />
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
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} / ref { cite journal<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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最后的克劳斯<br />
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| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
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|author2=James Dent<br />
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|author2=James Dent<br />
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作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
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| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
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| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
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| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
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| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
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体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
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| volume = 100<br />
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| volume = 100<br />
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第100卷<br />
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| issue = 17<br />
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| issue = 17<br />
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第17期<br />
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| pages =171301<br />
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| pages =171301<br />
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171301页<br />
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| location = US<br />
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| location = US<br />
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| 位置: US<br />
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| date = April 30, 2008<br />
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| date = April 30, 2008<br />
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日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
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| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
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| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
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0711.1821<br />
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| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
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| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
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| pmid = 18518269<br />
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| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
18518269<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名的物理学家甚至认为，通过一种伪薛定谔猫效应，天文学家在1998年对宇宙暗能量的观测可能会“缩短宇宙的预期寿命”，但这种观点非常具有争议。<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
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==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
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{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
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*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
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*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
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*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
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*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
<br />
*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
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{{div col end}}<br />
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<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
<br />
* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
<br />
* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
<br />
* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
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{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Schrodinger's cat}}<br />
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[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
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Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
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分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
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[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
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Category:Concepts in physics<br />
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分类: 物理概念<br />
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[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
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Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
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类别: 物理悖论<br />
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[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
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Category:Quantum measurement<br />
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类别: 量子测量<br />
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[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
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Category:Fictional cats<br />
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分类: 虚构的猫<br />
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[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
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Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
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类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
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Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
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类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
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<noinclude><br />
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
<br />
[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25947薛定谔的猫2021-08-18T02:33:55Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
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{{other uses}}<br><br />
模板：其他用途<br />
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{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
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[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源入密闭容器。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性，即单个原子衰变，烧瓶会破碎，毒药释放，杀死猫。量子力学的哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation认为，一段时间之后，猫既活着又死了。但是，人们看向盒内时，猫不是活着就是死了，不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，量子叠加具体何时结束，现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源入密闭容器。如果盒内监测器（如盖革计数器）检测到放射性，即单个原子衰变，烧瓶会破碎，毒药释放，杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''认为，一段时间之后，猫既活着又死了。但是，人们看向盒内时，猫不是活着就是死了，不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，量子叠加具体何时结束，现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
<br />
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'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思想实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
<br />
{{cite journal<br />
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{{cite journal<br />
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{引用期刊<br />
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| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
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| authorlink 埃尔温·薛定谔<br />
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| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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量子力学的现状<br />
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| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
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| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
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| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
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| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
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| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
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10.1007 / BF01491891<br />
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| volume =23<br />
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| volume =23<br />
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第23卷<br />
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| issue= 48<br />
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| issue= 48<br />
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第48期<br />
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| pages= 807–812<br />
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| pages= 807–812<br />
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第807-812页<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode 1935NW... 23. . 807 s<br />
<br />
| date=November 1935}}<br />
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| date=November 1935}}<br />
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日期: 1935年11月}<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验表明了薛定谔认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题，提出了一只可能同时活着且死去的猫。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
| last1 = Moring<br />
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| last1 = Moring<br />
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| 上午1点<br />
<br />
| first1 = Gary<br />
<br />
| first1 = Gary<br />
<br />
首先，加里<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
企鹅出版社<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
2001年<br />
<br />
| location = <br />
<br />
| location = <br />
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| 位置<br />
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| pages = 192–193<br />
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| pages = 192–193<br />
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第192-193页<br />
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| language = <br />
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| language = <br />
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语言<br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=y4ebcfton_oc&pg=pa193&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| doi = <br />
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| doi = <br />
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| id = <br />
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| id = <br />
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| isbn = 1440695725<br />
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| isbn = 1440695725<br />
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1440695725<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Gribbin">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Gribbin">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"gribbin"{ cite book<br />
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|last1 = Gribbin<br />
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|last1 = Gribbin<br />
<br />
1 Gribbin<br />
<br />
|first1 = John<br />
<br />
|first1 = John<br />
<br />
第一个约翰<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
日期2011年<br />
<br />
|pages = 234<br />
<br />
|pages = 234<br />
<br />
234页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
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978-0307790446<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-17<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-17<br />
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2015-05-17<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Greenstein">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Greenstein">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"greenstein"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Greenstein<br />
<br />
|last1 = Greenstein<br />
<br />
| last 1 Greenstein<br />
<br />
|first1 = George<br />
<br />
|first1 = George<br />
<br />
首先，乔治<br />
<br />
|last2 = Zajonc<br />
<br />
|last2 = Zajonc<br />
<br />
2 Zajonc<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
首先，亚瑟<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
<br />
|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
<br />
|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
<br />
出版商: Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
<br />
|date = 2006<br />
<br />
|date = 2006<br />
<br />
2006年<br />
<br />
|pages = 186<br />
<br />
|pages = 186<br />
<br />
第186页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 076372470X<br />
<br />
|isbn = 076372470X<br />
<br />
| isbn 076372470X<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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2015-05-18<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Tetlow">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Tetlow">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"tetlow"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Tetlow<br />
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|last1 = Tetlow<br />
<br />
| last 1 Tetlow<br />
<br />
|first1 = Philip<br />
<br />
|first1 = Philip<br />
<br />
首先，菲利普<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
| 高尔出版社有限公司。<br />
<br />
|date = 2012<br />
<br />
|date = 2012<br />
<br />
日期2012年<br />
<br />
|pages = 321<br />
<br />
|pages = 321<br />
<br />
第321页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
<br />
978-1409440406<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Herbert">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Herbert">{{cite book<br />
<br />
{ / ref name"herbert { cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Herbert<br />
<br />
|last1 = Herbert<br />
<br />
最后一个赫伯特<br />
<br />
|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
首先，尼克<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
日期2011年<br />
<br />
|pages = 150<br />
<br />
|pages = 150<br />
<br />
第150页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
<br />
978-0307806741<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
<br />
状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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档案日期2015-05-18<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Charap">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Charap">{{cite book<br />
<br />
{} / ref name"charap"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Charap<br />
<br />
|last1 = Charap<br />
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1 Charap<br />
<br />
|first1 = John M.<br />
<br />
|first1 = John M.<br />
<br />
第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
解释宇宙<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
出版商: 大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 2002<br />
<br />
|date = 2002<br />
<br />
2002年<br />
<br />
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
<br />
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
<br />
Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/9999<br />
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|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
<br />
|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
<br />
Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
<br />
|url-access = registration<br />
<br />
|url-access = registration<br />
<br />
访问注册<br />
<br />
|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
<br />
|isbn = 8173714673<br />
<br />
|isbn = 8173714673<br />
<br />
8173714673<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"polkinghorne"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Polkinghorne<br />
<br />
|last1 = Polkinghorne<br />
<br />
最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
<br />
|first1 = J. C.<br />
<br />
|first1 = J. C.<br />
<br />
首先是 j. c。<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
标题: 量子世界<br />
<br />
|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
<br />
|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
<br />
出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
1985年<br />
<br />
|pages = 67<br />
<br />
|pages = 67<br />
<br />
第67页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
|isbn = 0691023883<br />
<br />
|isbn = 0691023883<br />
<br />
0691023883<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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档案日期2015-05-19<br />
<br />
}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
<br />
<nowiki>}}</nowiki><nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能发生也可能不发生的随机亚原子事件相联系导致的结果。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
<br />
该思想实验也经常出现在对量子力学诠释理论的探讨中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源和动机<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔于1921年-1926年居住在苏黎世的胡特大街 (Huttenstrasse) 9号，屋子花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，参观房子的人不会提前知道雕像的位置。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔于1921年-1926年居住在苏黎世的胡特大街 (Huttenstrasse) 9号，屋子花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，参观房子的人不会提前知道雕像的位置。<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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1935年，薛定谔本来想将该思想实验作为对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论。EPR论文强调了量子叠加的反直觉性，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以处于多个状态，对应不同的结果。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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当时的主流理论是哥本哈根诠释，它认为一个量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察到之前，一直处于叠加状态。这时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种定态。EPR实验表明，包含多个相距较远的粒子的系统可以处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就后者的EPR佯谬论文通信，在信中，爱因斯坦指出，一个不稳定的火药桶会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
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为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加态的办法，即让该系统依赖于处于叠加态的量子粒子。他提出在一个密闭的钢制房间中放一只猫，猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态，即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。薛定谔认为，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前，既活着也死了。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也或是一种严谨的可能性，相反，他希望用这个例子说明量子力学现有观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他量子力学的数学解释，其中一些解释认为 “既生又死”的猫叠加态非常真实。薛定谔的猫思想实验意在批判哥本哈根诠释（1935年的主流正统学说），至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的试金石，具有决定性意义。物理学家经常用各种诠释解释薛定谔的猫的方式来说明和比较各种诠释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思想实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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在这些情况下，典型的情况是，最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地接受代表现实的“模糊模型”作为有效的模型。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃的失焦的照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思想实验提出了一个问题：“量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而坍缩为叠加态的其中一种状态？”（更严格地说，从何时起，实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活着，它只记得活着的状态。但是EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求猫和笔记本之类的宏观物体并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思想实验说明了这一显而易见的悖论。直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于多种状态的混合，然而上述思想实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的混合态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者需要另外一个外部观察者使得猫能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，猫的思维实验极大地突出了这些问题，令他印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道：<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是唯一的当代物理学家，他发现只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏-现实是独立于实验建立的东西。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药电荷+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的解释，在这个系统里，psi功能既包含活的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在或不存在与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中并没有火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦在信中也一并讨论了。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了许多其他的量子力学诠释，针对薛定谔的猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及他们何时（或是否）坍缩，这些诠释给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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薛定谔的猫死亡的可能性与时间无关。<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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量子力学的主流诠释之一是哥本哈根诠释。该诠释认为，一个系统在观察时将不再处于叠加态，而是坍缩为叠加态中的任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，哥本哈根诠释没有明确定义测量和观察的本质。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核/死猫”和“未衰变的原子核/活猫”叠加态中，只有打开盒子进行观察时，波函数才会坍缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, ’’’<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach </font>’’’denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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但是，哥本哈根诠释的主要科学家尼尔斯·玻尔从未认为是观察者引起了波函数的坍缩，因为他并不认为波函数真实存在，它只是一个统计工具。因此薛定谔的猫对他来说不是什么谜题。早在意识的观察者打开盒子前，猫就已经死去或者仍然活着。分析一个真实的实验会发现，尽管实验涉及的有效性尚有争议，在有意识的观察者对测量结果进行观察前，测量本身（比如盖革计数器）就足以使量子波函数发生坍缩。（这种当原子核中的粒子撞击监测器时“观察”已经发生的观点可以发展为客观坍缩理论。在薛定谔的思维实验中，波函数要发生坍缩，监测器需要进行“无意识观察”。相比之下，“多世界理论”否认曾发生过坍缩。<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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用'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''解释量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。多世界诠释认为每一个事件都是一个分支点。不管盒子是否打开，猫都是既活着也死了，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，同样真实但不能相互作用。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗莱特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释并不把观察视为一个特殊过程。在多世界诠释中，盒子打开后，活猫和死猫仍然存在，但彼此之间是退相干的。换句话说，盒子被打开时，观察者和可能死亡的猫分裂成两个分支：观察者看着盒中的死猫，观察者看着盒中的活猫。但由于死态和活态是退相干的，它们之间无法发生有效的交流或相互作用。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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打开盒子时，观察者与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了对应猫生与死的“观察者状态”；每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，因此“猫状态的观察”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相干确保不同的结果不会相互影响，对多世界诠释的历史一致论也很重要。在多世界诠释中，只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能称为一致历史的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了避免同时对多个叠加态进行观察。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克思·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，称为量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验薛定谔的猫实验，并认为通过这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加态不过是一个更大系综的子系综。态矢量不适用于单个猫实验，而仅适用于大量相似准备的猫实验的统计数据。该诠释的支持者认为，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这一诠释抛弃了单一量子力学系统有一个始终对应的数学描述这一观点。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''认为人类实验者、猫或装置之间，或者生命体与非生命体之间没有本质区别；所有这些遵循相同波函数演化规则的量子系统都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据掌握的不同盒内系统信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是装置的观察者；同时，实验者可以被认为是盒内系统（猫和装置）的另一个观察者。在盒子被打开之前，根据自身的死活，猫拥有关于设备状态的信息（原子要么已经衰变要么没有衰变）；但是实验者并不掌握这些信息。这样，在同一时刻两个观察者对于盒子的状态有不同的描述：对猫来说，装置的波函数“坍缩”了，对实验者来说，盒内系统处于叠加态。直到盒子被打开，两个观察者对所发生的事情都掌握了同样的信息，两个系统才“坍缩”为同样一个确定结果，既猫不是活着就是死了。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
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在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，实验装置发射一个逆着时间行进的超前波，超前波与粒子源发射的顺着时间行进的波相互作用，形成驻波。这些波被认为是真实存在的，装置被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是“非时间性的”，并且发生在粒子源与实验装置相互作用的整个阶段。猫从未处于叠加态，相反，不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定时间都只处于一种状态。这样交易诠释就解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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===Zeno effects===<br><br />
量子芝诺效应<br />
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The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''指延缓量子从对初始状态到其他状态的演化。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，存在加速量子系统演化的反芝诺效应。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，你可能会延迟或加速决定性选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。被测量的量子系统必须与周围环境（在这个例子中是实验装置、实验室等）强耦合，以获得更准确的信息。但是，在薛定的猫实验中，没有信息传递到盒子外部，这种与环境的耦合被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦猫的生死（通过窥视盒子）传递到了盒子外部，准测量就变成了测量。准测量和测量一样都会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为环境而被延迟或加速。<br />
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===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
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According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>''，当达到某些客观物理阈值（时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等），叠加态会自动地被破坏（与外部观察无关）。因此，猫应该早在盒子被打开之前很久就已经稳定在一个确定状态。这可以粗略地称为“猫观察自己”，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
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客观坍缩理论需要对标准量子力学进行修改，以允许叠加态被时间演化破坏。<br />
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==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用和测试<br />
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[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
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Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
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薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和退相干环境效应<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
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薛定谔的猫实验是纯理论性的，所涉及的实验装置并被制造出来。但是，很多涉及类似原理的实验已经取得成功，例如一些（在量子力学标准中）相对较大系统的叠加态已经实现。这些实验并没有表明与猫大小一样的物体可以处于叠加态，但是这些实验提升了存在“猫态”的系统的大小上线。在很多实验中，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，猫态也只能短暂存在。<br />
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* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br><br />
多光子的“猫态”已经实现。<br />
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* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br><br />
观测到处于叠加态的被捕获的铍离子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br><br />
一项涉及超导量子干涉仪（ SQUID）的实验与薛定谔思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不是说十亿个电子正向流动，十亿个电子反向流动。超导电子总是沿同一方向移动，当超导量子干涉仪中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫态时，它们会同时在回路中双向流动。“<br />
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* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br><br />
一种压电“音叉”已经被制造出来，可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加态。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br><br />
一项涉及流感病毒的实验已被提出。<br />
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* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br><br />
一项利用机电振荡器和细菌的实验已被提出。<br />
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In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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在量子计算中，“猫态”有时指GHZ态（Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger态），其中若干量子比特处于全为0和全为1两种态的相等叠加态。<br />
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:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
<br />
至少有一种观点认为，有可能在观察猫之前就确定它的状态。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
<br />
[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
<br />
Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
<br />
“维格纳的朋友”是薛定谔实验的一个变体。实验中有两个人类观察者：第一个观察者通过观察确定是否看到闪光，然后将观察结果传递给第二个观察者。问题是，波函数究竟何时“坍缩”？是在第一个观察者进行观察时，还是只有当第二个观察者知道了第一个观察者的观察结果时？<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
<br />
|last = Chown<br />
<br />
|last = Chown<br />
<br />
最后的巧克力<br />
<br />
|first = Marcus<br />
<br />
|first = Marcus<br />
<br />
首先是马库斯<br />
<br />
|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
作者: Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
<br />
|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
<br />
观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
<br />
|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
<br />
|work = New Scientist<br />
<br />
作者: 《新科学家》<br />
<br />
|date = 2007-11-22<br />
<br />
|date = 2007-11-22<br />
<br />
日期2007-11-22<br />
<br />
|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
<br />
|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
<br />
|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
<br />
2007-11-25<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
状态直播<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
<br />
2016-03-10<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
} / ref { cite journal<br />
<br />
| last = Krauss<br />
<br />
| last = Krauss<br />
<br />
最后的克劳斯<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
<br />
| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
第100卷<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
第17期<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
171301页<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| 位置: US<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
0711.1821<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
18518269<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名的物理学家甚至认为，通过一种伪薛定谔猫效应，天文学家在1998年对宇宙暗能量的观测可能会“缩短宇宙的预期寿命”，但这种观点非常具有争议。<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
<br />
*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
<br />
*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
<br />
*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
<br />
* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
<br />
* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
<br />
* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schrodinger's cat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
<br />
Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
<br />
分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
<br />
[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
<br />
Category:Concepts in physics<br />
<br />
分类: 物理概念<br />
<br />
[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
<br />
Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
<br />
类别: 物理悖论<br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
<br />
Category:Quantum measurement<br />
<br />
类别: 量子测量<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
<br />
Category:Fictional cats<br />
<br />
分类: 虚构的猫<br />
<br />
[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
<br />
Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
<br />
类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
<br />
Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
<br />
类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
<br />
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
<br />
[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25946薛定谔的猫2021-08-18T02:27:35Z<p>Nancy：</p>
<hr />
<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
<br />
{{other uses}}<br><br />
模板：其他用途<br />
<br />
{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
<br />
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
<br />
[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密闭容器里。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往盒子里看时，猫不是活着的就是死了，而不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，即量子叠加具体何时结束而现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源入密闭容器。如果盒内监测器（如盖革计数器）检测到放射性，即单个原子衰变，烧瓶会破碎，毒药释放，杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表为，一段时间之后，猫既活着又死了。但是，人们看向盒内时，猫不是活着就是死了，不可能既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，量子叠加具体何时结束，现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思想实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
<br />
{{cite journal<br />
<br />
{{cite journal<br />
<br />
{引用期刊<br />
<br />
| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
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| authorlink 埃尔温·薛定谔<br />
<br />
| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
<br />
| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
<br />
量子力学的现状<br />
<br />
| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
<br />
| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
<br />
| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
<br />
| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
<br />
| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
<br />
10.1007 / BF01491891<br />
<br />
| volume =23<br />
<br />
| volume =23<br />
<br />
第23卷<br />
<br />
| issue= 48<br />
<br />
| issue= 48<br />
<br />
第48期<br />
<br />
| pages= 807–812<br />
<br />
| pages= 807–812<br />
<br />
第807-812页<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode 1935NW... 23. . 807 s<br />
<br />
| date=November 1935}}<br />
<br />
| date=November 1935}}<br />
<br />
日期: 1935年11月}<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验表明了薛定谔认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题，提出了一只可能同时活着且死去的猫。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
| last1 = Moring<br />
<br />
| last1 = Moring<br />
<br />
| 上午1点<br />
<br />
| first1 = Gary<br />
<br />
| first1 = Gary<br />
<br />
首先，加里<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
企鹅出版社<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
2001年<br />
<br />
| location = <br />
<br />
| location = <br />
<br />
| 位置<br />
<br />
| pages = 192–193<br />
<br />
| pages = 192–193<br />
<br />
第192-193页<br />
<br />
| language = <br />
<br />
| language = <br />
<br />
语言<br />
<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=y4ebcfton_oc&pg=pa193&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
| doi = <br />
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| doi = <br />
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<br />
| id = <br />
<br />
| id = <br />
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| isbn = 1440695725<br />
<br />
| isbn = 1440695725<br />
<br />
1440695725<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Gribbin">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Gribbin">{{cite book<br />
<br />
{} / ref name"gribbin"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Gribbin<br />
<br />
|last1 = Gribbin<br />
<br />
1 Gribbin<br />
<br />
|first1 = John<br />
<br />
|first1 = John<br />
<br />
第一个约翰<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
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日期2011年<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Greenstein">{{cite book<br />
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|last1 = Greenstein<br />
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|first1 = George<br />
<br />
|first1 = George<br />
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首先，乔治<br />
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|last2 = Zajonc<br />
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|last2 = Zajonc<br />
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2 Zajonc<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
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|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
首先，亚瑟<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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出版商: Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
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2006年<br />
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|pages = 186<br />
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第186页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 076372470X<br />
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|isbn = 076372470X<br />
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| isbn 076372470X<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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| last 1 Tetlow<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
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首先，菲利普<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
| 高尔出版社有限公司。<br />
<br />
|date = 2012<br />
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|date = 2012<br />
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日期2012年<br />
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|pages = 321<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
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|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
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978-1409440406<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Herbert">{{cite book<br />
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|last1 = Herbert<br />
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最后一个赫伯特<br />
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|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
首先，尼克<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
日期2011年<br />
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|pages = 150<br />
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|pages = 150<br />
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第150页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Charap">{{cite book<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
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第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
解释宇宙<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
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出版商: 大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 2002<br />
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|date = 2002<br />
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2002年<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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访问注册<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
<br />
|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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8173714673<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
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|last1 = Polkinghorne<br />
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最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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首先是 j. c。<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
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标题: 量子世界<br />
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|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
<br />
|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
<br />
出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
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1985年<br />
<br />
|pages = 67<br />
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|pages = 67<br />
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第67页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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0691023883<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
<br />
<nowiki>}}</nowiki><nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能发生也可能不发生的随机亚原子事件相联系导致的结果。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
<br />
该思想实验也经常出现在对量子力学诠释理论的探讨中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
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==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源和动机<br />
<br />
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[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔于1921年-1926年居住在苏黎世的胡特大街 (Huttenstrasse) 9号，屋子花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，参观房子的人不会提前知道雕像的位置。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔于1921年-1926年居住在苏黎世的胡特大街 (Huttenstrasse) 9号，屋子花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，参观房子的人不会提前知道雕像的位置。<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
<br />
1935年，薛定谔本来想将该思想实验作为对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论。EPR论文强调了量子叠加的反直觉性，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以处于多个状态，对应不同的结果。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
<br />
The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
<br />
当时的主流理论是哥本哈根诠释，它认为一个量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察到之前，一直处于叠加状态。这时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种定态。EPR实验表明，包含多个相距较远的粒子的系统可以处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就后者的EPR佯谬论文通信，在信中，爱因斯坦指出，一个不稳定的火药桶会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
<br />
To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
<br />
To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
<br />
为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加态的办法，即让该系统依赖于处于叠加态的量子粒子。他提出在一个密闭的钢制房间中放一只猫，猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态，即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。薛定谔认为，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前，既活着也死了。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也或是一种严谨的可能性，相反，他希望用这个例子说明量子力学现有观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
<br />
However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
<br />
但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他量子力学的数学解释，其中一些解释认为 “既生又死”的猫叠加态非常真实。薛定谔的猫思想实验意在批判哥本哈根诠释（1935年的主流正统学说），至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的试金石，具有决定性意义。物理学家经常用各种诠释解释薛定谔的猫的方式来说明和比较各种诠释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思想实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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在这些情况下，典型的情况是，最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地接受代表现实的“模糊模型”作为有效的模型。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃的失焦的照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思想实验提出了一个问题：“量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而坍缩为叠加态的其中一种状态？”（更严格地说，从何时起，实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活着，它只记得活着的状态。但是EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求猫和笔记本之类的宏观物体并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思想实验说明了这一显而易见的悖论。直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于多种状态的混合，然而上述思想实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的混合态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者需要另外一个外部观察者使得猫能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，猫的思维实验极大地突出了这些问题，令他印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道：<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是唯一的当代物理学家，他发现只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏-现实是独立于实验建立的东西。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药电荷+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的解释，在这个系统里，psi功能既包含活的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在或不存在与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中并没有火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦在信中也一并讨论了。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了许多其他的量子力学诠释，针对薛定谔的猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及他们何时（或是否）坍缩，这些诠释给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Schrodingers-cat-desmos-graph.png|thumb|The likelihood for which Schrödinger's cat is dead is invariant irrespective of time.]] --><br />
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薛定谔的猫死亡的可能性与时间无关。<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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量子力学的主流诠释之一是哥本哈根诠释。该诠释认为，一个系统在观察时将不再处于叠加态，而是坍缩为叠加态中的任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，哥本哈根诠释没有明确定义测量和观察的本质。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核/死猫”和“未衰变的原子核/活猫”叠加态中，只有打开盒子进行观察时，波函数才会坍缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, ’’’<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach </font>’’’denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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但是，哥本哈根诠释的主要科学家尼尔斯·玻尔从未认为是观察者引起了波函数的坍缩，因为他并不认为波函数真实存在，它只是一个统计工具。因此薛定谔的猫对他来说不是什么谜题。早在意识的观察者打开盒子前，猫就已经死去或者仍然活着。分析一个真实的实验会发现，尽管实验涉及的有效性尚有争议，在有意识的观察者对测量结果进行观察前，测量本身（比如盖革计数器）就足以使量子波函数发生坍缩。（这种当原子核中的粒子撞击监测器时“观察”已经发生的观点可以发展为客观坍缩理论。在薛定谔的思维实验中，波函数要发生坍缩，监测器需要进行“无意识观察”。相比之下，“多世界理论”否认曾发生过坍缩。<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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用'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''解释量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。多世界诠释认为每一个事件都是一个分支点。不管盒子是否打开，猫都是既活着也死了，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，同样真实但不能相互作用。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗莱特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释并不把观察视为一个特殊过程。在多世界诠释中，盒子打开后，活猫和死猫仍然存在，但彼此之间是退相干的。换句话说，盒子被打开时，观察者和可能死亡的猫分裂成两个分支：观察者看着盒中的死猫，观察者看着盒中的活猫。但由于死态和活态是退相干的，它们之间无法发生有效的交流或相互作用。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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打开盒子时，观察者与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了对应猫生与死的“观察者状态”；每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，因此“猫状态的观察”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相干确保不同的结果不会相互影响，对多世界诠释的历史一致论也很重要。在多世界诠释中，只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能称为一致历史的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了避免同时对多个叠加态进行观察。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克思·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，称为量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验薛定谔的猫实验，并认为通过这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加态不过是一个更大系综的子系综。态矢量不适用于单个猫实验，而仅适用于大量相似准备的猫实验的统计数据。该诠释的支持者认为，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这一诠释抛弃了单一量子力学系统有一个始终对应的数学描述这一观点。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''认为人类实验者、猫或装置之间，或者生命体与非生命体之间没有本质区别；所有这些遵循相同波函数演化规则的量子系统都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据掌握的不同盒内系统信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是装置的观察者；同时，实验者可以被认为是盒内系统（猫和装置）的另一个观察者。在盒子被打开之前，根据自身的死活，猫拥有关于设备状态的信息（原子要么已经衰变要么没有衰变）；但是实验者并不掌握这些信息。这样，在同一时刻两个观察者对于盒子的状态有不同的描述：对猫来说，装置的波函数“坍缩”了，对实验者来说，盒内系统处于叠加态。直到盒子被打开，两个观察者对所发生的事情都掌握了同样的信息，两个系统才“坍缩”为同样一个确定结果，既猫不是活着就是死了。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
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在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，实验设备发射一个逆时间方向的超前波，超前波与源发射的顺时间方向的波互相作用，形成驻波。这些波在物理上被视为真实存在，实验设备被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是“非时间性的”，并且发生在源和设备发出的波之间的整个过程中。猫从未处于叠加状。相反，不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定时间都只处于一种状态。这样交易诠释九解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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===Zeno effects===<br><br />
量子芝诺效应<br />
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The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''指延缓量子从对初始状态到其他状态的演化。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，存在加速量子系统演化的反芝诺效应。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，你可能会延迟或加速决定性选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。被测量的量子系统必须与周围环境（在本例中是仪器、实验室等）强耦合以便获得更准确的信息。但是，在薛定谔的猫实验中没有信息传递到盒子外部，这种与环境的耦合被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦猫的健康状况（通过窥视盒子）传递到了外部世界，准测量就变成了测量。准测量和测量一样都会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为环境而被延迟或加速。<br />
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===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
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According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>''，当达到客观物理阈值（时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等）时，叠加态会自发地被破坏（与外部观察无关）。因此，猫应该在盒子被打开之前很久就已经稳定在一个确定状态。这可以粗略地称为“猫观察自己” ，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
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客观的坍塌理论需要对标准量子力学进行修改，以允许叠加态被时间演化过程所破坏。<br />
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==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用和测试<br />
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[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
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Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
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薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和退相干环境效应<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
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薛定谔的猫实验是纯理论性的，所涉及的实验装置并未实际制造，然而，很多涉及类似原理的实验已经取得成功，例如一些相对较大（按量子物理学的标准）系统的叠加态已经实现。这些实验并没有表明与猫大小一样的物体可以处于重叠态，但是这些实验提升了存在“猫态”的系统的尺寸上限。在很多实验中，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，这种状态也只能短暂存在。<br />
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* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br><br />
多光子的“猫态”已经实现。<br />
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* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br><br />
观测到处于叠加态的被捕获的铍离子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br><br />
一项涉及超导量子干涉仪（ SQUID）的实验与薛定谔思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不是说十亿个电子正向流动，十亿个电子反向流动。超导电子总是沿同一方向移动，当超导量子干涉仪中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫态时，它们会同时在回路中双向流动。“<br />
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* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br><br />
一种压电“音叉”已经被制造出来，可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加态。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br><br />
一项涉及流感病毒的实验已被提出。<br />
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* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br><br />
一项利用机电振荡器和细菌的实验已被提出。<br />
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In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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在量子计算中，“猫态”有时是指 GHZ态（Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger态），其中若干量子比特处于全为0和全为1两种态的相等叠加态，例如：<br />
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:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
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至少有一种观点认为，在观察猫之前可能确定它的状态。<br />
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==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
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[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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”维格纳的朋友“是薛定谔实验的一个变体，包含两个人类观察者：第一个观察者通过观察确定是否看到闪光，然后将观察结果传达给第二个观察者。这里的问题是，波函数何时”坍缩“？是在第一个观察者观察实验时，还是只有当第二个观察者被告知第一个观察者的观察结果时？<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
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另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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最后的巧克力<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
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首先是马库斯<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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作者: Marcus Chown<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
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|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
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|work = New Scientist<br />
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作者: 《新科学家》<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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日期2007-11-22<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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2007-11-25<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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2016-03-10<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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最后的克劳斯<br />
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| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
<br />
| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
第100卷<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
第17期<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
171301页<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| 位置: US<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
0711.1821<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
18518269<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名的物理学家甚至认为，通过一种伪薛定谔猫效应，天文学家在1998年对宇宙暗能量的观测可能会”缩短宇宙的预期寿命“，但该观点争议非常有争议。<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
<br />
*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
<br />
*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
<br />
*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
<br />
* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
<br />
* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
<br />
* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schrodinger's cat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
<br />
Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
<br />
分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
<br />
[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
<br />
Category:Concepts in physics<br />
<br />
分类: 物理概念<br />
<br />
[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
<br />
Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
<br />
类别: 物理悖论<br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
<br />
Category:Quantum measurement<br />
<br />
类别: 量子测量<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
<br />
Category:Fictional cats<br />
<br />
分类: 虚构的猫<br />
<br />
[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
<br />
Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
<br />
类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
<br />
Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
<br />
类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
<br />
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
<br />
[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25786薛定谔的猫2021-08-11T09:06:44Z<p>Nancy：</p>
<hr />
<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
<br />
{{other uses}}<br><br />
模板：其他用途<br />
<br />
{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
<br />
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
<br />
[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密闭容器里。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往盒子里看时，猫不是活着的就是死了，而不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，即量子叠加具体何时结束而现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密闭容器里。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往盒子里看时，猫不是活着的就是死了，而不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，即量子叠加具体何时结束而现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
<br />
{{cite journal<br />
<br />
{{cite journal<br />
<br />
{引用期刊<br />
<br />
| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| authorlink 埃尔温·薛定谔<br />
<br />
| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
<br />
| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
<br />
量子力学的现状<br />
<br />
| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
<br />
| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
<br />
| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
<br />
| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
<br />
| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
<br />
10.1007 / BF01491891<br />
<br />
| volume =23<br />
<br />
| volume =23<br />
<br />
第23卷<br />
<br />
| issue= 48<br />
<br />
| issue= 48<br />
<br />
第48期<br />
<br />
| pages= 807–812<br />
<br />
| pages= 807–812<br />
<br />
第807-812页<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode 1935NW... 23. . 807 s<br />
<br />
| date=November 1935}}<br />
<br />
| date=November 1935}}<br />
<br />
日期: 1935年11月}<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验说明了他所认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景中有一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
| last1 = Moring<br />
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| last1 = Moring<br />
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| 上午1点<br />
<br />
| first1 = Gary<br />
<br />
| first1 = Gary<br />
<br />
首先，加里<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
企鹅出版社<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
2001年<br />
<br />
| location = <br />
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| location = <br />
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| 位置<br />
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| pages = 192–193<br />
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| pages = 192–193<br />
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第192-193页<br />
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| language = <br />
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| language = <br />
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语言<br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=y4ebcfton_oc&pg=pa193&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| doi = <br />
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| doi = <br />
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| id = <br />
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| id = <br />
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| isbn = 1440695725<br />
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| isbn = 1440695725<br />
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1440695725<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Gribbin">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Gribbin">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"gribbin"{ cite book<br />
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|last1 = Gribbin<br />
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|last1 = Gribbin<br />
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1 Gribbin<br />
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|first1 = John<br />
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|first1 = John<br />
<br />
第一个约翰<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
日期2011年<br />
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|pages = 234<br />
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|pages = 234<br />
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234页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
<br />
978-0307790446<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-17<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-17<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Greenstein">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Greenstein">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"greenstein"{ cite book<br />
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|last1 = Greenstein<br />
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|last1 = Greenstein<br />
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| last 1 Greenstein<br />
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|first1 = George<br />
<br />
|first1 = George<br />
<br />
首先，乔治<br />
<br />
|last2 = Zajonc<br />
<br />
|last2 = Zajonc<br />
<br />
2 Zajonc<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
首先，亚瑟<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
<br />
|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
<br />
出版商: Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
<br />
2006年<br />
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|pages = 186<br />
<br />
|pages = 186<br />
<br />
第186页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 076372470X<br />
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|isbn = 076372470X<br />
<br />
| isbn 076372470X<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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2015-05-18<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Tetlow">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Tetlow">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"tetlow"{ cite book<br />
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|last1 = Tetlow<br />
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|last1 = Tetlow<br />
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| last 1 Tetlow<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
<br />
|first1 = Philip<br />
<br />
首先，菲利普<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
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| 高尔出版社有限公司。<br />
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|date = 2012<br />
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日期2012年<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Herbert">{{cite book<br />
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|first1 = Nick<br />
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|first1 = Nick<br />
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首先，尼克<br />
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|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
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|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
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| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
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|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
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|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
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| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
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日期2011年<br />
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|pages = 150<br />
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第150页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
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第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
解释宇宙<br />
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|publisher = Universities Press<br />
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|publisher = Universities Press<br />
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出版商: 大学出版社<br />
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|date = 2002<br />
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2002年<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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访问注册<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
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引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
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|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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8173714673<br />
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最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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首先是 j. c。<br />
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|title = The Quantum World<br />
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|title = The Quantum World<br />
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标题: 量子世界<br />
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|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
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|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
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出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
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|date = 1985<br />
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|date = 1985<br />
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1985年<br />
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|pages = 67<br />
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第67页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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0691023883<br />
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}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
<br />
}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">量子叠加quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能或不可能发生的随机亚原子事件相联系的结果。<br />
<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
<br />
该思维实验也经常出现在量子力学诠释的理论讨论中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出该思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
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==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源<br />
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[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的Huttenstrasse 9号的花园里有一个真人大小、可移动的猫形雕像。来这里拜访的客人是无法提前知道猫的位置的。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的胡特大街（Huttenstrasse） 9号的花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，拜访者不会提前知道猫的位置。<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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1935年，薛定谔提出该思维实验是对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论。EPR文章强调了量子叠加的反直觉性质，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以作为对应不同可能结果的多个状态的组合而存在。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
<br />
The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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哥本哈根诠释是主流理论，它认为量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察之前一直处于叠加状态。发生这种情况时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种可能的定态。EPR实验表明，具有多个相距较远的粒子的系统可能处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就爱因斯坦的 EPR 佯谬论文通信，在信件中，爱因斯坦指出，不稳定的火药桶的状态会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
<br />
为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加状态的办法，即使该大型系统依赖于处于叠加状态的量子粒子。他提出了一种在封闭的钢制房间中放置猫的方案，其中猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态——即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。根据薛定谔的说法，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前既是活的也是死的。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也活，相反，他希望用这个例子来说明现有量子力学观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
<br />
However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子力学quantucsm mechanics</font>'''的数学解释，其中一些解释认为处于“活且死”叠加态的猫是十分真实的。薛定谔的猫意在批判哥本哈根诠释(1935年的主流正统学说) ，至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的决定性的试金石。物理学家经常使用每种诠释处理薛定谔猫的方式来说明和比较每种解释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思维实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
<br />
薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
<br />
It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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在这些情况下，典型的情况是，最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地接受代表现实的“模糊模型”作为有效的模型。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃的失焦的照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思维实验提出了一个问题: “量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而塌缩为其中一个状态? ”（更严格地说，从何时起实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活者，那么它只记得活着的状态。但是，EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求宏观物体（如猫和笔记本）并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思维实验说明了这一明显的悖论。我们的直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于混合状态——然而，上诉思维实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的状态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者猫需要另外一个外部观察者使其能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态中？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，他对思维实验突出这些问题的能力印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道:<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是唯一的当代物理学家，他发现只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏-现实是独立于实验建立的东西。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药电荷+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的解释，在这个系统里，psi功能既包含活的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在或不存在与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中没有提到火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦把它带到了目前的讨论中。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了其他多种的量子力学诠释，这些诠释对于薛定谔猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及它们何时（或是否）塌缩的问题给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Schrodingers-cat-desmos-graph.png|thumb|The likelihood for which Schrödinger's cat is dead is invariant irrespective of time.]] --><br />
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薛定谔的猫死亡的可能性与时间无关。<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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是哥本哈根诠释是量子力学的主流诠释。根据哥本哈根诠释，当观测时，一个系统将不再处于叠加态，而是塌缩为其中任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，在哥本哈根诠释中，测量或观察并没有被明确定义。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核 / 死猫”和“未衰变的原子核 / 活猫”叠加状中，只有打开盒子进行观测时，波函数才会塌缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, ’’’<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach </font>’’’denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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然而，与哥本哈根诠释密切相关的主要科学家之一尼尔斯·玻尔从未认为是观察者引起了波函数塌缩，因为他并不认为波函数在物理上是真实存在的，它只是一个统计工具。因此，薛定谔的猫对他不是什么谜题。在有意识的观察者打开盒子，猫就已经处于死了或者活着的状态。分析一个真实的实验过程会发现，在有意识的观察者对测量结果进行观察之前，测量本身（例如盖革计数器）就足以使量子波函数发生塌缩，尽管实验设计的有效性尚有争议。（这种当原子核中的粒子撞击探测器时“观测”已经发生的观点可以发展为客观塌缩理论。薛定谔的思维中，波函数要发生塌缩，探测器需要进行“无意识观察”。相比之下，<font color=”#32CD32”>多世界理论</font>否认曾发生过塌缩。)<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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基于'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''的量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。按照这种诠释，每个事件都是一个分支点。无论盒子是否打开，猫都是既或者也死了，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，它们同样真实，但不能相互作用。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗雷特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释并不把观察视为一个特殊过程。在多世界诠释中，盒子打开后，猫的生与死仍然存在，但彼此之间是退相干的。换句话说，盒子被打开时，观察者和可能已经死亡的猫分裂成两个分支：一个观察者看着盒中的死猫，另一个观察者看着盒中的活猫。但是由于死态和活态是退相干的，它们之间午发发生有效的交流或相互作用。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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打开盒子时，观察者与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了对应猫的生与死的“观察者状态” ; 每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，因此“猫状态的观察”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相干确保不同的结果之间不会相互影响。量子退相干对于历史一致论也很重要。在多世界诠释中，只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能成为一致历史的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了避免同时对多个叠加态进行观察。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克斯·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，称为量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验了薛定谔的猫实验，并认为通过使用这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加态不过是一个更大的系综的子系综。态矢量不适用于单个的猫实验，而仅适用于许多类似准备的猫实验的统计数据。这种诠释的支持者认为，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说是根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这种诠释抛弃了单一量子物理系统有以一个始终对应的数学描述的观点。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''认为人类实验者、猫或仪器之间，或者生命体和非生命体之间没有本质区别； 所有这些遵循相同的波函数演化规则的量子系统，都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据他们所掌握的关于系统的信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是仪器的观察者; 同时，实验者可以被认为是盒子系统（猫和仪器）的另一个观察者。在盒子被打开之前，根据活着或者死亡的状态，猫拥有关于设备状态的信息（原子已经衰变或没有衰变) ; 但是实验者并不掌握这些信息。这样，在同一时刻两个观察者对盒子的状态有不同的描述： 对猫来说，仪器的波函数“坍缩”了；对实验者来说，盒子系统仍然处于叠加态。直到盒子被打开，两个观察者对所发生的事情都掌握了同样的信息，两个系统状态才似乎“坍缩”成为相同的确定结果，既猫活着还是死亡。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
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在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，实验设备发射一个逆时间方向的超前波，超前波与源发射的顺时间方向的波互相作用，形成驻波。这些波在物理上被视为真实存在，实验设备被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是“非时间性的”，并且发生在源和设备发出的波之间的整个过程中。猫从未处于叠加状。相反，不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定时间都只处于一种状态。这样交易诠释九解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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<br />
===Zeno effects===<br><br />
量子芝诺效应<br />
<br />
The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
<br />
The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''指延缓量子从对初始状态到其他状态的演化。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，存在加速量子系统演化的反芝诺效应。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，你可能会延迟或加速决定性选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。被测量的量子系统必须与周围环境（在本例中是仪器、实验室等）强耦合以便获得更准确的信息。但是，在薛定谔的猫实验中没有信息传递到盒子外部，这种与环境的耦合被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦猫的健康状况（通过窥视盒子）传递到了外部世界，准测量就变成了测量。准测量和测量一样都会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为环境而被延迟或加速。<br />
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===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
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According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>''，当达到客观物理阈值（时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等）时，叠加态会自发地被破坏（与外部观察无关）。因此，猫应该在盒子被打开之前很久就已经稳定在一个确定状态。这可以粗略地称为“猫观察自己” ，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
<br />
Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
<br />
客观的坍塌理论需要对标准量子力学进行修改，以允许叠加态被时间演化过程所破坏。<br />
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<br />
<br />
==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用和测试<br />
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<br />
<br />
[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
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Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
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薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和退相干环境效应<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
<br />
The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫实验是纯理论性的，所涉及的实验装置并未实际制造，然而，很多涉及类似原理的实验已经取得成功，例如一些相对较大（按量子物理学的标准）系统的叠加态已经实现。这些实验并没有表明与猫大小一样的物体可以处于重叠态，但是这些实验提升了存在“猫态”的系统的尺寸上限。在很多实验中，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，这种状态也只能短暂存在。<br />
<br />
* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br><br />
多光子的“猫态”已经实现。<br />
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* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br><br />
观测到处于叠加态的被捕获的铍离子。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br><br />
一项涉及超导量子干涉仪（ SQUID）的实验与薛定谔思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不是说十亿个电子正向流动，十亿个电子反向流动。超导电子总是沿同一方向移动，当超导量子干涉仪中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫态时，它们会同时在回路中双向流动。“<br />
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* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br><br />
一种压电“音叉”已经被制造出来，可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加态。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br><br />
一项涉及流感病毒的实验已被提出。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br><br />
一项利用机电振荡器和细菌的实验已被提出。<br />
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In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
在量子计算中，“猫态”有时是指 GHZ态（Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger态），其中若干量子比特处于全为0和全为1两种态的相等叠加态，例如：<br />
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<br />
:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
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至少有一种观点认为，在观察猫之前可能确定它的状态。<br />
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==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
<br />
[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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”维格纳的朋友“是薛定谔实验的一个变体，包含两个人类观察者：第一个观察者通过观察确定是否看到闪光，然后将观察结果传达给第二个观察者。这里的问题是，波函数何时”坍缩“？是在第一个观察者观察实验时，还是只有当第二个观察者被告知第一个观察者的观察结果时？<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
<br />
|last = Chown<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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最后的巧克力<br />
<br />
|first = Marcus<br />
<br />
|first = Marcus<br />
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首先是马库斯<br />
<br />
|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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作者: Marcus Chown<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
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|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
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|work = New Scientist<br />
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作者: 《新科学家》<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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日期2007-11-22<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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2007-11-25<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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2016-03-10<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
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} / ref { cite journal<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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最后的克劳斯<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
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|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
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作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
第100卷<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
第17期<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
171301页<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| 位置: US<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
0711.1821<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
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| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
18518269<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名的物理学家甚至认为，通过一种伪薛定谔猫效应，天文学家在1998年对宇宙暗能量的观测可能会”缩短宇宙的预期寿命“，但该观点争议非常有争议。<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
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<br />
==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
<br />
*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
<br />
*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
<br />
*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
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* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
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* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
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==External links==<br />
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{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
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* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
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* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
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* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
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* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
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{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
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[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
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Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
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分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
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[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
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Category:Concepts in physics<br />
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分类: 物理概念<br />
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[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
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Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
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类别: 物理悖论<br />
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[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
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Category:Quantum measurement<br />
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类别: 量子测量<br />
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[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
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Category:Fictional cats<br />
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分类: 虚构的猫<br />
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[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
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Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
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类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
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Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
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类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
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<noinclude><br />
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25783薛定谔的猫2021-08-11T08:59:06Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
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{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
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[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密封的盒子里。如果内部监测器（例如'''<font color="ff8000">盖革计数器Geiger counter</font>'''）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往箱子里看时，看到的猫不是活着的就是死了的，而不是既活着又死了的猫。这就提出了一个问题，即确切的量子叠加何时结束而现实何时坍缩成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
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薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密闭容器里。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往盒子里看时，猫不是活着的就是死了，而不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，即量子叠加具体何时结束而现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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<br />
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
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| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
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日期: 1935年11月}<br />
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</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验说明了他所认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景中有一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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首先，加里<br />
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| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
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| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
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白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
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| publisher = Penguin<br />
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| publisher = Penguin<br />
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企鹅出版社<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
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寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
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|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
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出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
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|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
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|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
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量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
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理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
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首先，尼克<br />
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|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
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|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
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| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
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|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
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| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
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第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
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|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
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|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
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解释宇宙<br />
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|publisher = Universities Press<br />
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出版商: 大学出版社<br />
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2002年<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
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引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
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最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
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首先是 j. c。<br />
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|title = The Quantum World<br />
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|title = The Quantum World<br />
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标题: 量子世界<br />
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|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
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|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
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出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
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|date = 1985<br />
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1985年<br />
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|pages = 67<br />
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第67页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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状态直播<br />
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}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
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}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">量子叠加quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能或不可能发生的随机亚原子事件相联系的结果。<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
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该思维实验也经常出现在量子力学诠释的理论讨论中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出该思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
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==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源<br />
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[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的Huttenstrasse 9号的花园里有一个真人大小、可移动的猫形雕像。来这里拜访的客人是无法提前知道猫的位置的。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
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埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的胡特大街（Huttenstrasse） 9号的花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，拜访者不会提前知道猫的位置。<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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1935年，薛定谔提出该思维实验是对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论。EPR文章强调了量子叠加的反直觉性质，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以作为对应不同可能结果的多个状态的组合而存在。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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哥本哈根诠释是主流理论，它认为量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察之前一直处于叠加状态。发生这种情况时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种可能的定态。EPR实验表明，具有多个相距较远的粒子的系统可能处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就爱因斯坦的 EPR 佯谬论文通信，在信件中，爱因斯坦指出，不稳定的火药桶的状态会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
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为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加状态的办法，即使该大型系统依赖于处于叠加状态的量子粒子。他提出了一种在封闭的钢制房间中放置猫的方案，其中猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态——即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。根据薛定谔的说法，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前既是活的也是死的。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也活，相反，他希望用这个例子来说明现有量子力学观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子力学quantucsm mechanics</font>'''的数学解释，其中一些解释认为处于“活且死”叠加态的猫是十分真实的。薛定谔的猫意在批判哥本哈根诠释(1935年的主流正统学说) ，至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的决定性的试金石。物理学家经常使用每种诠释处理薛定谔猫的方式来说明和比较每种解释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思维实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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在这些情况下，典型的情况是，最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地接受代表现实的“模糊模型”作为有效的模型。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃的失焦的照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思维实验提出了一个问题: “量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而塌缩为其中一个状态? ”（更严格地说，从何时起实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活者，那么它只记得活着的状态。但是，EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求宏观物体（如猫和笔记本）并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思维实验说明了这一明显的悖论。我们的直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于混合状态——然而，上诉思维实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的状态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者猫需要另外一个外部观察者使其能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态中？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，他对思维实验突出这些问题的能力印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道:<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是唯一的当代物理学家，他发现只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏-现实是独立于实验建立的东西。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药电荷+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的解释，在这个系统里，psi功能既包含活的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在或不存在与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中没有提到火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦把它带到了目前的讨论中。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了其他多种的量子力学诠释，这些诠释对于薛定谔猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及它们何时（或是否）塌缩的问题给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Schrodingers-cat-desmos-graph.png|thumb|The likelihood for which Schrödinger's cat is dead is invariant irrespective of time.]] --><br />
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薛定谔的猫死亡的可能性与时间无关。<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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是哥本哈根诠释是量子力学的主流诠释。根据哥本哈根诠释，当观测时，一个系统将不再处于叠加态，而是塌缩为其中任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，在哥本哈根诠释中，测量或观察并没有被明确定义。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核 / 死猫”和“未衰变的原子核 / 活猫”叠加状中，只有打开盒子进行观测时，波函数才会塌缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, ’’’<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach </font>’’’denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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然而，与哥本哈根诠释密切相关的主要科学家之一尼尔斯·玻尔从未认为是观察者引起了波函数塌缩，因为他并不认为波函数在物理上是真实存在的，它只是一个统计工具。因此，薛定谔的猫对他不是什么谜题。在有意识的观察者打开盒子，猫就已经处于死了或者活着的状态。分析一个真实的实验过程会发现，在有意识的观察者对测量结果进行观察之前，测量本身（例如盖革计数器）就足以使量子波函数发生塌缩，尽管实验设计的有效性尚有争议。（这种当原子核中的粒子撞击探测器时“观测”已经发生的观点可以发展为客观塌缩理论。薛定谔的思维中，波函数要发生塌缩，探测器需要进行“无意识观察”。相比之下，<font color=”#32CD32”>多世界理论</font>否认曾发生过塌缩。)<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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基于'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''的量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。按照这种诠释，每个事件都是一个分支点。无论盒子是否打开，猫都是既或者也死了，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，它们同样真实，但不能相互作用。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗雷特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释并不把观察视为一个特殊过程。在多世界诠释中，盒子打开后，猫的生与死仍然存在，但彼此之间是退相干的。换句话说，盒子被打开时，观察者和可能已经死亡的猫分裂成两个分支：一个观察者看着盒中的死猫，另一个观察者看着盒中的活猫。但是由于死态和活态是退相干的，它们之间午发发生有效的交流或相互作用。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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打开盒子时，观察者与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了对应猫的生与死的“观察者状态” ; 每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，因此“猫状态的观察”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相干确保不同的结果之间不会相互影响。量子退相干对于历史一致论也很重要。在多世界诠释中，只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能成为一致历史的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了避免同时对多个叠加态进行观察。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克斯·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，称为量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验了薛定谔的猫实验，并认为通过使用这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加态不过是一个更大的系综的子系综。态矢量不适用于单个的猫实验，而仅适用于许多类似准备的猫实验的统计数据。这种诠释的支持者认为，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说是根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这种诠释抛弃了单一量子物理系统有以一个始终对应的数学描述的观点。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''认为人类实验者、猫或仪器之间，或者生命体和非生命体之间没有本质区别； 所有这些遵循相同的波函数演化规则的量子系统，都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据他们所掌握的关于系统的信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是仪器的观察者; 同时，实验者可以被认为是盒子系统（猫和仪器）的另一个观察者。在盒子被打开之前，根据活着或者死亡的状态，猫拥有关于设备状态的信息（原子已经衰变或没有衰变) ; 但是实验者并不掌握这些信息。这样，在同一时刻两个观察者对盒子的状态有不同的描述： 对猫来说，仪器的波函数“坍缩”了；对实验者来说，盒子系统仍然处于叠加态。直到盒子被打开，两个观察者对所发生的事情都掌握了同样的信息，两个系统状态才似乎“坍缩”成为相同的确定结果，既猫活着还是死亡。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
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在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，实验设备发射一个逆时间方向的超前波，超前波与源发射的顺时间方向的波互相作用，形成驻波。这些波在物理上被视为真实存在，实验设备被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是“非时间性的”，并且发生在源和设备发出的波之间的整个过程中。猫从未处于叠加状。相反，不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定时间都只处于一种状态。这样交易诠释九解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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===Zeno effects===<br><br />
量子芝诺效应<br />
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The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''指延缓量子从对初始状态到其他状态的演化。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，存在加速量子系统演化的反芝诺效应。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，你可能会延迟或加速决定性选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。被测量的量子系统必须与周围环境（在本例中是仪器、实验室等）强耦合以便获得更准确的信息。但是，在薛定谔的猫实验中没有信息传递到盒子外部，这种与环境的耦合被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦猫的健康状况（通过窥视盒子）传递到了外部世界，准测量就变成了测量。准测量和测量一样都会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为环境而被延迟或加速。<br />
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===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
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According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
<br />
According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>''，当达到客观物理阈值（时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等）时，叠加态会自发地被破坏（与外部观察无关）。因此，猫应该在盒子被打开之前很久就已经稳定在一个确定状态。这可以粗略地称为“猫观察自己” ，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
<br />
Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
<br />
客观的坍塌理论需要对标准量子力学进行修改，以允许叠加态被时间演化过程所破坏。<br />
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==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用和测试<br />
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[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和退相干环境效应<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
<br />
The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫实验是纯理论性的，所涉及的实验装置并未实际制造，然而，很多涉及类似原理的实验已经取得成功，例如一些相对较大（按量子物理学的标准）系统的叠加态已经实现。这些实验并没有表明与猫大小一样的物体可以处于重叠态，但是这些实验提升了存在“猫态”的系统的尺寸上限。在很多实验中，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，这种状态也只能短暂存在。<br />
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* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br><br />
多光子的“猫态”已经实现。<br />
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* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br><br />
观测到处于叠加态的被捕获的铍离子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br><br />
一项涉及超导量子干涉仪（ SQUID）的实验与薛定谔思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不是说十亿个电子正向流动，十亿个电子反向流动。超导电子总是沿同一方向移动，当超导量子干涉仪中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫态时，它们会同时在回路中双向流动。“<br />
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* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br><br />
一种压电“音叉”已经被制造出来，可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加态。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br><br />
一项涉及流感病毒的实验已被提出。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br><br />
一项利用机电振荡器和细菌的实验已被提出。<br />
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In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
在量子计算中，“猫态”有时是指 GHZ态（Greenberg-Horne-Zeilinger态），其中若干量子比特处于全为0和全为1两种态的相等叠加态，例如：<br />
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:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
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至少有一种观点认为，在观察猫之前可能确定它的状态。<br />
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==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
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[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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”维格纳的朋友“是薛定谔实验的一个变体，包含两个人类观察者：第一个观察者通过观察确定是否看到闪光，然后将观察结果传达给第二个观察者。这里的问题是，波函数何时”坍缩“？是在第一个观察者观察实验时，还是只有当第二个观察者被告知第一个观察者的观察结果时？<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
<br />
|last = Chown<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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最后的巧克力<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
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首先是马库斯<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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作者: Marcus Chown<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
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|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
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|work = New Scientist<br />
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作者: 《新科学家》<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
<br />
日期2007-11-22<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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2007-11-25<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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2016-03-10<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
} / ref { cite journal<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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最后的克劳斯<br />
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| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
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|author2=James Dent<br />
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作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
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| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
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| volume = 100<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
第100卷<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
第17期<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
171301页<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| 位置: US<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
0711.1821<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
18518269<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名的物理学家甚至认为，通过一种伪薛定谔猫效应，天文学家在1998年对宇宙暗能量的观测可能会”缩短宇宙的预期寿命“，但该观点争议非常有争议。<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
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<br />
==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
<br />
*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
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*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
<br />
*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
<br />
*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
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==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
<br />
* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
<br />
* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
<br />
* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
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{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Schrodinger's cat}}<br />
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[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
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Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
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分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
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[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
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Category:Concepts in physics<br />
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分类: 物理概念<br />
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[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
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Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
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类别: 物理悖论<br />
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[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
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Category:Quantum measurement<br />
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类别: 量子测量<br />
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[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
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Category:Fictional cats<br />
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分类: 虚构的猫<br />
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[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
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Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
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类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
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Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
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类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
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<noinclude><br />
<br />
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
<br />
[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25781薛定谔的猫2021-08-11T04:40:20Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
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{{other uses}}<br><br />
模板：其他用途<br />
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{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
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[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密封的盒子里。如果内部监测器（例如'''<font color="ff8000">盖革计数器Geiger counter</font>'''）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往箱子里看时，看到的猫不是活着的就是死了的，而不是既活着又死了的猫。这就提出了一个问题，即确切的量子叠加何时结束而现实何时坍缩成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密闭容器里。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往盒子里看时，猫不是活着的就是死了，而不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，即量子叠加具体何时结束而现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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<br />
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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{{cite journal<br />
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{{cite journal<br />
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{引用期刊<br />
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| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
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| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
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| authorlink 埃尔温·薛定谔<br />
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| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
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| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
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| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
<br />
量子力学的现状<br />
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| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
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| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
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| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
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| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
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| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
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10.1007 / BF01491891<br />
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| volume =23<br />
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| volume =23<br />
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第23卷<br />
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| issue= 48<br />
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| issue= 48<br />
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| pages= 807–812<br />
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| pages= 807–812<br />
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第807-812页<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode 1935NW... 23. . 807 s<br />
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| date=November 1935}}<br />
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| date=November 1935}}<br />
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日期: 1935年11月}<br />
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</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验说明了他所认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景中有一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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| last1 = Moring<br />
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| last1 = Moring<br />
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| 上午1点<br />
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| first1 = Gary<br />
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| first1 = Gary<br />
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首先，加里<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
企鹅出版社<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
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| date = 2001<br />
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2001年<br />
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| location = <br />
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| location = <br />
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| 位置<br />
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| pages = 192–193<br />
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| pages = 192–193<br />
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第192-193页<br />
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| language = <br />
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| language = <br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=y4ebcfton_oc&pg=pa193&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| isbn = 1440695725<br />
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|first1 = John<br />
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|first1 = John<br />
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第一个约翰<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
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|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
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日期2011年<br />
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|pages = 234<br />
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|pages = 234<br />
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234页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-17<br />
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| last 1 Greenstein<br />
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|first1 = George<br />
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|first1 = George<br />
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首先，乔治<br />
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|last2 = Zajonc<br />
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|last2 = Zajonc<br />
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2 Zajonc<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
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|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
首先，亚瑟<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
<br />
|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
<br />
出版商: Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
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2006年<br />
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|pages = 186<br />
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|pages = 186<br />
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第186页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 076372470X<br />
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|isbn = 076372470X<br />
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| isbn 076372470X<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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{} / ref name"tetlow"{ cite book<br />
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| last 1 Tetlow<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
<br />
首先，菲利普<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
| 高尔出版社有限公司。<br />
<br />
|date = 2012<br />
<br />
|date = 2012<br />
<br />
日期2012年<br />
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|pages = 321<br />
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|pages = 321<br />
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第321页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
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|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
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978-1409440406<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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档案日期2015-05-19<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Herbert">{{cite book<br />
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|last1 = Herbert<br />
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最后一个赫伯特<br />
<br />
|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
首先，尼克<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
日期2011年<br />
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|pages = 150<br />
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|pages = 150<br />
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第150页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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档案日期2015-05-18<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Charap">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Charap">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"charap"{ cite book<br />
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|last1 = Charap<br />
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|last1 = Charap<br />
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1 Charap<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
<br />
第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
解释宇宙<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
出版商: 大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 2002<br />
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|date = 2002<br />
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2002年<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/9999<br />
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|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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访问注册<br />
<br />
|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
<br />
|isbn = 8173714673<br />
<br />
|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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8173714673<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"polkinghorne"{ cite book<br />
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|last1 = Polkinghorne<br />
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|last1 = Polkinghorne<br />
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最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
<br />
|first1 = J. C.<br />
<br />
|first1 = J. C.<br />
<br />
首先是 j. c。<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
标题: 量子世界<br />
<br />
|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
<br />
|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
<br />
出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
1985年<br />
<br />
|pages = 67<br />
<br />
|pages = 67<br />
<br />
第67页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
|isbn = 0691023883<br />
<br />
|isbn = 0691023883<br />
<br />
0691023883<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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档案日期2015-05-19<br />
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}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
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}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">量子叠加quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能或不可能发生的随机亚原子事件相联系的结果。<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
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该思维实验也经常出现在量子力学诠释的理论讨论中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出该思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
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==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源<br />
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[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的Huttenstrasse 9号的花园里有一个真人大小、可移动的猫形雕像。来这里拜访的客人是无法提前知道猫的位置的。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
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埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的胡特大街（Huttenstrasse） 9号的花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，拜访者不会提前知道猫的位置。<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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1935年，薛定谔提出该思维实验是对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论。EPR文章强调了量子叠加的反直觉性质，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以作为对应不同可能结果的多个状态的组合而存在。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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哥本哈根诠释是主流理论，它认为量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察之前一直处于叠加状态。发生这种情况时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种可能的定态。EPR实验表明，具有多个相距较远的粒子的系统可能处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就爱因斯坦的 EPR 佯谬论文通信，在信件中，爱因斯坦指出，不稳定的火药桶的状态会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
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为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加状态的办法，即使该大型系统依赖于处于叠加状态的量子粒子。他提出了一种在封闭的钢制房间中放置猫的方案，其中猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态——即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。根据薛定谔的说法，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前既是活的也是死的。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也活，相反，他希望用这个例子来说明现有量子力学观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子力学quantucsm mechanics</font>'''的数学解释，其中一些解释认为处于“活且死”叠加态的猫是十分真实的。薛定谔的猫意在批判哥本哈根诠释(1935年的主流正统学说) ，至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的决定性的试金石。物理学家经常使用每种诠释处理薛定谔猫的方式来说明和比较每种解释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思维实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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在这些情况下，典型的情况是，最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地接受代表现实的“模糊模型”作为有效的模型。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃的失焦的照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思维实验提出了一个问题: “量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而塌缩为其中一个状态? ”（更严格地说，从何时起实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活者，那么它只记得活着的状态。但是，EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求宏观物体（如猫和笔记本）并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思维实验说明了这一明显的悖论。我们的直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于混合状态——然而，上诉思维实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的状态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者猫需要另外一个外部观察者使其能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态中？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，他对思维实验突出这些问题的能力印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道:<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是唯一的当代物理学家，他发现只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏-现实是独立于实验建立的东西。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药电荷+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的解释，在这个系统里，psi功能既包含活的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在或不存在与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中没有提到火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦把它带到了目前的讨论中。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了其他多种的量子力学诠释，这些诠释对于薛定谔猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及它们何时（或是否）塌缩的问题给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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薛定谔的猫死亡的可能性与时间无关。<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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是哥本哈根诠释是量子力学的主流诠释。根据哥本哈根诠释，当观测时，一个系统将不再处于叠加态，而是塌缩为其中任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，在哥本哈根诠释中，测量或观察并没有被明确定义。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核 / 死猫”和“未衰变的原子核 / 活猫”叠加状中，只有打开盒子进行观测时，波函数才会塌缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, ’’’<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach </font>’’’denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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然而，与哥本哈根诠释密切相关的主要科学家之一尼尔斯·玻尔从未认为是观察者引起了波函数塌缩，因为他并不认为波函数在物理上是真实存在的，它只是一个统计工具。因此，薛定谔的猫对他不是什么谜题。在有意识的观察者打开盒子，猫就已经处于死了或者活着的状态。分析一个真实的实验过程会发现，在有意识的观察者对测量结果进行观察之前，测量本身（例如盖革计数器）就足以使量子波函数发生塌缩，尽管实验设计的有效性尚有争议。（这种当原子核中的粒子撞击探测器时“观测”已经发生的观点可以发展为客观塌缩理论。薛定谔的思维中，波函数要发生塌缩，探测器需要进行“无意识观察”。相比之下，<font color=”#32CD32”>多世界理论</font>否认曾发生过塌缩。)<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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基于'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''的量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。按照这种诠释，每个事件都是一个分支点。无论盒子是否打开，猫都是既或者也死了，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，它们同样真实，但不能相互作用。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗雷特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释并不把观察视为一个特殊过程。在多世界诠释中，盒子打开后，猫的生与死仍然存在，但彼此之间是退相干的。换句话说，盒子被打开时，观察者和可能已经死亡的猫分裂成两个分支：一个观察者看着盒中的死猫，另一个观察者看着盒中的活猫。但是由于死态和活态是退相干的，它们之间午发发生有效的交流或相互作用。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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打开盒子时，观察者与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了对应猫的生与死的“观察者状态” ; 每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，因此“猫状态的观察”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相干确保不同的结果之间不会相互影响。量子退相干对于历史一致论也很重要。在多世界诠释中，只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能成为一致历史的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了避免同时对多个叠加态进行观察。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克斯·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，称为量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验了薛定谔的猫实验，并认为通过使用这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加态不过是一个更大的系综的子系综。态矢量不适用于单个的猫实验，而仅适用于许多类似准备的猫实验的统计数据。这种诠释的支持者认为，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说是根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这种诠释抛弃了单一量子物理系统有以一个始终对应的数学描述的观点。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''认为人类实验者、猫或仪器之间，或者生命体和非生命体之间没有本质区别； 所有这些遵循相同的波函数演化规则的量子系统，都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据他们所掌握的关于系统的信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是仪器的观察者; 同时，实验者可以被认为是盒子系统（猫和仪器）的另一个观察者。在盒子被打开之前，根据活着或者死亡的状态，猫拥有关于设备状态的信息（原子已经衰变或没有衰变) ; 但是实验者并不掌握这些信息。这样，在同一时刻两个观察者对盒子的状态有不同的描述： 对猫来说，仪器的波函数“坍缩”了；对实验者来说，盒子系统仍然处于叠加态。直到盒子被打开，两个观察者对所发生的事情都掌握了同样的信息，两个系统状态才似乎“坍缩”成为相同的确定结果，既猫活着还是死亡。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
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在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，实验设备发射一个逆时间方向的超前波，超前波与源发射的顺时间方向的波互相作用，形成驻波。这些波在物理上被视为真实存在，实验设备被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是“非时间性的”，并且发生在源和设备发出的波之间的整个过程中。猫从未处于叠加状。相反，不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定时间都只处于一种状态。这样交易诠释九解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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===Zeno effects===<br><br />
量子芝诺效应<br />
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The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''指延缓量子从对初始状态到其他状态的演化。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，存在加速量子系统演化的反芝诺效应。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，你可能会延迟或加速决定性选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。被测量的量子系统必须与周围环境（在本例中是仪器、实验室等）强耦合以便获得更准确的信息。但是，在薛定谔的猫实验中没有信息传递到盒子外部，这种与环境的耦合被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦猫的健康状况（通过窥视盒子）传递到了外部世界，准测量就变成了测量。准测量和测量一样都会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为环境而被延迟或加速。<br />
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===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
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According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>''，当达到客观物理阈值（时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等）时，叠加态会自发地被破坏（与外部观察无关）。因此，猫应该在盒子被打开之前很久就已经稳定在一个确定状态。这可以粗略地称为“猫观察自己” ，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
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客观的坍塌理论需要对标准量子力学进行修改，以允许叠加态被时间演化过程所破坏。<br />
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==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用和测试<br />
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[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
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Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
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薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和退相干环境效应<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
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薛定谔的猫实验是纯理论性的，所涉及的实验装置并未实际建成，然而，很多涉及类似原理的实验已经取得成功，例如一些相对较大（按量子物理学的标准）系统的叠加态已经实现。这些实验并没有表明与猫大小一样的物体可以处于重叠态，但是这些实验提升了存在“猫态”的系统的尺寸上限。在很多实验中，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，这种状态也只能短暂存在。<br />
<br />
* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br><br />
多光子的“猫态”已经实验<br />
<br />
* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br><br />
观测到处于叠加态的被捕获的铍离子。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br><br />
涉及超导量子干涉装置（“ SQUID”）的实验已与思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不对应于十亿个电子以一种方式流动，十亿个电子以另一种方式流动。超导电子运动整体上，当SQUID中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫形状态时，它们立即沿环路双向流动。<br />
<br />
* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br><br />
甲压电“音叉”已经构造，其可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br><br />
已经提出了涉及流感病毒的实验。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br><br />
已经提出了涉及细菌和机电振荡器的实验。<br />
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<br />
<br />
In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
在量子计算中，短语“猫状态”有时是指 GHZ 态，其中几个量子位都处于等量叠加态，全部为0，全部为1; 例如,<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
<br />
<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
<br />
(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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<br />
According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
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至少有一种建议认为，在观察猫之前可能确定它的状态。<br />
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<br />
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==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
<br />
[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
<br />
Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
<br />
维格纳的朋友是该实验的一个变体，有两个人类观察者: 第一个观察者观察一道闪光是否被看到，然后将他的观察结果传达给第二个观察者。这里的问题是，当第一个观察者观察实验时，波函数是“坍缩”的，还是只有当第二个观察者被告知第一个观察者的观察时，波函数才会“坍缩” ？<br />
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<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
<br />
|last = Chown<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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最后的巧克力<br />
<br />
|first = Marcus<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
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首先是马库斯<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
作者: Marcus Chown<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
<br />
|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
<br />
观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
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|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
<br />
|work = New Scientist<br />
<br />
作者: 《新科学家》<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
<br />
日期2007-11-22<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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2007-11-25<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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2016-03-10<br />
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
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} / ref { cite journal<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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最后的克劳斯<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
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| volume = 100<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
第100卷<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
第17期<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
171301页<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| 位置: US<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
0711.1821<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
18518269<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
<br />
*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
<br />
*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
<br />
*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
<br />
* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
<br />
* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
<br />
* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
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{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Schrodinger's cat}}<br />
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[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
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Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
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分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
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[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
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Category:Concepts in physics<br />
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分类: 物理概念<br />
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[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
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Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
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类别: 物理悖论<br />
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[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
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Category:Quantum measurement<br />
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类别: 量子测量<br />
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[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
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Category:Fictional cats<br />
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分类: 虚构的猫<br />
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[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
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Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
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类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
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Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
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类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
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<noinclude><br />
<br />
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
<br />
[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25780薛定谔的猫2021-08-11T04:39:04Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
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{{other uses}}<br><br />
模板：其他用途<br />
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{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
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[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密封的盒子里。如果内部监测器（例如'''<font color="ff8000">盖革计数器Geiger counter</font>'''）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往箱子里看时，看到的猫不是活着的就是死了的，而不是既活着又死了的猫。这就提出了一个问题，即确切的量子叠加何时结束而现实何时坍缩成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密闭容器里。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往盒子里看时，猫不是活着的就是死了，而不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，即量子叠加具体何时结束而现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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{{cite journal<br />
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{引用期刊<br />
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| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
<br />
| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
<br />
量子力学的现状<br />
<br />
| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
<br />
| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
<br />
| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
<br />
| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
<br />
| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
<br />
10.1007 / BF01491891<br />
<br />
| volume =23<br />
<br />
| volume =23<br />
<br />
第23卷<br />
<br />
| issue= 48<br />
<br />
| issue= 48<br />
<br />
第48期<br />
<br />
| pages= 807–812<br />
<br />
| pages= 807–812<br />
<br />
第807-812页<br />
<br />
| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
<br />
| bibcode 1935NW... 23. . 807 s<br />
<br />
| date=November 1935}}<br />
<br />
| date=November 1935}}<br />
<br />
日期: 1935年11月}<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验说明了他所认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景中有一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
| last1 = Moring<br />
<br />
| last1 = Moring<br />
<br />
| 上午1点<br />
<br />
| first1 = Gary<br />
<br />
| first1 = Gary<br />
<br />
首先，加里<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
企鹅出版社<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
2001年<br />
<br />
| location = <br />
<br />
| location = <br />
<br />
| 位置<br />
<br />
| pages = 192–193<br />
<br />
| pages = 192–193<br />
<br />
第192-193页<br />
<br />
| language = <br />
<br />
| language = <br />
<br />
语言<br />
<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=y4ebcfton_oc&pg=pa193&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
| doi = <br />
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| doi = <br />
<br />
<br />
| id = <br />
<br />
| id = <br />
<br />
<br />
| isbn = 1440695725<br />
<br />
| isbn = 1440695725<br />
<br />
1440695725<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Gribbin">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Gribbin">{{cite book<br />
<br />
{} / ref name"gribbin"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Gribbin<br />
<br />
|last1 = Gribbin<br />
<br />
1 Gribbin<br />
<br />
|first1 = John<br />
<br />
|first1 = John<br />
<br />
第一个约翰<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
日期2011年<br />
<br />
|pages = 234<br />
<br />
|pages = 234<br />
<br />
234页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
<br />
978-0307790446<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-17<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-17<br />
<br />
2015-05-17<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Greenstein">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Greenstein">{{cite book<br />
<br />
{} / ref name"greenstein"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Greenstein<br />
<br />
|last1 = Greenstein<br />
<br />
| last 1 Greenstein<br />
<br />
|first1 = George<br />
<br />
|first1 = George<br />
<br />
首先，乔治<br />
<br />
|last2 = Zajonc<br />
<br />
|last2 = Zajonc<br />
<br />
2 Zajonc<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
首先，亚瑟<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
<br />
|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
<br />
|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
<br />
出版商: Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
<br />
|date = 2006<br />
<br />
|date = 2006<br />
<br />
2006年<br />
<br />
|pages = 186<br />
<br />
|pages = 186<br />
<br />
第186页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 076372470X<br />
<br />
|isbn = 076372470X<br />
<br />
| isbn 076372470X<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
<br />
状态直播<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
<br />
2015-05-18<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Tetlow">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Tetlow">{{cite book<br />
<br />
{} / ref name"tetlow"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Tetlow<br />
<br />
|last1 = Tetlow<br />
<br />
| last 1 Tetlow<br />
<br />
|first1 = Philip<br />
<br />
|first1 = Philip<br />
<br />
首先，菲利普<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
| 高尔出版社有限公司。<br />
<br />
|date = 2012<br />
<br />
|date = 2012<br />
<br />
日期2012年<br />
<br />
|pages = 321<br />
<br />
|pages = 321<br />
<br />
第321页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
<br />
978-1409440406<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
状态直播<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
<br />
档案日期2015-05-19<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Herbert">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Herbert">{{cite book<br />
<br />
{ / ref name"herbert { cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Herbert<br />
<br />
|last1 = Herbert<br />
<br />
最后一个赫伯特<br />
<br />
|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
首先，尼克<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
日期2011年<br />
<br />
|pages = 150<br />
<br />
|pages = 150<br />
<br />
第150页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
<br />
978-0307806741<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
状态直播<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
<br />
档案日期2015-05-18<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Charap">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Charap">{{cite book<br />
<br />
{} / ref name"charap"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Charap<br />
<br />
|last1 = Charap<br />
<br />
1 Charap<br />
<br />
|first1 = John M.<br />
<br />
|first1 = John M.<br />
<br />
第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
解释宇宙<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
出版商: 大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 2002<br />
<br />
|date = 2002<br />
<br />
2002年<br />
<br />
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
<br />
|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
<br />
Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/9999<br />
<br />
|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
<br />
|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
<br />
Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
<br />
|url-access = registration<br />
<br />
|url-access = registration<br />
<br />
访问注册<br />
<br />
|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
<br />
|isbn = 8173714673<br />
<br />
|isbn = 8173714673<br />
<br />
8173714673<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
<br />
{} / ref name"polkinghorne"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Polkinghorne<br />
<br />
|last1 = Polkinghorne<br />
<br />
最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
<br />
|first1 = J. C.<br />
<br />
|first1 = J. C.<br />
<br />
首先是 j. c。<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
标题: 量子世界<br />
<br />
|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
<br />
|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
<br />
出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
1985年<br />
<br />
|pages = 67<br />
<br />
|pages = 67<br />
<br />
第67页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
|isbn = 0691023883<br />
<br />
|isbn = 0691023883<br />
<br />
0691023883<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
状态直播<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
<br />
档案日期2015-05-19<br />
<br />
}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
<br />
}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">量子叠加quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能或不可能发生的随机亚原子事件相联系的结果。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
<br />
该思维实验也经常出现在量子力学诠释的理论讨论中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出该思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的Huttenstrasse 9号的花园里有一个真人大小、可移动的猫形雕像。来这里拜访的客人是无法提前知道猫的位置的。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的胡特大街（Huttenstrasse） 9号的花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，拜访者不会提前知道猫的位置。<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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1935年，薛定谔提出该思维实验是对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论。EPR文章强调了量子叠加的反直觉性质，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以作为对应不同可能结果的多个状态的组合而存在。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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哥本哈根诠释是主流理论，它认为量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察之前一直处于叠加状态。发生这种情况时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种可能的定态。EPR实验表明，具有多个相距较远的粒子的系统可能处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就爱因斯坦的 EPR 佯谬论文通信，在信件中，爱因斯坦指出，不稳定的火药桶的状态会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
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为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加状态的办法，即使该大型系统依赖于处于叠加状态的量子粒子。他提出了一种在封闭的钢制房间中放置猫的方案，其中猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态——即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。根据薛定谔的说法，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前既是活的也是死的。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也活，相反，他希望用这个例子来说明现有量子力学观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子力学quantucsm mechanics</font>'''的数学解释，其中一些解释认为处于“活且死”叠加态的猫是十分真实的。薛定谔的猫意在批判哥本哈根诠释(1935年的主流正统学说) ，至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的决定性的试金石。物理学家经常使用每种诠释处理薛定谔猫的方式来说明和比较每种解释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思维实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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在这些情况下，典型的情况是，最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地接受代表现实的“模糊模型”作为有效的模型。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃的失焦的照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思维实验提出了一个问题: “量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而塌缩为其中一个状态? ”（更严格地说，从何时起实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活者，那么它只记得活着的状态。但是，EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求宏观物体（如猫和笔记本）并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思维实验说明了这一明显的悖论。我们的直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于混合状态——然而，上诉思维实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的状态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者猫需要另外一个外部观察者使其能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态中？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，他对思维实验突出这些问题的能力印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道:<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是唯一的当代物理学家，他发现只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏-现实是独立于实验建立的东西。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药电荷+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的解释，在这个系统里，psi功能既包含活的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在或不存在与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中没有提到火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦把它带到了目前的讨论中。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了其他多种的量子力学诠释，这些诠释对于薛定谔猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及它们何时（或是否）塌缩的问题给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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薛定谔的猫死亡的可能性与时间无关。<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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是哥本哈根诠释是量子力学的主流诠释。根据哥本哈根诠释，当观测时，一个系统将不再处于叠加态，而是塌缩为其中任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，在哥本哈根诠释中，测量或观察并没有被明确定义。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核 / 死猫”和“未衰变的原子核 / 活猫”叠加状中，只有打开盒子进行观测时，波函数才会塌缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, ’’’<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach </font>’’’denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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然而，与哥本哈根诠释密切相关的主要科学家之一尼尔斯·玻尔从未认为是观察者引起了波函数塌缩，因为他并不认为波函数在物理上是真实存在的，它只是一个统计工具。因此，薛定谔的猫对他不是什么谜题。在有意识的观察者打开盒子，猫就已经处于死了或者活着的状态。分析一个真实的实验过程会发现，在有意识的观察者对测量结果进行观察之前，测量本身（例如盖革计数器）就足以使量子波函数发生塌缩，尽管实验设计的有效性尚有争议。（这种当原子核中的粒子撞击探测器时“观测”已经发生的观点可以发展为客观塌缩理论。薛定谔的思维中，波函数要发生塌缩，探测器需要进行“无意识观察”。相比之下，<font color=”#32CD32”>多世界理论</font>否认曾发生过塌缩。)<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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基于'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''的量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。按照这种诠释，每个事件都是一个分支点。无论盒子是否打开，猫都是既或者也死了，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，它们同样真实，但不能相互作用。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗雷特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释并不把观察视为一个特殊过程。在多世界诠释中，盒子打开后，猫的生与死仍然存在，但彼此之间是退相干的。换句话说，盒子被打开时，观察者和可能已经死亡的猫分裂成两个分支：一个观察者看着盒中的死猫，另一个观察者看着盒中的活猫。但是由于死态和活态是退相干的，它们之间午发发生有效的交流或相互作用。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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打开盒子时，观察者与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了对应猫的生与死的“观察者状态” ; 每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，因此“猫状态的观察”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相干确保不同的结果之间不会相互影响。量子退相干对于历史一致论也很重要。在多世界诠释中，只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能成为一致历史的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了避免同时对多个叠加态进行观察。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克斯·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，称为量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验了薛定谔的猫实验，并认为通过使用这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加态不过是一个更大的系综的子系综。态矢量不适用于单个的猫实验，而仅适用于许多类似准备的猫实验的统计数据。这种诠释的支持者认为，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说是根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这种诠释抛弃了单一量子物理系统有以一个始终对应的数学描述的观点。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''认为人类实验者、猫或仪器之间，或者生命体和非生命体之间没有本质区别； 所有这些遵循相同的波函数演化规则的量子系统，都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据他们所掌握的关于系统的信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是仪器的观察者; 同时，实验者可以被认为是盒子系统（猫和仪器）的另一个观察者。在盒子被打开之前，根据活着或者死亡的状态，猫拥有关于设备状态的信息（原子已经衰变或没有衰变) ; 但是实验者并不掌握这些信息。这样，在同一时刻两个观察者对盒子的状态有不同的描述： 对猫来说，仪器的波函数“坍缩”了；对实验者来说，盒子系统仍然处于叠加态。直到盒子被打开，两个观察者对所发生的事情都掌握了同样的信息，两个系统状态才似乎“坍缩”成为相同的确定结果，既猫活着还是死亡。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
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在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，实验设备发射一个逆时间方向的超前波，超前波与源发射的顺时间方向的波互相作用，形成驻波。这些波在物理上被视为真实存在，实验设备被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是“非时间性的”，并且发生在源和设备发出的波之间的整个过程中。猫从未处于叠加状。相反，不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定时间都只处于一种状态。这样交易诠释九解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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===Zeno effects===<br><br />
量子芝诺效应<br />
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The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''指延缓量子从对初始状态到其他状态的演化。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，存在加速量子系统演化的反芝诺效应。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，你可能会延迟或加速决定性选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。被测量的量子系统必须与周围环境（在本例中是仪器、实验室等）强耦合以便获得更准确的信息。但是，在薛定谔的猫实验中没有信息传递到盒子外部，这种与环境的耦合被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦猫的健康状况（通过窥视盒子）传递到了外部世界，准测量就变成了测量。准测量和测量一样都会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为环境而被延迟或加速。<br />
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===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
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According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>''，当达到客观物理阈值（时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等）时，叠加态会自发地被破坏（与外部观察无关）。因此，猫应该在盒子被打开之前很久就已经稳定在一个确定状态。这可以粗略地称为“猫观察自己” ，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
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客观的坍塌理论需要对标准量子力学进行修改，以允许叠加态被时间演化过程所破坏。<br />
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==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用和测试<br />
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[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
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Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
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薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和退相干环境效应<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
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薛定谔的猫实验是纯理论性的，所涉及的实验装置并未实际建成，然而，很多涉及类似原理的实验已经取得成功，例如一些相对较大（按量子物理学的标准）系统的叠加态已经实现。这些实验并没有表明与猫大小一样的物体可以处于重叠态，但是这些实验提升了存在“猫态”的系统的尺寸上限。在很多实验中，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，这种状态也只能短暂存在。<br />
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* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br><br />
多光子的“猫态”已经实验<br />
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* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br><br />
观测到处于叠加态的被捕获的。<br />
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* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br><br />
涉及超导量子干涉装置（“ SQUID”）的实验已与思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不对应于十亿个电子以一种方式流动，十亿个电子以另一种方式流动。超导电子运动整体上，当SQUID中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫形状态时，它们立即沿环路双向流动。<br />
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* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br><br />
甲压电“音叉”已经构造，其可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br><br />
已经提出了涉及流感病毒的实验。<br />
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* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br><br />
已经提出了涉及细菌和机电振荡器的实验。<br />
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In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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在量子计算中，短语“猫状态”有时是指 GHZ 态，其中几个量子位都处于等量叠加态，全部为0，全部为1; 例如,<br />
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<br />
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:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
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至少有一种建议认为，在观察猫之前可能确定它的状态。<br />
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==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
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[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
<br />
Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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维格纳的朋友是该实验的一个变体，有两个人类观察者: 第一个观察者观察一道闪光是否被看到，然后将他的观察结果传达给第二个观察者。这里的问题是，当第一个观察者观察实验时，波函数是“坍缩”的，还是只有当第二个观察者被告知第一个观察者的观察时，波函数才会“坍缩” ？<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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最后的巧克力<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
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首先是马库斯<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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作者: Marcus Chown<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
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|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
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|work = New Scientist<br />
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作者: 《新科学家》<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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日期2007-11-22<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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2007-11-25<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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2016-03-10<br />
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
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} / ref { cite journal<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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| last = Krauss<br />
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最后的克劳斯<br />
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| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
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|author2=James Dent<br />
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|author2=James Dent<br />
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作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
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| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
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| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
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| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
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| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
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体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
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| volume = 100<br />
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| volume = 100<br />
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第100卷<br />
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| issue = 17<br />
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| issue = 17<br />
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第17期<br />
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| pages =171301<br />
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| pages =171301<br />
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171301页<br />
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| location = US<br />
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| location = US<br />
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| 位置: US<br />
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| date = April 30, 2008<br />
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| date = April 30, 2008<br />
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日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
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| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
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| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
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0711.1821<br />
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| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
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| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
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| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
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| pmid = 18518269<br />
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| pmid = 18518269<br />
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18518269<br />
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| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
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| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
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| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
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==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
<br />
*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
<br />
*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
<br />
*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
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<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
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<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
<br />
* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
<br />
* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
<br />
* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
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{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Schrodinger's cat}}<br />
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[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
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Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
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分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
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[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
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Category:Concepts in physics<br />
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分类: 物理概念<br />
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[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
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Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
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类别: 物理悖论<br />
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[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
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Category:Quantum measurement<br />
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类别: 量子测量<br />
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[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
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Category:Fictional cats<br />
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分类: 虚构的猫<br />
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[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
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Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
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类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
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Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
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类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
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<noinclude><br />
<br />
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
<br />
[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25779薛定谔的猫2021-08-11T04:10:58Z<p>Nancy：</p>
<hr />
<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
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{{other uses}}<br><br />
模板：其他用途<br />
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{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家欧文·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
<br />
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
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[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密封的盒子里。如果内部监测器（例如'''<font color="ff8000">盖革计数器Geiger counter</font>'''）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往箱子里看时，看到的猫不是活着的就是死了的，而不是既活着又死了的猫。这就提出了一个问题，即确切的量子叠加何时结束而现实何时坍缩成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密闭容器里。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往盒子里看时，猫不是活着的就是死了，而不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，即量子叠加具体何时结束而现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
<br />
{{cite journal<br />
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{{cite journal<br />
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{引用期刊<br />
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| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
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| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
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| authorlink 埃尔温·薛定谔<br />
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| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
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| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
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| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
<br />
| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
<br />
量子力学的现状<br />
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| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
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| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
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| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
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| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
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| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
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10.1007 / BF01491891<br />
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| volume =23<br />
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| volume =23<br />
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第23卷<br />
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| issue= 48<br />
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| issue= 48<br />
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第48期<br />
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| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
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| bibcode 1935NW... 23. . 807 s<br />
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| date=November 1935}}<br />
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| date=November 1935}}<br />
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日期: 1935年11月}<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验说明了他所认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景中有一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
| last1 = Moring<br />
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| last1 = Moring<br />
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| 上午1点<br />
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| first1 = Gary<br />
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| first1 = Gary<br />
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首先，加里<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
企鹅出版社<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
2001年<br />
<br />
| location = <br />
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| location = <br />
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| 位置<br />
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| pages = 192–193<br />
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| pages = 192–193<br />
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第192-193页<br />
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| language = <br />
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| language = <br />
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语言<br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=y4ebcfton_oc&pg=pa193&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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1440695725<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Gribbin">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"gribbin"{ cite book<br />
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|last1 = Gribbin<br />
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|first1 = John<br />
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|first1 = John<br />
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第一个约翰<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
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|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
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|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
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出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
<br />
日期2011年<br />
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|pages = 234<br />
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|pages = 234<br />
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234页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|first1 = George<br />
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|first1 = George<br />
<br />
首先，乔治<br />
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|last2 = Zajonc<br />
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|last2 = Zajonc<br />
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2 Zajonc<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
首先，亚瑟<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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出版商: Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
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|date = 2006<br />
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2006年<br />
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|pages = 186<br />
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|pages = 186<br />
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第186页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 076372470X<br />
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|isbn = 076372470X<br />
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| isbn 076372470X<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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| last 1 Tetlow<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
<br />
首先，菲利普<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
<br />
| 高尔出版社有限公司。<br />
<br />
|date = 2012<br />
<br />
|date = 2012<br />
<br />
日期2012年<br />
<br />
|pages = 321<br />
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|pages = 321<br />
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第321页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
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|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
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978-1409440406<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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档案日期2015-05-19<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Herbert">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Herbert">{{cite book<br />
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|last1 = Herbert<br />
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|last1 = Herbert<br />
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最后一个赫伯特<br />
<br />
|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
首先，尼克<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
<br />
| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
日期2011年<br />
<br />
|pages = 150<br />
<br />
|pages = 150<br />
<br />
第150页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
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978-0307806741<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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档案日期2015-05-18<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Charap">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Charap">{{cite book<br />
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{} / ref name"charap"{ cite book<br />
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|last1 = Charap<br />
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|last1 = Charap<br />
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1 Charap<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
<br />
第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
解释宇宙<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
|publisher = Universities Press<br />
<br />
出版商: 大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 2002<br />
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|date = 2002<br />
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2002年<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/9999<br />
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|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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|url = https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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访问注册<br />
<br />
|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
<br />
引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
<br />
|isbn = 8173714673<br />
<br />
|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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8173714673<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Polkinghorne">{{cite book<br />
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|last1 = Polkinghorne<br />
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最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
<br />
|first1 = J. C.<br />
<br />
|first1 = J. C.<br />
<br />
首先是 j. c。<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum World<br />
<br />
标题: 量子世界<br />
<br />
|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
<br />
|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
<br />
出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
|date = 1985<br />
<br />
1985年<br />
<br />
|pages = 67<br />
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|pages = 67<br />
<br />
第67页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
<br />
|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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0691023883<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-19<br />
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档案日期2015-05-19<br />
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}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
<br />
}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">量子叠加quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能或不可能发生的随机亚原子事件相联系的结果。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
<br />
该思维实验也经常出现在量子力学诠释的理论讨论中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出该思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
<br />
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<br />
==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的Huttenstrasse 9号的花园里有一个真人大小、可移动的猫形雕像。来这里拜访的客人是无法提前知道猫的位置的。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的胡特大街（Huttenstrasse） 9号的花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，拜访者不会提前知道猫的位置。<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
<br />
1935年，薛定谔提出该思维实验是对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论。EPR文章强调了量子叠加的反直觉性质，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以作为对应不同可能结果的多个状态的组合而存在。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
<br />
The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
<br />
哥本哈根诠释是主流理论，它认为量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察之前一直处于叠加状态。发生这种情况时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种可能的定态。EPR实验表明，具有多个相距较远的粒子的系统可能处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就爱因斯坦的 EPR 佯谬论文通信，在信件中，爱因斯坦指出，不稳定的火药桶的状态会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
<br />
To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
<br />
为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加状态的办法，即使该大型系统依赖于处于叠加状态的量子粒子。他提出了一种在封闭的钢制房间中放置猫的方案，其中猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态——即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。根据薛定谔的说法，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前既是活的也是死的。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也活，相反，他希望用这个例子来说明现有量子力学观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
<br />
However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子力学quantucsm mechanics</font>'''的数学解释，其中一些解释认为处于“活且死”叠加态的猫是十分真实的。薛定谔的猫意在批判哥本哈根诠释(1935年的主流正统学说) ，至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的决定性的试金石。物理学家经常使用每种诠释处理薛定谔猫的方式来说明和比较每种解释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思维实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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在这些情况下，典型的情况是，最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地接受代表现实的“模糊模型”作为有效的模型。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃的失焦的照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思维实验提出了一个问题: “量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而塌缩为其中一个状态? ”（更严格地说，从何时起实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活者，那么它只记得活着的状态。但是，EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求宏观物体（如猫和笔记本）并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思维实验说明了这一明显的悖论。我们的直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于混合状态——然而，上诉思维实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的状态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者猫需要另外一个外部观察者使其能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态中？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，他对思维实验突出这些问题的能力印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道:<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是唯一的当代物理学家，他发现只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏-现实是独立于实验建立的东西。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药电荷+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的解释，在这个系统里，psi功能既包含活的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在或不存在与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中没有提到火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦把它带到了目前的讨论中。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了其他多种的量子力学诠释，这些诠释对于薛定谔猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及它们何时（或是否）塌缩的问题给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Schrodingers-cat-desmos-graph.png|thumb|The likelihood for which Schrödinger's cat is dead is invariant irrespective of time.]] --><br />
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薛定谔的猫死亡的可能性与时间无关。<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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是哥本哈根诠释是量子力学的主流诠释。根据哥本哈根诠释，当观测时，一个系统将不再处于叠加态，而是塌缩为其中任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，在哥本哈根诠释中，测量或观察并没有被明确定义。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核 / 死猫”和“未衰变的原子核 / 活猫”叠加状中，只有打开盒子进行观测时，波函数才会塌缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, ’’’<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach </font>’’’denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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然而，与哥本哈根诠释密切相关的主要科学家之一尼尔斯·玻尔从未认为是观察者引起了波函数塌缩，因为他并不认为波函数在物理上是真实存在的，它只是一个统计工具。因此，薛定谔的猫对他不是什么谜题。在有意识的观察者打开盒子，猫就已经处于死了或者活着的状态。分析一个真实的实验过程会发现，在有意识的观察者对测量结果进行观察之前，测量本身（例如盖革计数器）就足以使量子波函数发生塌缩，尽管实验设计的有效性尚有争议。（这种当原子核中的粒子撞击探测器时“观测”已经发生的观点可以发展为客观塌缩理论。薛定谔的思维中，波函数要发生塌缩，探测器需要进行“无意识观察”。相比之下，<font color=”#32CD32”>多世界理论</font>否认曾发生过塌缩。)<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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基于'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''的量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。按照这种诠释，每个事件都是一个分支点。无论盒子是否打开，猫都是既或者也死了，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，它们同样真实，但不能相互作用。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗雷特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释并不把观察视为一个特殊过程。在多世界诠释中，盒子打开后，猫的生与死仍然存在，但彼此之间是退相干的。换句话说，盒子被打开时，观察者和可能已经死亡的猫分裂成两个分支：一个观察者看着盒中的死猫，另一个观察者看着盒中的活猫。但是由于死态和活态是退相干的，它们之间午发发生有效的交流或相互作用。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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打开盒子时，观察者与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了对应猫的生与死的“观察者状态” ; 每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，因此“猫状态的观察”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相干确保不同的结果之间不会相互影响。量子退相干对于历史一致论也很重要。在多世界诠释中，只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能成为一致历史的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了避免同时对多个叠加态进行观察。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克斯·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，称为量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验了薛定谔的猫实验，并认为通过使用这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加态不过是一个更大的系综的子系综。态矢量不适用于单个的猫实验，而仅适用于许多类似准备的猫实验的统计数据。这种诠释的支持者认为，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说是根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这种诠释抛弃了单一量子物理系统有以一个始终对应的数学描述的观点。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''认为人类实验者、猫或仪器之间，或者生命体和非生命体之间没有本质区别； 所有这些遵循相同的波函数演化规则的量子系统，都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据他们所掌握的关于系统的信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是仪器的观察者; 同时，实验者可以被认为是盒子系统（猫和仪器）的另一个观察者。在盒子被打开之前，根据活着或者死亡的状态，猫拥有关于设备状态的信息（原子已经衰变或没有衰变) ; 但是实验者并不掌握这些信息。这样，在同一时刻两个观察者对盒子的状态有不同的描述： 对猫来说，仪器的波函数“坍缩”了；对实验者来说，盒子系统仍然处于叠加态。直到盒子被打开，两个观察者对所发生的事情都掌握了同样的信息，两个系统状态才似乎“坍缩”成为相同的确定结果，既猫活着还是死亡。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
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在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，该装置在时间上向后发射前进波，再与源在时间上向前发射的波结合，形成驻波。这些波被视为物理上真实的波，这个装置被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是不受时间影响的，并且发生在源和器件之间的整个过程中。这只猫从来不处于叠加状态。不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定的时间都只处于一种状态。交易诠释解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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===Zeno effects===<br><br />
芝诺效应<br />
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The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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众所周知，'''<font color=”#ff8000”>芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''会对初始状态的任何更改造成延迟。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，反芝诺效应加速了这种变化。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，则可能会导致延迟或加速你的决定性的选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。为了获得更准确的信息，被测量的量子系统必须与周围的环境牢固的耦合(在这种情况下，与仪器、实验室... ..等等耦合)但是，当没有信息传递给外界时，这被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦有关猫的健康状况的信息传递给外部外界(通过窥视盒子) ，准测量就变成了测量。类似于测量的准测量会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为它所处的环境而延迟或加速。<br />
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===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
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According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
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根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>'''，当达到某种客观物理阈值(时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等)时，叠加会自发地被破坏(与外部观察无关)。因此，猫应该在盒子打开之前很久就已经进入了一个确定的状态。这可以不严谨地表述为“猫自己观察自己” ，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
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Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
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客观的坍塌理论要求标准量子力学进行修改，以使叠加可以被时间演化过程所破坏。<br />
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==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用程序和测试<br />
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[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
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Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
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薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和通过退相干的环境效应<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
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The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
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所描述的实验是纯理论性的实验，所提出的机器尚未被构造出来，但是已经进行了涉及类似原理的成功试验，例如:。相对较大的物体(按量子物理学的标准)的叠加已经完成。这些实验并没有表明可以将猫大小的物体叠加，但是已知的“猫状态”的上限已经被它们向上推了。在许多情况下，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，这种状态也是短暂的。<br />
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* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br><br />
光子已经达到了“猫状态”。<br />
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* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br><br />
铍离子已经以叠加态被捕获。<br />
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* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br><br />
涉及超导量子干涉装置（“ SQUID”）的实验已与思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不对应于十亿个电子以一种方式流动，十亿个电子以另一种方式流动。超导电子运动整体上，当SQUID中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫形状态时，它们立即沿环路双向流动。<br />
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* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br><br />
甲压电“音叉”已经构造，其可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
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* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br><br />
已经提出了涉及流感病毒的实验。<br />
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* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br><br />
已经提出了涉及细菌和机电振荡器的实验。<br />
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In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
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在量子计算中，短语“猫状态”有时是指 GHZ 态，其中几个量子位都处于等量叠加态，全部为0，全部为1; 例如,<br />
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:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
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至少有一种建议认为，在观察猫之前可能确定它的状态。<br />
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==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
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[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
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维格纳的朋友是该实验的一个变体，有两个人类观察者: 第一个观察者观察一道闪光是否被看到，然后将他的观察结果传达给第二个观察者。这里的问题是，当第一个观察者观察实验时，波函数是“坍缩”的，还是只有当第二个观察者被告知第一个观察者的观察时，波函数才会“坍缩” ？<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
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另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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最后的巧克力<br />
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首先是马库斯<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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作者: Marcus Chown<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
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|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
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|work = New Scientist<br />
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作者: 《新科学家》<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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日期2007-11-22<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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2007-11-25<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
<br />
2016-03-10<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
} / ref { cite journal<br />
<br />
| last = Krauss<br />
<br />
| last = Krauss<br />
<br />
最后的克劳斯<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
<br />
| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
第100卷<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
第17期<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
171301页<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| 位置: US<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
0711.1821<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
18518269<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
<br />
*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
<br />
*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
<br />
*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
<br />
* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
<br />
* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
<br />
* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schrodinger's cat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
<br />
Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
<br />
分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
<br />
[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
<br />
Category:Concepts in physics<br />
<br />
分类: 物理概念<br />
<br />
[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
<br />
Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
<br />
类别: 物理悖论<br />
<br />
[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
<br />
Category:Quantum measurement<br />
<br />
类别: 量子测量<br />
<br />
[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
<br />
Category:Fictional cats<br />
<br />
分类: 虚构的猫<br />
<br />
[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
<br />
Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
<br />
类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
<br />
Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
<br />
类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
<br />
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
<br />
[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25778薛定谔的猫2021-08-10T15:57:37Z<p>Nancy：</p>
<hr />
<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
<br />
{{other uses}}<br><br />
模板：其他用途<br />
<br />
{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家欧文·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
<br />
{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
<br />
[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密封的盒子里。如果内部监测器（例如'''<font color="ff8000">盖革计数器Geiger counter</font>'''）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往箱子里看时，看到的猫不是活着的就是死了的，而不是既活着又死了的猫。这就提出了一个问题，即确切的量子叠加何时结束而现实何时坍缩成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密闭容器里。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往盒子里看时，猫不是活着的就是死了，而不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，即量子叠加具体何时结束而现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
<br />
{{cite journal<br />
<br />
{{cite journal<br />
<br />
{引用期刊<br />
<br />
| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| authorlink 埃尔温·薛定谔<br />
<br />
| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| first=Erwin| last=Schrödinger<br />
<br />
| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
<br />
| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
<br />
量子力学的现状<br />
<br />
| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
<br />
| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
<br />
| journal=Naturwissenschaften<br />
<br />
| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
<br />
| doi= 10.1007/BF01491891<br />
<br />
10.1007 / BF01491891<br />
<br />
| volume =23<br />
<br />
| volume =23<br />
<br />
第23卷<br />
<br />
| issue= 48<br />
<br />
| issue= 48<br />
<br />
第48期<br />
<br />
| pages= 807–812<br />
<br />
| pages= 807–812<br />
<br />
第807-812页<br />
<br />
| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
<br />
| bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S<br />
<br />
| bibcode 1935NW... 23. . 807 s<br />
<br />
| date=November 1935}}<br />
<br />
| date=November 1935}}<br />
<br />
日期: 1935年11月}<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验说明了他所认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景中有一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
<br />
| last1 = Moring<br />
<br />
| last1 = Moring<br />
<br />
| 上午1点<br />
<br />
| first1 = Gary<br />
<br />
| first1 = Gary<br />
<br />
首先，加里<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
<br />
白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
| publisher = Penguin<br />
<br />
企鹅出版社<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
| date = 2001<br />
<br />
2001年<br />
<br />
| location = <br />
<br />
| location = <br />
<br />
| 位置<br />
<br />
| pages = 192–193<br />
<br />
| pages = 192–193<br />
<br />
第192-193页<br />
<br />
| language = <br />
<br />
| language = <br />
<br />
语言<br />
<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Y4EBCftoN_oC&pg=PA193&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=y4ebcfton_oc&pg=pa193&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
| doi = <br />
<br />
| doi = <br />
<br />
<br />
| id = <br />
<br />
| id = <br />
<br />
<br />
| isbn = 1440695725<br />
<br />
| isbn = 1440695725<br />
<br />
1440695725<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Gribbin">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Gribbin">{{cite book<br />
<br />
{} / ref name"gribbin"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Gribbin<br />
<br />
|last1 = Gribbin<br />
<br />
1 Gribbin<br />
<br />
|first1 = John<br />
<br />
|first1 = John<br />
<br />
第一个约翰<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
<br />
寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
<br />
出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
|date = 2011<br />
<br />
日期2011年<br />
<br />
|pages = 234<br />
<br />
|pages = 234<br />
<br />
234页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
<br />
|isbn = 978-0307790446<br />
<br />
978-0307790446<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
状态直播<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxOBm322_lIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://web.archive.org/web/20150517143009/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixobm322_lic&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2015-05-17<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-17<br />
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2015-05-17<br />
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}}</ref><ref name="Greenstein">{{cite book<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Greenstein">{{cite book<br />
<br />
{} / ref name"greenstein"{ cite book<br />
<br />
|last1 = Greenstein<br />
<br />
|last1 = Greenstein<br />
<br />
| last 1 Greenstein<br />
<br />
|first1 = George<br />
<br />
|first1 = George<br />
<br />
首先，乔治<br />
<br />
|last2 = Zajonc<br />
<br />
|last2 = Zajonc<br />
<br />
2 Zajonc<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
|first2 = Arthur<br />
<br />
首先，亚瑟<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
<br />
量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
<br />
|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
<br />
|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
<br />
出版商: Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
<br />
|date = 2006<br />
<br />
|date = 2006<br />
<br />
2006年<br />
<br />
|pages = 186<br />
<br />
|pages = 186<br />
<br />
第186页<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|url = https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://books.google.com/?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|isbn = 076372470X<br />
<br />
|isbn = 076372470X<br />
<br />
| isbn 076372470X<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
|url-status = live<br />
<br />
状态直播<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0FB1CsC&pg=PA186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
<br />
Https://web.archive.org/web/20150518232812/https://books.google.com/books?id=5t0tm0fb1csc&pg=pa186&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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|archivedate = 2015-05-18<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
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|first1 = Philip<br />
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首先，菲利普<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
<br />
理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
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|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
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|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
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| 高尔出版社有限公司。<br />
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|date = 2012<br />
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|date = 2012<br />
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日期2012年<br />
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|pages = 321<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=rk7o3eg0xn4c&pg=pa321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-1409440406<br />
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978-1409440406<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk7O3EG0Xn4C&pg=PA321&dq=%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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最后一个赫伯特<br />
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|first1 = Nick<br />
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|first1 = Nick<br />
<br />
首先，尼克<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
<br />
|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
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| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
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|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
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|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
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| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
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|date = 2011<br />
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日期2011年<br />
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|pages = 150<br />
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|pages = 150<br />
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第150页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
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|isbn = 978-0307806741<br />
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978-0307806741<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9R6gJ3z9VEC&pg=PA150&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
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|first1 = John M.<br />
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第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
<br />
解释宇宙<br />
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|publisher = Universities Press<br />
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|publisher = Universities Press<br />
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出版商: 大学出版社<br />
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|date = 2002<br />
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2002年<br />
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|pages = [https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char/page/99 99]<br />
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Https://archive.org/details/explaininguniver00char<br />
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|url-access = registration<br />
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访问注册<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
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引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
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|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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|isbn = 8173714673<br />
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8173714673<br />
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最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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首先是 j. c。<br />
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|title = The Quantum World<br />
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|title = The Quantum World<br />
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标题: 量子世界<br />
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|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
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|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
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出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
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|date = 1985<br />
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|date = 1985<br />
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1985年<br />
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|pages = 67<br />
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第67页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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Https://books.google.com/?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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|isbn = 0691023883<br />
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0691023883<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150519001623/https://books.google.com/books?id=lp4jpynlrtec&pg=pa67&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
<br />
}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">量子叠加quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能或不可能发生的随机亚原子事件相联系的结果。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
<br />
The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
<br />
该思维实验也经常出现在量子力学诠释的理论讨论中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出该思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
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==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源<br />
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[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的Huttenstrasse 9号的花园里有一个真人大小、可移动的猫形雕像。来这里拜访的客人是无法提前知道猫的位置的。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的胡特大街（Huttenstrasse） 9号的花园里有一座真实大小、可移动的猫形雕像，拜访者不会提前知道猫的位置。<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
<br />
Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
<br />
1935年，薛定谔提出该思维实验是对'''<font color="#ff8000">EPR佯谬</font>'''论文（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森英文首字母命名）的讨论。EPR文章强调了量子叠加的反直觉性质，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以作为对应不同可能结果的多个状态的组合而存在。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
<br />
The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
<br />
哥本哈根诠释是主流理论，它认为量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察之前一直处于叠加状态。发生这种情况时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种可能的定态。EPR实验表明，具有多个相距较远的粒子的系统可能处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就爱因斯坦的 EPR 佯谬论文通信，在信件中，爱因斯坦指出，不稳定的火药桶的状态会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
<br />
To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
<br />
为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了一种原则上可以在大型系统中创建叠加状态的办法，即使该大型系统依赖于处于叠加状态的量子粒子。他提出了一种在封闭的钢制房间中放置猫的方案，其中猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态——即原子是否衰变释放出放射性。根据薛定谔的说法，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前既是活的也是死的。薛定谔并不认可猫既死也活，相反，他希望用这个例子来说明现有量子力学观点的荒谬之处。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
<br />
However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
<br />
但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家提出了诸多其他'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子力学quantucsm mechanics</font>'''的数学解释，其中一些解释认为处于“活且死”叠加态的猫是十分真实的。薛定谔的猫意在批判哥本哈根诠释(1935年的主流正统学说) ，至今仍是各种现代量子力学诠释的决定性的试金石。物理学家经常使用每种诠释处理薛定谔猫的方式来说明和比较每种解释的特点、优点和缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思维实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
<br />
Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
<br />
薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
<br />
[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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{{Quote|<br />
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{引用 | <br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
<br />
'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
<br />
'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
<br />
It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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在这些情况下，典型的情况是，最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地接受代表现实的“模糊模型”作为有效的模型。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃的失焦的照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思维实验提出了一个问题: “量子系统何时会脱离叠加态转而塌缩为其中一个状态? ”（更严格地说，从何时起实际的量子态不再是多个经典态的非平凡线性组合，而是开始有一个唯一的经典描述？）如果猫还活者，那么它只记得活着的状态。但是，EPR实验的解释与标准的微观量子力学都要求宏观物体（如猫和笔记本）并不总是有唯一的经典描述。薛定谔的思维实验说明了这一明显的悖论。我们的直觉告诉我们，没有观察者可以处于混合状态——然而，上诉思维实验却表明，猫可以处于既生又死的状态。猫是否需要成为观察者，或者猫需要另外一个外部观察者使其能够存在一个定义明确的经典状态中？爱因斯坦认为每一种选择都很荒谬，他对思维实验突出这些问题的能力印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道:<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是唯一的当代物理学家，他发现只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏-现实是独立于实验建立的东西。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药电荷+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的解释，在这个系统里，psi功能既包含活的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在或不存在与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，薛定谔的装置中没有提到火药，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。火药是15年前爱因斯坦给薛定谔的最初建议中提到的，爱因斯坦把它带到了目前的讨论中。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自薛定谔时代以来，人们提出了其他多种的量子力学诠释，这些诠释对于薛定谔猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及它们何时（或是否）塌缩的问题给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Schrodingers-cat-desmos-graph.png|thumb|The likelihood for which Schrödinger's cat is dead is invariant irrespective of time.]] --><br />
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薛定谔的猫死亡的可能性与时间无关。<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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是哥本哈根诠释是量子力学的主流诠释。根据哥本哈根诠释，当观测时，一个系统将不再处于叠加态，而是塌缩为其中任意一种状态。薛定谔的思维实验清楚地表明，在哥本哈根诠释中，测量或观察并没有被明确定义。实验可以解释为，盒子关闭时，系统处于“衰变的原子核 / 死猫”和“未衰变的原子核 / 活猫”叠加状中，只有打开盒子进行观测时，波函数才会塌缩成这两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, ’’’<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach </font>’’’denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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然而，与哥本哈根诠释相关的主要科学家之一尼尔斯·玻尔从未想过观察者引起的波函数的坍缩，因为他并不认为波函数在物理上是真实的，而是一个统计工具;。因此，薛定谔的猫对他不构成困扰。早在盒子被有意识的观察者打开之前，猫就已经死了或者还活着。对实际实验的分析发现，单靠测量(例如使用盖革计数器)就足以在有意识地观察测量之前使量子波函数坍缩，尽管其设计的有效性尚有争议。(原子核中的粒子撞击探测器时进行“观测”的观点，可以发展为客观塌缩理论。思维实验需要探测器进行“无意识的观察” ，以便发生波形坍缩。相比之下，’’’<font color=”#32CD32”>多世界诠释</font>’’’否认崩坍缩的发生。)<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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基于'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''的量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。按照这种诠释，每个事件都是一个分支点。无论盒子是否打开，猫都是活着的和死了的，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，它们是同样真实的，但不能相互交流。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗里特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释没有将观察作为一个特殊过程来加以阐述。在多世界诠释中，盒子被打开后，猫的死亡状态和活着状态仍然存在，但是它们彼此分离。换句话说，当盒子被打开时，观察者和可能已经死亡的猫分成两个观察者，一个观察者看着一个装着一只死猫的盒子，另一个观察者看着一个装着一只活猫的盒子。但是由于死态和活态是不相干的，它们之间没有有效的交流或互动。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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当打开盒子时，观察者会与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了与猫活着和死去相对应的“观察者状态” ; 每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，以便“观察猫的状态”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相确保不同的结果之间不会相互影响。量子退相干的相同机制对于历史一致论也很重要。只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能成为这一解释的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了防止同时观察多个状态。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克斯·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，即量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验了薛定谔的猫的实验，并认为通过使用这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加不过是一个更大的系综的子集合。状态向量不适用于单个的猫实验，而仅适用于许多类似准备的猫实验的统计数据。这种诠释的支持者表示，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说是根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这种解释抛弃了量子力学中的单个物理系统具有以任何方式与之相对应的数学描述的想法。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''并没有从根本上区分人类实验者、猫或仪器，或者有生命的和无生命的系统; 所有这些都是受同样的波函数进化规则支配的量子系统，所有这些都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据他们所掌握的关于系统的信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是仪器的观察者; 同时，实验者可以被认为是盒子中系统的另一个观察者(猫和仪器)。在盒子被打开之前，猫是活着还是死了，有关于设备状态的信息(原子要么衰变了，要么没有衰变) ; 但是实验人员没有关于盒子内容状态的信息。这样，两个观察者同时对这种情况有不同的解释: 对猫来说，仪器的波函数似乎是“塌缩”的; 对实验者来说，盒子里的东西似乎是叠加的。直到盒子被打开，并且两个观察者对所发生的事情有了相同的信息，两个系统状态才似乎“坍缩”成为同一个确定的结果，一只猫不是活着就是死了。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
<br />
在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，该装置在时间上向后发射前进波，再与源在时间上向前发射的波结合，形成驻波。这些波被视为物理上真实的波，这个装置被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是不受时间影响的，并且发生在源和器件之间的整个过程中。这只猫从来不处于叠加状态。不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定的时间都只处于一种状态。交易诠释解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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<br />
<br />
===Zeno effects===<br><br />
芝诺效应<br />
<br />
The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
<br />
The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
<br />
众所周知，'''<font color=”#ff8000”>芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''会对初始状态的任何更改造成延迟。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
<br />
另一方面，反芝诺效应加速了这种变化。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，则可能会导致延迟或加速你的决定性的选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。为了获得更准确的信息，被测量的量子系统必须与周围的环境牢固的耦合(在这种情况下，与仪器、实验室... ..等等耦合)但是，当没有信息传递给外界时，这被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦有关猫的健康状况的信息传递给外部外界(通过窥视盒子) ，准测量就变成了测量。类似于测量的准测量会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为它所处的环境而延迟或加速。<br />
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<br />
===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
<br />
According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
<br />
According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
<br />
根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>'''，当达到某种客观物理阈值(时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等)时，叠加会自发地被破坏(与外部观察无关)。因此，猫应该在盒子打开之前很久就已经进入了一个确定的状态。这可以不严谨地表述为“猫自己观察自己” ，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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<br />
<br />
Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
<br />
Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
<br />
客观的坍塌理论要求标准量子力学进行修改，以使叠加可以被时间演化过程所破坏。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用程序和测试<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和通过退相干的环境效应<br />
<br />
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<br />
The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
<br />
The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
<br />
所描述的实验是纯理论性的实验，所提出的机器尚未被构造出来，但是已经进行了涉及类似原理的成功试验，例如:。相对较大的物体(按量子物理学的标准)的叠加已经完成。这些实验并没有表明可以将猫大小的物体叠加，但是已知的“猫状态”的上限已经被它们向上推了。在许多情况下，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，这种状态也是短暂的。<br />
<br />
* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br><br />
光子已经达到了“猫状态”。<br />
<br />
* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br><br />
铍离子已经以叠加态被捕获。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br><br />
涉及超导量子干涉装置（“ SQUID”）的实验已与思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不对应于十亿个电子以一种方式流动，十亿个电子以另一种方式流动。超导电子运动整体上，当SQUID中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫形状态时，它们立即沿环路双向流动。<br />
<br />
* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br><br />
甲压电“音叉”已经构造，其可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br><br />
已经提出了涉及流感病毒的实验。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br><br />
已经提出了涉及细菌和机电振荡器的实验。<br />
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<br />
In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
在量子计算中，短语“猫状态”有时是指 GHZ 态，其中几个量子位都处于等量叠加态，全部为0，全部为1; 例如,<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
<br />
<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
<br />
(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
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至少有一种建议认为，在观察猫之前可能确定它的状态。<br />
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<br />
==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
<br />
[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
<br />
Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
<br />
维格纳的朋友是该实验的一个变体，有两个人类观察者: 第一个观察者观察一道闪光是否被看到，然后将他的观察结果传达给第二个观察者。这里的问题是，当第一个观察者观察实验时，波函数是“坍缩”的，还是只有当第二个观察者被告知第一个观察者的观察时，波函数才会“坍缩” ？<br />
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In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
<br />
|last = Chown<br />
<br />
|last = Chown<br />
<br />
最后的巧克力<br />
<br />
|first = Marcus<br />
<br />
|first = Marcus<br />
<br />
首先是马库斯<br />
<br />
|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
作者: Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
<br />
|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
<br />
观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
<br />
|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
<br />
|work = New Scientist<br />
<br />
作者: 《新科学家》<br />
<br />
|date = 2007-11-22<br />
<br />
|date = 2007-11-22<br />
<br />
日期2007-11-22<br />
<br />
|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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2007-11-25<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
<br />
状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
<br />
|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
<br />
2016-03-10<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
} / ref { cite journal<br />
<br />
| last = Krauss<br />
<br />
| last = Krauss<br />
<br />
最后的克劳斯<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
<br />
| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
第100卷<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
第17期<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
171301页<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| 位置: US<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
0711.1821<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
18518269<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
<br />
*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
<br />
*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
<br />
*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
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* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
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==External links==<br />
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{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
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* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
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* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
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* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
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* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
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{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
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[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
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Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
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分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
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[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
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Category:Concepts in physics<br />
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分类: 物理概念<br />
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[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
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Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
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类别: 物理悖论<br />
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[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
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Category:Quantum measurement<br />
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类别: 量子测量<br />
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[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
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Category:Fictional cats<br />
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分类: 虚构的猫<br />
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[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
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Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
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类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
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Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
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类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
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<noinclude><br />
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<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E7%8C%AB&diff=25776薛定谔的猫2021-08-10T08:07:50Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>本词条由Solitude初步翻译。<br />
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{{other uses}}<br><br />
模板：其他用途<br />
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{{short description|Thought experiment devised by the physicist Erwin Schrödinger}}<br><br />
模板：简短说明 由物理学家欧文·薛定谔设计的思维实验<br />
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}<br><br />
模板：需要更多的引用<br />
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[[File:Schrodingers cat.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive]] source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. [[Geiger counter]]) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is ''simultaneously'' alive ''and'' dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat ''either'' alive ''or'' dead, not both alive ''and'' dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schrodingers_cat.svg]]<br><br />
文件：薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密封的盒子里。如果内部监测器（例如'''<font color="ff8000">盖革计数器Geiger counter</font>'''）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往箱子里看时，看到的猫不是活着的就是死了的，而不是既活着又死了的猫。这就提出了一个问题，即确切的量子叠加何时结束而现实何时坍缩成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a [[radioactive source are placed in a sealed box. If an internal monitor (e.g. Geiger counter) detects radioactivity (i.e. a single atom decaying), the flask is shattered, releasing the poison, which kills the cat. The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics implies that after a while, the cat is simultaneously alive and dead. Yet, when one looks in the box, one sees the cat either alive or dead, not both alive and dead. This poses the question of when exactly quantum superposition ends and reality collapses into one possibility or the other.]]<br />
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薛定谔的猫：将一只猫，一瓶毒药和放射源放置在密闭容器里。如果盒内监测器（例如盖革计数器）检测到放射性（即单个原子衰变），则烧瓶会破碎，释放出毒药，从而杀死猫。量子力学的'''<font color="ff8000">哥本哈根诠释Copenhagen interpretation</font>'''表明，一段时间之后，这只猫既是死的又是活的。然而，当人们往盒子里看时，猫不是活着的就是死了，而不是既活着又死了。这就提出了一个问题，即量子叠加具体何时结束而现实何时塌陷成一种或另一种可能性。<br />
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'''Schrödinger's cat''' is a [[thought experiment]], sometimes described as a [[paradox]], devised by Austrian physicist [[Erwin Schrödinger]] in 1935, though the idea originated from [[Albert Einstein]].<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
</ref>薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，但该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger in 1935, though the idea originated from Albert Einstein.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"><br><br />
薛定谔的猫是一个'''<font color="ff8000">思维实验thought experiment</font>'''，有时被称为'''<font color="ff8000">悖论paradox</font>'''，由奥地利物理学家埃尔温·薛定谔于1935年提出，尽管该想法起源于阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。<br />
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{{cite journal<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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| title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik (The present situation in quantum mechanics)<br />
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| journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]<br />
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日期: 1935年11月}<br />
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</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the [[Copenhagen interpretation]] of [[quantum mechanics]] applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical [[cat]] that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
</ref>该实验说明了他所认为的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景中有一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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</ref> It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects. The scenario presents a hypothetical cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead,<ref name="Moring">{{cite book<br><br />
它说明了他所看到的将'''<font color="ff8000">量子力学quantum mechanics</font>'''的哥本哈根诠释应用于日常物品所产生的问题。这个场景呈现了一只假想的猫，它可能同时活着和死去。ref name"moring"{ cite book<br><br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译<br />
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| last1 = Moring<br />
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首先，加里<br />
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| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
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| title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Theories of the Universe<br />
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白痴宇宙理论完全指南<br />
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| publisher = Penguin<br />
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| publisher = Penguin<br />
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企鹅出版社<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
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|title = In Search of Schrodinger's Cat: Quantum Physics And Reality<br />
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寻找薛定谔的猫: 量子物理学与现实<br />
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|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
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|publisher = Random House Publishing Group<br />
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出版商兰登书屋出版集团<br />
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|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
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|title = The Quantum Challenge: Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics<br />
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量子挑战: 关于量子力学基础的现代研究<br />
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|publisher = Jones & Bartlett Learning<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
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|title = Understanding Information and Computation: From Einstein to Web Science<br />
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理解信息和计算: 从爱因斯坦到网络科学<br />
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|publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd.<br />
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| 高尔出版社有限公司。<br />
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首先，尼克<br />
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|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
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|title = Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics<br />
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| 题目: 量子实在: 超越新物理学<br />
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|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
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|publisher = Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group<br />
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| 出版商 Knopf Doubleday 出版集团<br />
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| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20150518222449/https://books.google.com/books?id=x9r6gj3z9vec&pg=pa150&dq=%22schrodinger’s+cat%22+%22alive+and+dead%22<br />
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第一名: 约翰 · m。<br />
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|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
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|title = Explaining The Universe<br />
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解释宇宙<br />
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|publisher = Universities Press<br />
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|publisher = Universities Press<br />
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出版商: 大学出版社<br />
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2002年<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
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|quote = schrodinger's cat alive and dead.<br />
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引用薛定谔的猫活着和死了。<br />
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最后1个 Polkinghorne<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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|first1 = J. C.<br />
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首先是 j. c。<br />
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|title = The Quantum World<br />
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|title = The Quantum World<br />
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标题: 量子世界<br />
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|publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]<br />
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|publisher = Princeton University Press<br />
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出版商普林斯顿大学出版社<br />
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|date = 1985<br />
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1985年<br />
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|pages = 67<br />
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第67页<br />
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|url = https://books.google.com/?id=lp4JPYnLrtEC&pg=PA67&dq=%22schrodinger's+cat%22+%22alive+dead<br />
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0691023883<br />
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状态直播<br />
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}}</ref> a state known as a [[quantum superposition]], as a result of being linked to a random [[Subatomic particle|subatomic]] event that may or may not occur.<br />
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}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> a state known as a '''<font color="#ff8000">量子叠加quantum superposition</font>''', as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur.<br><br />
这种状态被称为量子叠加quantum superposition，是与可能或不可能发生的随机亚原子事件相联系的结果。<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the [[interpretations of quantum mechanics]], particularly in situations involving the [[measurement problem]]. Schrödinger coined the term ''Verschränkung'' ([[Quantum entanglement|entanglement]]) in the course of developing the thought experiment.{{Quantum mechanics|cTopic=Experiments}}<br />
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The thought experiment is also often featured in theoretical discussions of the interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly in situations involving the measurement problem. Schrödinger coined the term Verschränkung (entanglement) in the course of developing the thought experiment.<br />
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该思维实验也经常出现在量子力学诠释的理论讨论中，特别是在涉及测量问题的情况下。薛定谔在提出该思想实验的过程中创造了“量子纠缠”这个术语。<br />
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==Origin and motivation==<br><br />
起源<br />
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[[File:Schroedinger cat.jpg|thumb|left|A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Suarez |first1=Antoine |title=The limits of quantum superposition: Should "Schrödinger's cat" and "Wigner's friend" be considered "miracle" narratives? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334031988 |website=ResearchGate |accessdate=27 February 2020 |page=3 |date=2019}}</ref>|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedinger_cat.jpg]]<br />
埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的Huttenstrasse 9号的花园里有一个真人大小、可移动的猫形雕像。来这里拜访的客人是无法提前知道猫的位置的。<br />
A life-size—and moveable—cat figure in the garden of Huttenstrasse 9, Zurich, where Erwin Schrödinger lived 1921–1926. A visitor to the house cannot know in advance where the cat will be.<br />
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埃尔温·薛定谔1921年至1926年间在苏黎世所居住的Huttenstrasse 9号的花园里有一个真人大小、可移动的猫形雕像。来这里拜访的客人是无法提前知道猫的位置的。<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the [[EPR paradox|EPR article]]—named after its authors [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]]—in 1935.<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208145129/http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 |date=2006-02-08 }} A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev. 47, 777 (1935)</ref> The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of [[quantum superposition]]s, in which a quantum system such as an [[atom]] or [[photon]] can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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Schrödinger intended his thought experiment as a discussion of the EPR article—named after its authors Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen—in 1935. The EPR article highlighted the counterintuitive nature of quantum superpositions, in which a quantum system such as an atom or photon can exist as a combination of multiple states corresponding to different possible outcomes.<br />
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薛定谔打算把他的思维实验作为对'''<font color="#ff8000">电子顺磁共振EPR</font>'''文章（以其作者爱因斯坦、波多尔斯基和罗森的名字命名）的讨论在1935年进行了讨论。EPR文章强调了量子叠加的反直觉性质，在量子叠加中，一个量子系统，比如原子或者光子，可以作为对应不同可能结果的多个状态的组合而存在。<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the [[Copenhagen interpretation]], says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] exchanged letters about [[EPR paradox|Einstein's EPR article]], in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an [[Instability|unstable]] keg of [[gunpowder]] will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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The prevailing theory, called the Copenhagen interpretation, says that a quantum system remains in superposition until it interacts with, or is observed by the external world. When this happens, the superposition collapses into one or another of the possible definite states. The EPR experiment shows that a system with multiple particles separated by large distances can be in such a superposition. Schrödinger and Einstein exchanged letters about Einstein's EPR article, in the course of which Einstein pointed out that the state of an unstable keg of gunpowder will, after a while, contain a superposition of both exploded and unexploded states.<br />
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哥本哈根诠释这一理论是当时流行的理论，它认为量子系统在与外部世界相互作用或被外部世界观察之前一直处于叠加状态。发生这种情况时，叠加态会坍缩成一种或另一种种可能的定态。电子顺磁共振(EPR)实验表明，具有多个相距较远距离的多个粒子的系统可能处于这种叠加状态。薛定谔和爱因斯坦就爱因斯坦的 EPR 文章互相通信。在此过程中，爱因斯坦指出，不稳定的火药桶的状态会在一段时间后包含爆炸状态和未爆炸状态的叠加。<br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that ''the cat remains both alive and dead'' until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<ref name="Schrodinger1935"/><br />
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To further illustrate, Schrödinger described how one could, in principle, create a superposition in a large-scale system by making it dependent on a quantum particle that was in a superposition. He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not. According to Schrödinger, the Copenhagen interpretation implies that the cat remains both alive and dead until the state has been observed. Schrödinger did not wish to promote the idea of dead-and-alive cats as a serious possibility; on the contrary, he intended the example to illustrate the absurdity of the existing view of quantum mechanics.<br />
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为了进一步说明，薛定谔描述了如何在原则上通过依赖于叠加状态的量子粒子在大型系统中创建叠加状态。他提出了一种在封闭的钢制房间中放置猫的方案，其中猫的生死取决于放射性原子的状态。根据薛定谔的说法，哥本哈根诠释意味着这只猫在被观察到之前既是活的也是死的。薛定谔并不希望将死猫和活猫的概念大肆宣扬，相反，他希望通过这个例子来说明现有量子力学观点的荒谬性。<br />
——Solitude（讨论）该句意译 <br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other [[interpretations of quantum mechanics|interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics]] have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real.<ref name="Polkinghorne" /><ref name="Tetlow" /> Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstone]] for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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However, since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of the mathematics of quantum mechanics have been advanced by physicists, some of which regard the "alive and dead" cat superposition as quite real. Intended as a critique of the Copenhagen interpretation (the prevailing orthodoxy in 1935), the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment remains a defining touchstone for modern interpretations of quantum mechanics. Physicists often use the way each interpretation deals with Schrödinger's cat as a way of illustrating and comparing the particular features, strengths, and weaknesses of each interpretation.<br />
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但是，自从薛定谔时代以来，物理学家对'''<font color=”#ff8000”>量子力学数学mathematics of quantum mechanics</font>'''进行了其他解释，其中一些解释认为“活死”的猫的叠加是十分真实的。作为对哥本哈根诠释的批判(1935年盛行的正统观念) ，薛定谔的猫这一思维实验仍然是现代量子力学诠释的决定性的试金石。物理学家经常使用每种解释处理薛定谔猫的方式来说明和比较每种解释的特点、优缺点。<br />
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==Thought experiment==<br><br />
思维实验<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref name="Schrodinger1935" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Trimmer|first1=John D.|title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=1980|volume=124|issue=5|pages=323–338|jstor=986572}} Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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Schrödinger wrote:<ref> Reproduced with some inaccuracies here:<br />
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薛定谔写道: 引用这里的一些不准确之处:<br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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[https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/QM/cat.html#sect5 Schroedinger: "The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics." 5. Are the Variables Really Blurred?]</ref><br />
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Https://archive.is/20121204184041/http://www.tuhh.de/rzt/rzt/it/qm/cat.html#sect5 · 施罗丁格: 《量子力学现状》5.变量真的模糊了吗？] / ref<br />
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One can even set up quite ridiculous cases. A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a [[Geiger counter]], there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of [[hydrocyanic acid]]. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has [[radioactive decay|decayed]]. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. The [[wave function|psi-function]] of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">One can even set up quite ridiculous cases.</font>''' A cat is penned up in a steel chamber, along with the following device (which must be secured against direct interference by the cat): in a Geiger counter, there is a tiny bit of radioactive substance, so small, that perhaps in the course of the hour one of the atoms decays, but also, with equal probability, perhaps none; if it happens, the counter tube discharges and through a relay releases a hammer that shatters a small flask of hydrocyanic acid. If one has left this entire system to itself for an hour, one would say that the cat still lives if meanwhile no atom has decayed. The first atomic decay would have poisoned it. '''<font color="#32CD32">The psi-function of the entire system would express this by having in it the living and dead cat (pardon the expression) mixed or smeared out in equal parts.</font>'''<br />
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'''<font color="#32CD32">人们甚至可以提出非常荒谬的案例。</font>'''将猫与下面的设备（必须固定以防止猫直接干扰）一起放在钢制的房间里：在盖革计数器中，有一小块放射性物质，非常小，也许在一个小时的过程中，其中一个原子会衰变，但是，也有相同的概率，也许不会发生衰变; 如果发生这种情况，计数管放电，并通过一个继电器释放一个锤子，锤子会打碎一小瓶氢氰酸。如果一个人把整个系统留给自己一个小时，就会说，如果没有原子衰变，这只猫就还活着。如果第一次原子衰变会使它中毒。'''<font color="#32CD32">整个系统的 psi 功能可以通过将活猫和死猫(对等表达)两个状态的叠加来表达这一点。</font>'''<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}<br />
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It is typical of these cases that an indeterminacy originally restricted to the atomic domain becomes transformed into macroscopic indeterminacy, which can then be resolved by direct observation. That prevents us from so naïvely accepting as valid a "blurred model" for representing reality. In itself, it would not embody anything unclear or contradictory. '''<font color="#32CD32">There is a difference between a shaky or out-of-focus photograph and a snapshot of clouds and fog banks.}}</font>'''<br />
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在这些情况下，典型的情况是，最初局限于原子域的不确定性转变为宏观不确定性，这种不确定性可以通过直接观察得到解决。这使我们无法轻易地接受代表现实的“模糊模型”作为有效的模型。它本身不会包含任何不清楚或矛盾的东西。'''<font color="#32CD32">摇晃的失焦的照片与云层和雾层的快照是有区别的。</font>'''<br />
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Schrödinger's famous [[thought experiment]] poses the question, "''when'' does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial [[linear combination]] of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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Schrödinger's famous thought experiment poses the question, "when does a quantum system stop existing as a superposition of states and become one or the other?" (More technically, when does the actual quantum state stop being a non-trivial linear combination of states, each of which resembles different classical states, and instead begin to have a unique classical description?) If the cat survives, it remembers only being alive. But explanations of the EPR experiments that are consistent with standard microscopic quantum mechanics require that macroscopic objects, such as cats and notebooks, do not always have unique classical descriptions. The thought experiment illustrates this apparent paradox. Our intuition says that no observer can be in a mixture of states—yet the cat, it seems from the thought experiment, can be such a mixture. Is the cat required to be an observer, or does its existence in a single well-defined classical state require another external observer? Each alternative seemed absurd to Einstein, who was impressed by the ability of the thought experiment to highlight these issues. In a letter to Schrödinger dated 1950, he wrote:<br />
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薛定谔著名的思维实验提出了这样一个问题: “量子系统何时会停止作为叠加态而成为其中之一? ”(从技术上讲，什么时候实际的量子态不再是非平凡的线性组合状态，而是开始有一个独特的经典描述?)如果猫活下来了，它只记得活着。但是，与标准微观量子力学相一致的EPR实验的解释要求宏观物体，例如猫和笔记本，并不总是具有独特的经典描述。这个思维实验说明了这个明显的悖论。我们的直觉告诉我们，任何观察者都不可能处于混合的状态——然而，从思维实验来看，猫可能是这样的状态。这只猫是否需要成为观察者，或者它在一个定义明确的经典状态下的存在是否需要其他外部观察者？对爱因斯坦来说，每一种选择都是荒谬的，他对思维实验突出这些问题的能力印象深刻。在1950年写给薛定谔的一封信中，他写道:<br />
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{{Quote|You are the only contemporary physicist, besides [[Max von Laue|Laue]], who sees that one cannot get around the assumption of reality, if only one is honest. Most of them simply do not see what sort of risky game they are playing with reality—reality as something independent of what is experimentally established. Their interpretation is, however, refuted most elegantly by your system of radioactive atom + amplifier + charge of gun powder + cat in a box, in which the psi-function of the system contains both the cat alive and blown to bits. Nobody really doubts that the presence or absence of the cat is something independent of the act of observation.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Induction and Scientific Realism: Einstein versus van Fraassen Part Three: Einstein, Aim-Oriented Empiricism and the Discovery of Special and General Relativity|first=Nicholas|last=Maxwell|date=1 January 1993|volume=44|issue=2|pages=275–305|doi=10.1093/bjps/44.2.275|jstor=687649|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}}</ref>}}<br><br />
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除了劳厄之外，您是唯一的当代物理学家，他发现只有诚实的人才能绕开对现实的假设。他们中的大多数人根本不知道他们在玩什么样的冒险游戏-现实是独立于实验建立的东西。但是，你的系统——放射性原子+放大器+火药电荷+盒子里的猫优雅地驳斥了他们的解释，在这个系统里，psi功能既包含活的猫，也包含被炸成碎片的猫。没有人真的怀疑猫的存在或不存在与观察行为无关。<br><br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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Note that the charge of gunpowder is not mentioned in Schrödinger's setup, which uses a Geiger counter as an amplifier and hydrocyanic poison instead of gunpowder. The gunpowder had been mentioned in Einstein's original suggestion to Schrödinger 15 years before, and Einstein carried it forward to the present discussion.<br />
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请注意，在薛定谔的理论中并没有提到火药的电荷，他用盖革计数器作为放大器，用氢氰酸毒药代替火药。15年前，爱因斯坦在给薛定谔的最初建议中就提到了火药，爱因斯坦将其推向了目前的讨论中。<br />
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==Interpretations of the experiment==<br><br />
实验解释<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or ''whether'') they collapse.<br />
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Since Schrödinger's time, other interpretations of quantum mechanics have been proposed that give different answers to the questions posed by Schrödinger's cat of how long superpositions last and when (or whether) they collapse.<br />
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自从薛定谔的时代以来，人们提出了其他的量子力学诠释学派，它们对于薛定谔猫提出的叠加态持续多久以及它们何时(或是否)坍缩的问题给出了不同的答案。<br />
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===Copenhagen interpretation===<br><br />
哥本哈根诠释<br />
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Schrodingers-cat-desmos-graph.png|thumb|The likelihood for which Schrödinger's cat is dead is invariant irrespective of time.]] --><br />
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薛定谔的猫死亡的可能性与时间无关。<br />
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{{Main|Copenhagen interpretation}}<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation.<ref name="Wimmel1992">{{cite book|first=Hermann|last=Wimmel|title=Quantum physics & observed reality: a critical interpretation of quantum mechanics|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-1010-6|page=2|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520185205/http://books.google.com/books?id=-4sJ_fgyZJEC&pg=PA2|archivedate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of [[Measurement in quantum mechanics|measurement]], or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the [[wave function]] collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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A commonly held interpretation of quantum mechanics is the Copenhagen interpretation. In the Copenhagen interpretation, a system stops being a superposition of states and becomes either one or the other when an observation takes place. This thought experiment makes apparent the fact that the nature of measurement, or observation, is not well-defined in this interpretation. The experiment can be interpreted to mean that while the box is closed, the system simultaneously exists in a superposition of the states "decayed nucleus/dead cat" and "undecayed nucleus/living cat", and that only when the box is opened and an observation performed does the wave function collapse into one of the two states.<br />
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对量子力学的一个普遍的诠释是哥本哈根诠释。在哥本哈根诠释中，一个系统不再是状态的叠加，而是在观测发生时成为一个或另一个。这个思维实验清楚地表明，测量或观察的本质在这个诠释中并没有被明确定义。实验可以解释为，当盒子关闭时，系统同时处于“衰变核 / 死猫”和“未衰变核 / 活猫”两种状态的叠加状态，只有当盒子被打开并进行观测时，波函数才坍缩为两种状态之一。<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, [[Niels Bohr]], never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious [[Observer (quantum physics)|observer]].<ref name='Faye2008'>{{cite web | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/ | title = Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics | accessdate = 2010-09-19 | last = Faye | first = J | date = 2008-01-24 | encyclopedia = [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] | publisher = The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information, [[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement,<ref name='Carpenter2006'>{{cite journal | title = The death of Schroedinger's cat and of consciousness-based wave-function collapse | journal = [[Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie]] | year = 2006 | author = Carpenter RHS, Anderson AJ | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–52| id = | url = http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf | accessdate = 2010-09-10 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061130173850/http://www.ensmp.fr/aflb/AFLB-311/aflb311m387.pdf |archivedate = 2006-11-30}}</ref> although the validity of their design is disputed.<ref name='Okon2006'>{{cite journal | title = How to Back up or Refute Quantum Theories of Consciousness | journal = Mind and Matter | year = 2016 | author = Okón E, Sebastián MA | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–49}}</ref> (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into [[objective collapse theories]]. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, the [[many worlds]] approach denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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However, one of the main scientists associated with the Copenhagen interpretation, Niels Bohr, never had in mind the observer-induced collapse of the wave function, as he did not regard the wave function as physically real, but a statistical tool; thus, Schrödinger's cat did not pose any riddle to him. The cat would be either dead or alive long before the box is opened by a conscious observer. Analysis of an actual experiment found that measurement alone (for example by a Geiger counter) is sufficient to collapse a quantum wave function before there is any conscious observation of the measurement, although the validity of their design is disputed. (The view that the "observation" is taken when a particle from the nucleus hits the detector can be developed into objective collapse theories. The thought experiment requires an "unconscious observation" by the detector in order for waveform collapse to occur. In contrast, ’’’<font color=”#32CD32”>the many worlds approach </font>’’’denies that collapse ever occurs.)<br />
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然而，与哥本哈根诠释相关的主要科学家之一尼尔斯·玻尔从未想过观察者引起的波函数的坍缩，因为他并不认为波函数在物理上是真实的，而是一个统计工具;。因此，薛定谔的猫对他不构成困扰。早在盒子被有意识的观察者打开之前，猫就已经死了或者还活着。对实际实验的分析发现，单靠测量(例如使用盖革计数器)就足以在有意识地观察测量之前使量子波函数坍缩，尽管其设计的有效性尚有争议。(原子核中的粒子撞击探测器时进行“观测”的观点，可以发展为客观塌缩理论。思维实验需要探测器进行“无意识的观察” ，以便发生波形坍缩。相比之下，’’’<font color=”#32CD32”>多世界诠释</font>’’’否认崩坍缩的发生。)<br />
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===Many-worlds interpretation and consistent histories===<br><br />
多世界诠释和历史一致论<br />
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[[File:Schroedingers cat film.svg|thumb|right|350px|The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.|链接=Special:FilePath/Schroedingers_cat_film.svg]]<br />
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The quantum-mechanical "Schrödinger's cat" paradox according to the many-worlds interpretation. In this interpretation, every event is a branch point. The cat is both alive and dead—regardless of whether the box is opened—but the "alive" and "dead" cats are in different branches of the universe that are equally real but cannot interact with each other.<br />
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基于'''<font color=”#ff8000”>多世界诠释many-worlds interpretation</font>'''的量子力学“薛定谔的猫”悖论。按照这种诠释，每个事件都是一个分支点。无论盒子是否打开，猫都是活着的和死了的，但“活着的”和“死了的”猫在宇宙的不同分支中，它们是同样真实的，但不能相互交流。<br />
{{Main|Many-worlds interpretation}}<br />
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In 1957, [[Hugh Everett]] formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are [[quantum decoherence|decoherent]] from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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In 1957, Hugh Everett formulated the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, which does not single out observation as a special process. In the many-worlds interpretation, both alive and dead states of the cat persist after the box is opened, but are decoherent from each other. In other words, when the box is opened, the observer and the possibly-dead cat split into an observer looking at a box with a dead cat, and an observer looking at a box with a live cat. But since the dead and alive states are decoherent, there is no effective communication or interaction between them.<br />
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1957年，休·埃弗里特提出了量子力学的多世界诠释，该诠释没有将观察作为一个特殊过程来加以阐述。在多世界诠释中，盒子被打开后，猫的死亡状态和活着状态仍然存在，但是它们彼此分离。换句话说，当盒子被打开时，观察者和可能已经死亡的猫分成两个观察者，一个观察者看着一个装着一只死猫的盒子，另一个观察者看着一个装着一只活猫的盒子。但是由于死态和活态是不相干的，它们之间没有有效的交流或互动。<br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is [[quantum entanglement|entangled or linked]] with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of [[consistent histories]]. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<ref name="zurek03">{{cite journal | last1 = Zurek | first1 = Wojciech H. | authorlink = Wojciech H. Zurek | year = 2003 | title = Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical | arxiv = quant-ph/0105127 | journal = Reviews of Modern Physics | volume = 75 | issue = 3| page = 715 | doi=10.1103/revmodphys.75.715| bibcode = 2003RvMP...75..715Z }}</ref><ref name="zurek91">[[Wojciech H. Zurek]], "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical", ''Physics Today'', 44, pp. 36–44 (1991)</ref><br />
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When opening the box, the observer becomes entangled with the cat, so "observer states" corresponding to the cat's being alive and dead are formed; each observer state is entangled or linked with the cat so that the "observation of the cat's state" and the "cat's state" correspond with each other. Quantum decoherence ensures that the different outcomes have no interaction with each other. The same mechanism of quantum decoherence is also important for the interpretation in terms of consistent histories. Only the "dead cat" or the "alive cat" can be a part of a consistent history in this interpretation. Decoherence is generally considered to prevent simultaneous observation of multiple states.<br />
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当打开盒子时，观察者会与猫纠缠在一起，因此形成了与猫活着和死去相对应的“观察者状态” ; 每个观察者状态都与猫纠缠或联系在一起，以便“观察猫的状态”与“猫的状态”相对应。量子退相确保不同的结果之间不会相互影响。量子退相干的相同机制对于历史一致论也很重要。只有“死猫”或“活猫”才能成为这一解释的一部分。通常认为退相干是为了防止同时观察多个状态。<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the [[Quantum suicide and immortality|quantum suicide]] machine, has been proposed by cosmologist [[Max Tegmark]]. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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A variant of the Schrödinger's cat experiment, known as the quantum suicide machine, has been proposed by cosmologist Max Tegmark. It examines the Schrödinger's cat experiment from the point of view of the cat, and argues that by using this approach, one may be able to distinguish between the Copenhagen interpretation and many-worlds.<br />
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宇宙学家马克斯·泰格马克提出了薛定谔猫实验的一个变体，即量子自杀机。它从猫的角度检验了薛定谔的猫的实验，并认为通过使用这种方法，人们或许能够区分哥本哈根诠释和多世界诠释。<br />
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===Ensemble interpretation===<br><br />
系综诠释<br />
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The [[Ensemble Interpretation|ensemble interpretation]] states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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The ensemble interpretation states that superpositions are nothing but subensembles of a larger statistical ensemble. The state vector would not apply to individual cat experiments, but only to the statistics of many similarly prepared cat experiments. Proponents of this interpretation state that this makes the Schrödinger's cat paradox a trivial matter, or a non-issue.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>系综诠释ensemble interpretation</font>'''指出，叠加不过是一个更大的系综的子集合。状态向量不适用于单个的猫实验，而仅适用于许多类似准备的猫实验的统计数据。这种诠释的支持者表示，这使得薛定谔的猫悖论变得无关紧要，或者说是根本不是问题。<br />
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This interpretation serves to ''discard'' the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smolin|first=Lee|date=October 2012|title=A real ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics|journal=Foundations of Physics|volume=42|issue=10|pages=1239–1261|doi=10.1007/s10701-012-9666-4|issn=0015-9018|arxiv=1104.2822|bibcode=2012FoPh...42.1239S}}</ref><br />
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This interpretation serves to discard the idea that a single physical system in quantum mechanics has a mathematical description that corresponds to it in any way.<br />
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这种解释抛弃了量子力学中的单个物理系统具有以任何方式与之相对应的数学描述的想法。<br />
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===Relational interpretation===<br><br />
关系诠释<br />
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The [[Relational quantum mechanics|relational interpretation]] makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction [[Time evolution|evolution]], and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Rovelli|first = Carlo|authorlink = Carlo Rovelli|title = Relational Quantum Mechanics|journal = International Journal of Theoretical Physics|volume = 35|pages = 1637–1678|year = 1996|arxiv = quant-ph/9609002 |doi = 10.1007/BF02302261|bibcode = 1996IJTP...35.1637R|issue = 8 }}</ref> The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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The relational interpretation makes no fundamental distinction between the human experimenter, the cat, or the apparatus, or between animate and inanimate systems; all are quantum systems governed by the same rules of wavefunction evolution, and all may be considered "observers". But the relational interpretation allows that different observers can give different accounts of the same series of events, depending on the information they have about the system. The cat can be considered an observer of the apparatus; meanwhile, the experimenter can be considered another observer of the system in the box (the cat plus the apparatus). Before the box is opened, the cat, by nature of its being alive or dead, has information about the state of the apparatus (the atom has either decayed or not decayed); but the experimenter does not have information about the state of the box contents. In this way, the two observers simultaneously have different accounts of the situation: To the cat, the wavefunction of the apparatus has appeared to "collapse"; to the experimenter, the contents of the box appear to be in superposition. Not until the box is opened, and both observers have the same information about what happened, do both system states appear to "collapse" into the same definite result, a cat that is either alive or dead.<br />
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'''<font color=”#ff8000”>关系诠释relational interpretation</font>'''并没有从根本上区分人类实验者、猫或仪器，或者有生命的和无生命的系统; 所有这些都是受同样的波函数进化规则支配的量子系统，所有这些都可以被认为是“观察者”。但是关系诠释允许不同的观察者根据他们所掌握的关于系统的信息，对同一系列事件给出不同的解释。猫可以被认为是仪器的观察者; 同时，实验者可以被认为是盒子中系统的另一个观察者(猫和仪器)。在盒子被打开之前，猫是活着还是死了，有关于设备状态的信息(原子要么衰变了，要么没有衰变) ; 但是实验人员没有关于盒子内容状态的信息。这样，两个观察者同时对这种情况有不同的解释: 对猫来说，仪器的波函数似乎是“塌缩”的; 对实验者来说，盒子里的东西似乎是叠加的。直到盒子被打开，并且两个观察者对所发生的事情有了相同的信息，两个系统状态才似乎“坍缩”成为同一个确定的结果，一只猫不是活着就是死了。<br />
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===Transactional interpretation===<br><br />
交易诠释<br />
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In the [[transactional interpretation]] the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cramer|first=John G.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280926546|title=The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics|publisher=Reviews of Modern Physics|date=July 1986|isbn=|volume=58|location=|pages=647–685}}</ref><br />
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In the transactional interpretation the apparatus emits an advanced wave backward in time, which combined with the wave that the source emits forward in time, forms a standing wave. The waves are seen as physically real, and the apparatus is considered an "observer". In the transactional interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction between the source and the apparatus. The cat is never in superposition. Rather the cat is only in one state at any particular time, regardless of when the human experimenter looks in the box. The transactional interpretation resolves this quantum paradox.<br />
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在'''<font color=”#ff8000”>交易诠释transactional interpretation</font>'''中，该装置在时间上向后发射前进波，再与源在时间上向前发射的波结合，形成驻波。这些波被视为物理上真实的波，这个装置被视为“观察者”。在交易诠释中，波函数的坍缩是不受时间影响的，并且发生在源和器件之间的整个过程中。这只猫从来不处于叠加状态。不管人类实验者什么时候看盒子，猫在任何特定的时间都只处于一种状态。交易诠释解决了这一量子悖论。<br />
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===Zeno effects===<br><br />
芝诺效应<br />
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The [[Quantum Zeno effect|Zeno effect]] is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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The Zeno effect is known to cause delays to any changes from the initial state.<br />
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众所周知，'''<font color=”#ff8000”>芝诺效应zeno effect</font>'''会对初始状态的任何更改造成延迟。<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a ''quasi-measurement'', but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=How the quantum Zeno effect impacts Schrodinger's cat|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|website=phys.org|accessdate=18 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617153012/https://phys.org/news/2017-06-quantum-zeno-effect-impacts-schroedinger.html|archivedate=17 June 2017}}</ref> Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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On the other hand, the anti-Zeno effect accelerates the changes. For example, if you peek a look into the cat box frequently you may either cause delays to the fateful choice or, conversely, accelerate it. Both the Zeno effect and the anti-Zeno effect are real and known to happen to real atoms. The quantum system being measured must be strongly coupled to the surrounding environment (in this case to the apparatus, the experiment room ... etc.) in order to obtain more accurate information. But while there is no information passed to the outside world, it is considered to be a quasi-measurement, but as soon as the information about the cat's well-being is passed on to the outside world (by peeking into the box) quasi-measurement turns into measurement. Quasi-measurements, like measurements, cause the Zeno effects. Zeno effects teach us that even without peeking into the box, the death of the cat would have been delayed or accelerated anyway due to its environment.<br />
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另一方面，反芝诺效应加速了这种变化。例如，如果你频繁地窥视放置猫的盒子，则可能会导致延迟或加速你的决定性的选择。芝诺效应和反芝诺效应都是真实存在的，并且已知会发生在真实的原子上。为了获得更准确的信息，被测量的量子系统必须与周围的环境牢固的耦合(在这种情况下，与仪器、实验室... ..等等耦合)但是，当没有信息传递给外界时，这被认为是一种准测量，但是一旦有关猫的健康状况的信息传递给外部外界(通过窥视盒子) ，准测量就变成了测量。类似于测量的准测量会引起芝诺效应。芝诺效应告诉我们，即使不窥视盒子，猫的死亡也会因为它所处的环境而延迟或加速。<br />
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===Objective collapse theories===<br><br />
客观坍缩理论<br />
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According to [[objective collapse theories]], superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, [[irreversibility]], etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
<br />
According to objective collapse theories, superpositions are destroyed spontaneously (irrespective of external observation), when some objective physical threshold (of time, mass, temperature, irreversibility, etc.) is reached. Thus, the cat would be expected to have settled into a definite state long before the box is opened. This could loosely be phrased as "the cat observes itself", or "the environment observes the cat".<br />
<br />
根据''<font color=”#ff8000”>客观塌缩理论objective collapse theories</font>'''，当达到某种客观物理阈值(时间、质量、温度、不可逆性等)时，叠加会自发地被破坏(与外部观察无关)。因此，猫应该在盒子打开之前很久就已经进入了一个确定的状态。这可以不严谨地表述为“猫自己观察自己” ，或者“环境观察猫”。<br />
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<br />
<br />
Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Okon|first=Elias|last2=Sudarsky|first2=Daniel|date=2014-02-01|title=Benefits of Objective Collapse Models for Cosmology and Quantum Gravity|journal=Foundations of Physics|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=114–143|doi=10.1007/s10701-014-9772-6|issn=1572-9516|arxiv=1309.1730|bibcode=2014FoPh...44..114O}}</ref><br />
<br />
Objective collapse theories require a modification of standard quantum mechanics to allow superpositions to be destroyed by the process of time evolution.<br />
<br />
客观的坍塌理论要求标准量子力学进行修改，以使叠加可以被时间演化过程所破坏。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Applications and tests==<br><br />
应用程序和测试<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Quantum superposition of states and decoherence.ogv|thumb|upright=1.5|Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence|链接=Special:FilePath/Quantum_superposition_of_states_and_decoherence.ogv]]<br />
<br />
Schrödinger's cat quantum superposition of states and effect of the environment through decoherence<br />
<br />
薛定谔的猫量子叠加态和通过退相干的环境效应<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of [[mesoscopic|relatively large]] (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|title=What is the world's biggest Schrodinger cat?|website=stackexchange.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108000629/http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/3309/what-is-the-worlds-biggest-schrodinger-cat|archivedate=2012-01-08}}</ref> These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "[[cat state]]s" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near [[absolute zero]].<br />
<br />
The experiment as described is a purely theoretical one, and the machine proposed is not known to have been constructed. However, successful experiments involving similar principles, e.g. superpositions of relatively large (by the standards of quantum physics) objects have been performed. These experiments do not show that a cat-sized object can be superposed, but the known upper limit on "cat states" has been pushed upwards by them. In many cases the state is short-lived, even when cooled to near absolute zero.<br />
<br />
所描述的实验是纯理论性的实验，所提出的机器尚未被构造出来，但是已经进行了涉及类似原理的成功试验，例如:。相对较大的物体(按量子物理学的标准)的叠加已经完成。这些实验并没有表明可以将猫大小的物体叠加，但是已知的“猫状态”的上限已经被它们向上推了。在许多情况下，即使冷却到接近绝对零度，这种状态也是短暂的。<br />
<br />
* A "cat state" has been achieved with photons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|title=Schrödinger's Cat Now Made Of Light|date=27 August 2014|website=www.science20.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318091956/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/schr%C3%B6dingers_cat_now_made_light|archivedate=18 March 2012}}</ref><br><br />
光子已经达到了“猫状态”。<br />
<br />
* A beryllium ion has been trapped in a superposed state.<ref>[http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf C. Monroe, et al. ''A "Schrödinger Cat" Superposition State of an Atom''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013418/http://www.quantumsciencephilippines.com/seminar/seminar-topics/SchrodingerCatAtom.pdf |date=2012-01-07 }}</ref><br><br />
铍离子已经以叠加态被捕获。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a [[superconducting quantum interference device]] ("SQUID") has been linked to the theme of the thought experiment: "The superposition state does not correspond to a billion electrons flowing one way and a billion others flowing the other way. Superconducting electrons move en masse. All the superconducting electrons in the SQUID flow both ways around the loop at once when they are in the Schrödinger's cat state."<ref>[https://physicsworld.com/a/schrodingers-cat-comes-into-view/ Physics World: ''Schrödinger's cat comes into view'']</ref><br><br />
涉及超导量子干涉装置（“ SQUID”）的实验已与思想实验的主题联系在一起：“叠加态并不对应于十亿个电子以一种方式流动，十亿个电子以另一种方式流动。超导电子运动整体上，当SQUID中的所有超导电子都处于薛定谔的猫形状态时，它们立即沿环路双向流动。<br />
<br />
* A [[piezoelectric]] "tuning fork" has been constructed, which can be placed into a superposition of vibrating and non vibrating states. The resonator comprises about 10 trillion atoms.<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone Scientific American :'' Macro-Weirdness: "Quantum Microphone" Puts Naked-Eye Object in 2 Places at Once: A new device tests the limits of Schrödinger's cat''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021316/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quantum-microphone |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><br><br />
甲压电“音叉”已经构造，其可被置于振动和非振动状态的叠加。谐振器包含约10万亿个原子。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a flu virus has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24101/|title=How to Create Quantum Superpositions of Living Things|first=Emerging Technology from the|last=arXiv|publisher=}}</ref><br><br />
已经提出了涉及流感病毒的实验。<br />
<br />
* An experiment involving a bacterium and an electromechanical oscillator has been proposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|title=Could 'Schrödinger's bacterium' be placed in a quantum superposition?|website=physicsworld.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730174613/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2015/sep/21/could-schrodingers-bacterium-be-placed-in-a-quantum-superposition|archivedate=2016-07-30}}</ref><br><br />
已经提出了涉及细菌和机电振荡器的实验。<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
In [[quantum computing]] the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the [[Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state|GHZ state]], wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
In quantum computing the phrase "cat state" sometimes refers to the GHZ state, wherein several qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1; e.g.,<br />
<br />
在量子计算中，短语“猫状态”有时是指 GHZ 态，其中几个量子位都处于等量叠加态，全部为0，全部为1; 例如,<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
<br />
<math> | \psi \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \bigg( | 00\ldots0 \rangle + |11\ldots1 \rangle \bigg). </math><br />
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(| 00 ldots0 rangle + | 11 ldots1 rangle bigg).数学<br />
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According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat ''before'' observing it.<ref name="LS-20191107">{{cite news |last=Najjar |first=Dana |title=Physicists Can Finally Peek at Schrödinger's Cat Without Killing It Forever |url=https://www.livescience.com/schrodingers-cat-can-be-peeked-at.html |date=7 November 2019 |work=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=7 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NJP-20191001">{{cite journal |last1=Patekar |first1=Kartik |last2=Hofmann |first2=Holger F. |title=The role of system–meter entanglement in controlling the resolution and decoherence of quantum measurements |journal=[[New Journal of Physics]] |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=103006 |doi=10.1088/1367-2630/ab4451 |year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
According to at least one proposal, it may be possible to determine the state of the cat before observing it.<br />
<br />
至少有一种建议认为，在观察猫之前可能确定它的状态。<br />
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==Extensions==<br><br />
扩展<br />
<br />
[[Wigner's friend]] is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
<br />
Wigner's friend is a variant on the experiment with two human observers: the first makes an observation on whether a flash of light is seen and then communicates his observation to a second observer. The issue here is, does the wave function "collapse" when the first observer looks at the experiment, or only when the second observer is informed of the first observer's observations?<br />
<br />
维格纳的朋友是该实验的一个变体，有两个人类观察者: 第一个观察者观察一道闪光是否被看到，然后将他的观察结果传达给第二个观察者。这里的问题是，当第一个观察者观察实验时，波函数是“坍缩”的，还是只有当第二个观察者被告知第一个观察者的观察时，波函数才会“坍缩” ？<br />
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<br />
<br />
In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing [[dark energy]] in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
In another extension, prominent physicists have gone so far as to suggest that astronomers observing dark energy in the universe in 1998 may have "reduced its life expectancy" through a pseudo-Schrödinger's cat scenario, although this is a controversial viewpoint.<ref>{{cite web<br />
<br />
另一方面，一些著名物理学家甚至认为，1998年观测到宇宙暗能量的天文学家可能通过一个伪薛定谔猫的假设“缩短了它的寿命”，尽管这是一个有争议的观点。<br />
<br />
|last = Chown<br />
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|last = Chown<br />
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最后的巧克力<br />
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|first = Marcus<br />
<br />
|first = Marcus<br />
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首先是马库斯<br />
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|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
|authorlink = Marcus Chown<br />
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作者: Marcus Chown<br />
<br />
|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
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|title = Has observing the universe hastened its end?<br />
<br />
观察宇宙是否加速了它的结束？<br />
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|work = [[New Scientist]]<br />
<br />
|work = New Scientist<br />
<br />
作者: 《新科学家》<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
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|date = 2007-11-22<br />
<br />
日期2007-11-22<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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|url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
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Https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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|accessdate = 2007-11-25<br />
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2007-11-25<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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|url-status = live<br />
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状态直播<br />
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/<br />
<br />
| archiveurl https://web.archive.org/web/20160310002305/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626313-800-has-observing-the-universe-hastened-its-end/ <br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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|archivedate = 2016-03-10<br />
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2016-03-10<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal<br />
<br />
} / ref { cite journal<br />
<br />
| last = Krauss<br />
<br />
| last = Krauss<br />
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最后的克劳斯<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
<br />
| first = Lawrence M.<br />
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首先是劳伦斯 m。<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
<br />
| authorlink =Lawrence M. Krauss<br />
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| authorlink 劳伦斯·麦克斯韦·克劳斯<br />
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|author2=James Dent<br />
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|author2=James Dent<br />
<br />
作者: 詹姆斯 · 登特<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
| title = Late Time Behavior of False Vacuum Decay: Possible Implications for Cosmology and Metastable Inflating States<br />
<br />
虚假真空衰变的后期行为: 对宇宙学和亚稳态膨胀态的可能影响<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett.<br />
<br />
体育杂志。牧师。莱特。<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
| volume = 100<br />
<br />
第100卷<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
| issue = 17<br />
<br />
第17期<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
| pages =171301<br />
<br />
171301页<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| location = US<br />
<br />
| 位置: US<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
| date = April 30, 2008<br />
<br />
日期: 2008年4月30日<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
| arxiv = 0711.1821<br />
<br />
0711.1821<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.171301<br />
<br />
| doi 10.1103 / physrvlett. 100.171301<br />
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| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
| pmid = 18518269<br />
<br />
18518269<br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id =|bibcode = 2008PhRvL.100q1301K }}</ref><br />
<br />
| id | bibcode 2008PhRvL. 100 q1301K } / ref<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br><br />
另请参阅<br />
<br />
{{Portal|Physics|Cats}}<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
*基本功能 [[Basis function]]<br />
<br />
*互补性（物理） [[Complementarity (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*共识现实 [[Consensus reality]]<br />
<br />
*双缝实验 [[Double-slit experiment]]<br />
<br />
*Elitzur–Vaidman炸弹测试仪 [[Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester]]<br />
<br />
*半衰期 [[Half-life]]<br />
<br />
*海森堡切 [[Heisenberg cut]]<br />
<br />
*麦克斯韦的恶魔 [[Maxwell's Demon]]<br />
<br />
*测量问题 [[Measurement problem]]<br />
<br />
*微黑洞 [[Micro black hole]]<br />
<br />
*情态现实主义 [[Modal realism]]<br />
<br />
*观察者效应（物理） [[Observer effect (physics)]]<br />
<br />
*薛定谔故障 [[Schroedinbug]]<br />
<br />
*流行文化中的薛定谔的猫 [[Schrödinger's cat in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
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<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
* The EPR paper: {{cite journal|last1=Einstein |first1=Albert |last2=Podolsky|first2=Boris |last3=Rosen|first3=Nathan|author-link1=Albert Einstein |author-link2=Boris Podolsky |author-link3=Nathan Rosen |title=Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?|journal=Physical Review|date=15 May 1935|volume=47|issue=10|pages=777–780|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |bibcode=1935PhRv...47..777E|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite web |last1=Leggett |first1=Tony |title=New Life for Schrödinger's Cat |url=https://jrfriedman.people.amherst.edu/Leggett%20Physics%20World%20article/PW%20article.pdf |pages=23–24 |date= August 2000 |publisher=Physics World |accessdate=28 February 2020}} An article on experiments with "cat state" superpositions in superconducting rings, in which the electrons go around the ring in two directions simultaneously.<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal | first=John D.| last=Trimmer | title=The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics: A Translation of Schrödinger's "Cat Paradox" Paper | journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]] | volume =124| issue= 5 | pages=323–338 | date=1980 | jstor=986572 }}{{registration required}}<br />
<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Yam |first1=Phillip |title=Bringing Schrödinger's Cat to Life |journal=Scientific American |date=October 9, 2012 |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/bringing-schrodingers-quantum-cat-to-life/ |accessdate=28 February 2020}} A description of investigations of quantum "cat states" and wave function collapse by [[Serge Haroche]] and [[David J. Wineland]], for which they won the 2012 [[List of Nobel laureates in Physics|Nobel Prize in Physics]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Schrödinger's Cat}}<br />
<br />
* [[:File:Schrodingers-cat.ogg|A spoken word version]] of this article (created from a revision of the article dated 2013-08-12).<br />
<br />
* ''[http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/experiments/schrodingerscat/ Schrödinger's Cat]'' from the Information Philosopher.<br />
<br />
* [http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/schrodinger.htm Schrödinger's Cat - Sixty Symbols] - a video published by the [[University of Nottingham]].<br />
<br />
* [http://soundcloud.com/siftpodcast/schr-dingers-cat Schrödinger's Cat] - a podcast produced by Sift.<br />
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<br />
{{Quantum mechanics topics}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Schrodinger's cat}}<br />
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[[Category:Schrödinger's cat]]<br />
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Category:Schrödinger's cat<br />
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分类: 薛定谔的猫<br />
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[[Category:Concepts in physics]]<br />
<br />
Category:Concepts in physics<br />
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分类: 物理概念<br />
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[[Category:Physical paradoxes]]<br />
<br />
Category:Physical paradoxes<br />
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类别: 物理悖论<br />
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[[Category:Quantum measurement]]<br />
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Category:Quantum measurement<br />
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类别: 量子测量<br />
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[[Category:Fictional cats]]<br />
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Category:Fictional cats<br />
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分类: 虚构的猫<br />
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[[Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics]]<br />
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Category:Thought experiments in quantum mechanics<br />
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类别: 量子力学的思维实验<br />
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[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
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Category:Articles containing video clips<br />
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类别: 包含视频剪辑的文章<br />
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<noinclude><br />
<br />
<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Schrödinger's cat]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[薛定谔的猫/edithistory]]</small></noinclude><br />
<br />
[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90&diff=25228老子2021-08-02T05:16:10Z<p>Nancy：</p>
<hr />
<div>由CecileLi初步审校。多处中英文未放在对应位置，以及有缺失无格式的英文。<br />
== 基本信息 ==<br />
<div style="width:100%;height:300px;align:center"><br />
<div style="width:30%;float:left"><br />
[[File:|right|200px]]<br />
</div><br />
<div style="width:68%;float:left;margin-left:2%"><br />
{| class="wikitable" width="75%"<br />
|-style="height:30px"<br />
! 类别 !! 信息<br />
|-<br />
|姓名：|| 老子(李聃) Li Dan 姓李名耳，字聃，一字伯阳，或曰谥伯阳<br />
|-<br />
|出生日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
|-<br />
|逝世日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|所属学派：|| 中国道家<br />
|-<br />
| 研究领域：||哲学<br />
<br />
|}<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<br /><br />
<br />
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<br />
Lao Tzu (or), also rendered as Laozi; was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching, A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various anti-authoritarian movements and Chinese Legalism.<br />
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老子（Lao Tzu/Laozi），中国古代哲学家、文学家，《道德经》作者。老子是中国文化的核心人物，李唐一族以及现在许多李姓族人都将老子视为李姓始祖。老子的思想和作品同时为儒家和法家所所接受。<br />
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==名字==<br />
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Lao Tzu itself is a [[Chinese honorifics|Chinese honorific title]]: {{lang|zh|{{linktext|老}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''r[[Pharyngealization|ˤu]] [[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "old, venerable")<ref name=baxsag/> and {{lang|zh|{{linktext|子}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[Reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''tsə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "master").<ref name=baxsag/> In traditional accounts, ''Laozi'''s actual [[Chinese personal names|personal name]] is usually given as Li&nbsp;Er {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|耳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''rə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]&nbsp;nə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'',<ref name=baxsag>{{cite web |last1=Baxter |first1=William |first2=Laurent |last2=Sagart |url=http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf |title=Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction |date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Lǐ&nbsp;Ěr'') and his [[courtesy name]] as Boyang {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|trad.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|陽}}}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|simp.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|阳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''P[[Pharyngealization|ˤrak]]-lang'',<ref name=baxsag/> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Bóyáng''). A prominent [[posthumous name]] was ''Li&nbsp;Dan'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|聃}}}},}} ''Lǐ&nbsp;Dān'').<ref>{{Harvtxt|Luo|2004|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kramer|1986|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=2}}</ref> [[Sima Qian]] in his biography mentions his name as ''Lǐ Ěr'', and his literary name as ''Lǐ Dān'', which became the deferential ''Lǎo Dān'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|聃}}}},}} ''Lǎo&nbsp;Dān'').<ref name="LDR">"Sima Qian identifies the old master as a "Lao Dan"...." in {{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lee Dian |title=Decoding Dao: Reading the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) and the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46567-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNFiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |language=en}}</ref> The name ''Lǎo Dān'' also appears interchangeably with ''Lǎo Zi'' in early Daoist texts such as the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'',<ref name="LDR"/> and may also be the name by which ''Lao Tzu'' was addressed by [[Confucius]] when they possibly met.<ref name="LDR"/> According to the ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'', "the 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)".<ref>"The 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)" in {{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Dr Brian |last2=Mahalingam |first2=Indira |title=Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96058-3 |page=497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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在中国，“老子”这个词本意是一个尊称。传统观点认为，老子的真实名字是李耳，字为伯阳，谥李聃。司马迁的《史记》中记载，老子名李耳，字李聃，人们尊称其为老聃。《庄子》中也用老聃称呼老子，据说孔子与老子相遇时称呼老子为老聃。 根据《亚洲哲学百科全书指南》（Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy），人们将道家学派的创始人称之为老聃，也叫老子。<br />
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The honorific title ''Lao Tzu'' has been [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still ''Lao Tzu'', which is based on the formerly prevalent [[Wade–Giles]] system.<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tzu'' and ''Lao-Tzu''.</ref><ref name="ngoog" /> In the 19th century, the title was usually romanized as ''Lao-tse''.<ref name=ngoog>Franz, Alex et al. ed. [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=(Laozi)%2B(LaoZi)%2B(Lao+Zi)%2B(Lao+zi)%2C(Laotze)%2B(LaoTze)%2B(Lao+tze)%2B(Lao+Tze)%2C(Laotse)%2B(LaoTse)%2B(Lao+tse)%2B(Lao+Tse)%2CLaocius%2C(Lao+Tzu)%2B(Lao+tzu)%2B(Laotzu)%2B(LaoTzu)%2CLaosi%2C(Lao+Tsu)%2B(Lao+tsu)%2B(Laotsu)%2B(LaoTsu)&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=10&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28Laozi%29%20%2B%20%28LaoZi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Zi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20zi%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotze%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tze%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotse%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tse%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaocius%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotzu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTzu%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaosi%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotsu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTsu%29%3B%2Cc0 Google corpus]. 2008. Retrieved 17 Jan;2014.</ref><ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tse'' and ''Lao-Tse''.</ref> Other forms include the variants ''Lao-tze'',<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tze'' and ''Lao-Tze''.</ref> ''Lao-tsu''<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tsu'' and ''Lao-Tsu''.</ref> and ''Laozi/Lao Zi.''<br />
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The honorific title Lao Tzu has been romanized numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still Lao Tzu, which is based on the formerly prevalent Wade–Giles system. Other forms include the variants Lao-tze, Lao-tsu and Laozi/Lao Zi.<br />
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老子的称号有很多种形式，这也导致了在不同语境下的语意不明。但目前最常见的称呼仍然是由威妥玛式拼音而来的“老子”（Lao Tzu）。在19世纪，其称呼通常用罗马拼音“Lao-tse”。其它的变体形式通常包括Lao-tze，Lao-tsu和Laozi/Lao zi。<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】英文顺序乱了有调整<br />
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As a religious figure, he is worshipped under the name "Supreme Old Lord" }}, Tàishàng Lǎojūn) and as one of the "Three Pure Ones". During the Tang dynasty, he was granted the title "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor" ,}} Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì).<br />
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在宗教领域，老子被冠以“太上老君”，“三圣”之一等称号，唐朝时被追封为“太上玄元皇帝”。<br />
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==历代观点==<br />
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In the mid-twentieth century, a consensus emerged among scholars that the [[historicity]] of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watson|1968|p=8}}</ref> <br />
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二十世纪中叶，学术界一致怀疑老子是否真实存在，认为《道德经》是“多人汇编的道教语录”。<br />
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The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st‑century&nbsp;BC ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' collected by the historian [[Sima Qian]] from earlier accounts. In one account, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of [[Confucius]] during the 6th or 5th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC. His [[Chinese surname#Shi|surname]] was [[Li (surname 李)|Li]] and his personal name was Er or Dan. He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west. In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of [[Confucius]] titled Lao Laizi {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|莱|子}}}})}} and wrote a book in 15 parts. In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century&nbsp;BC reign of [[list of dukes of Qin|Duke]] [[Duke Xian of Qin (424–362 BC)|Xian]] of the [[state of Qin|Qin Dynasty]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Fowler|2005|p=96}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Robinet|1997|p=26}}</ref> The oldest text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' so far recovered was part of the [[Guodian Chu Slips]]. It was written on [[bamboo slips]], and dates to the late 4th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.<ref name="stanford">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Laozi |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Stanford University|year=2018 |quote=The discovery of two ''Laozi'' silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern ''Laozi'' research. The manuscripts, identified simply as 'A' (jia) and 'B' (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 BC. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the 'A' manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195 BC.<br/><br/>"Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the ''Laozi''. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in [[Guodian, Jingmen|Guodian]], Jingmen city, [[Hubei]], has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the ''Laozi''. The tomb...is dated around 300 BC.}}</ref><br />
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老子最早见载于司马迁的《史记》。一说老子生活于公元前六世纪或五世纪，与孔子同期。他姓李名耳，字聃，曾任周朝守藏室之史，西行前著书一本，共两篇；二说老子与孔子同期，但名为老莱子，著书一本，共十五篇；三说老子为周朝的占星术士，生活于公元前四世纪的秦朝咸阳。迄今为止，发现的最古老的《道德经》写在《郭店楚墓竹简》上，竹简上的文字可追溯至公元前四世纪后期。<br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/taoism_lao-tzu.html |title=Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) Scroll Paintings and Posters |publisher=Edepot.com |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the [[Yellow Emperor]] and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13">{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=223–24}}</ref><br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of Zhou. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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传统观点认为，老子是一位学者，曾担任周朝守藏室之史。据记载，官职的原因使他能够广泛接触黄帝的作品和其他当时的经典作品。据说，老子从未开设过正规学校，但仍然吸引了大批学生和忠实的弟子。讲述他与孔子相遇的故事有很多，其中最著名的是《庄子》中的阐述。<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the [[village (China)|village]] of [[Chu Jen]] in [[state of Chu|Chu]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001}}</ref> In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the village of Chu Jen in Chu. In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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据说，老子是楚苦县厉乡曲仁里人。在老子结婚的地方，他有一个儿子，名叫宗，为著名将领。<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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相传，李宗从小与父亲分离。有一次李宗打了胜仗后，将敌军尸体抛尸荒野，任由秃鹫侵蚀。老子周游列国、宣传道家思想，恰巧来到此地，被发现是李宗的父亲。老子教导李宗与敌为善，对死者不敬会招致敌人报复。李宗深受触动，命令手下埋葬敌军尸体并举行葬礼哀悼死者，从而实现了持久的和平。<br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi,<ref name="Woolf2007 1">{{cite book|author= Woolf, Greg|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Li+Er+Laozi|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|pages=218–19}}</ref> including the [[List of rulers of China|emperors]] of the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{Citation |accessdate=8 February 2012|title=The Chinese: their history and culture, Volume 1|author=Latourette, Kenneth Scott|quote=T'ai Tsung's family professed descent from Lao Tzu (for the latter's reputed patronymic was likewise Li)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ultxAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1934|publisher=Macmillan|page=191}}</ref><ref name="Woolf2007 1" /><ref name="Hargett2006">{{cite book|author= Hargett, James M.|title=Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m21KGsV8ihgC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6682-7|pages=54–}}</ref> This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage ([[w:zh:隴西李氏|隴西李氏]]). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|p=12}}</ref><br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi, including the emperors of the Tang dynasty. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<br />
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许多李氏一族追认老子为李姓始祖，包括李唐一族。该氏族被称为陇西李氏。根据辛普金斯一家（the Simpinses）的观点，尽管其中的许多血统都让人怀疑，但是这证明了老子对于中国文化的影响力。<br />
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The third story in [[Sima Qian]] states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in [[Chengzhou]] and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard [[Yinxi]]. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the ''Tao Te Ching'', although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=14, 17, 54–55}}</ref> In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of [[Siddartha Gautama]], the [[Buddha]]. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=224–25}}</ref><br />
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The third story in Sima Qian states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in Chengzhou and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard Yinxi. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the Tao Te Ching, although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again. In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama, the Buddha. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<br />
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《史记》中记载，周王朝礼崩乐坏、日渐衰落，老子感到厌倦。八十岁时，老子欲西行归隐。行至函谷关，守关官员尹喜认出老子，恳求老子在出关前以王朝兴盛为己任，将圣智著成书。老子所著人称《道德经》，不过其现存版本含有后世增补内容。另说尹喜为《道德经》所动，遂拜老子为师，与其一同离开，不知所踪。又说老子最后到达了印度，成为了佛陀释迦摩尼的老师。还有一种说法认为老子就是佛陀本人。<br />
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A seventh-century work, the Sandong Zhunang ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by Yinxi, who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the Tao and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the Tao.<br />
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A seventh-century work, the ''Sandong Zhunang'' ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by [[Yinxi]], who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the ''Tao'' and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the ''Tao''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|p=55}}</ref><br />
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唐代作品《三洞珠囊》中对老子与尹喜的相遇进行了补充。老子行至函谷关，自称贫贱老翁，但被尹喜认出，请求师从老子。老子不悦，询问原因。尹喜表达追寻“道”的强烈愿望，称自己好观天文，见紫气东来，知有圣人西行。于是老子收尹喜为弟子。这可谓是道教始祖与弟子互动的典范，反映了一个求道者在被接受之前必须经历的考验。一个追随者应该证明自己的决心和才能，清楚的表达自己的愿望，表明自己在实现道的道路上已经取得了进步。<br />
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The ''Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns'' continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the ''Tao Te Ching'', along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the ''Tao'' personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=55–56}}</ref><br />
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The Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the Tao Te Ching, along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the Tao personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<br />
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《三洞珠囊》的故事延续了一个追随者想要的追求。老子向尹喜传授《道德经》及其他道家著作时，尹喜接受了很多戒律。而这些戒律只是一个初步任务，尹喜还需要很多的修行来完善他的道，所以老子给了他三年时间来完善他的“道”。尹喜全身心的投入到道的学习当中，在三年时间过后，尹喜再次表现出决心和完全的信任，所有人都认为他是一匹道家思想的黑马。最终，他再次与老子见面，老子宣布他以阴天仙人的名字列入天界，并号召进行天界大游行，为尹喜穿上仙人的外衣。在这个故事中，老子还赋予尹喜许多头衔，并带他踏上了探索整个宇宙的修行之旅，甚至进入了九重天。经过这段奇妙的旅程，两位圣人最终进入了西游并传授道。在训练时期，“相聚”和“修行”代表着中世纪道教中最高的宗教等级，即“三洞的感受者”。在这个传说中，老子是完美的道家大师，尹喜是理想的道家学生。老子呈现为道的世俗化身，向人们传授道，让人解脱，获得救赎。尹喜则遵循了准备、测试、培训和得道的完备过程。<br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the [[Han dynasty]]. As [[Taoism]] took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the ''Tao'' from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the [[Way of the Celestial Masters]], the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the ''Tao''. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the ''Tao Te Ching'' but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the ''Tao''.<ref name="Kohn 3-4"/><br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the Han dynasty. As Taoism took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the Tao from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the Way of the Celestial Masters, the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the Tao. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the Tao Te Ching but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the Tao. Other myths state that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao.<br />
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自汉代以来，老子的故事就带有强烈的宗教色彩。随着道教的生根发芽，老子被尊崇为神。人们认为老子是道的启示者，由此推动了天师道的形成。天师道是第一个有组织的宗教教派。在后来成熟的道家传统中，老子逐渐被视为道的化身。据说他在整个历史中经历了无数的“转变” ，并以各种各样的化身形象来启蒙求道的信徒。道教中认为，老子在写完《道德经》之后并没有消失，而是一生都在游历和揭示道。在其他神话传说中，老子共有13次化身，从人皇伏羲到老子。最后一世作为老子，他活了九百九十年，用他的一生修行来揭示道。<br />
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==道德经==<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Daodejing''), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|p=223}}</ref> It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese [[cosmogony]]. As with most other ancient [[Chinese philosophers]], Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the Tao Te Ching (Daodejing), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history. It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese cosmogony. As with most other ancient Chinese philosophers, Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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《道德经》作者或编者的身份一直是人们争论的焦点。传统观点认为，老子就是《道德经》的作者。《道德经》中国宇宙起源论中最重要的论文之一。老子和大多数中国古代哲学家一样，常常运用悖论、反讽、类比、用典、反复、对仗、重章叠韵、音韵和谐等方式来阐释自己的思想。事实上，《道德经》整本书都可以看作是一个类比——统治者是冥想中的意识或者自我，芸芸众生和列国则是则是对身体、感官和欲望的体验。<br />
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{{Main|Tao Te Ching|Tao|Wu wei}}<br />
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[[File:Ping Sien Si - 016 Lao zi (16135526115).jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|Laozi Immortal and Grand Master of Heaven|链接=Special:FilePath/Ping_Sien_Si_-_016_Lao_zi_(16135526115).jpg]]<br />
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The ''Tao Te Ching'', often called simply ''Laozi'' after its reputed author, describes the ''Dao'' (or ''Tao'') as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The ''Tao Te Ching'' intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --><ref>{{Harvtxt|Van Norden|Ivanhoe|2005|p=162}}</ref> Language and [[conventional wisdom]] are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<ref name="Kohn-22">{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=22}}</ref><br />
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The Tao Te Ching, often called simply Laozi after its reputed author, describes the Dao (or Tao) as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The Tao Te Ching intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --> Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<br />
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《道德经》因其作者老子的名字而被简称为《老子》 ，老子把道描述为一切存在的源泉和理想: 它是看不见的，但并不是超越认知的，它是非常强大却又是极其卑微的，是万物的根源。人们有欲望和自由意志(因此能够改变自己的本性)。但是许多人的行为“不自然” ，打破了道的自然平衡。《道德经》意图引导人们“回归”到他们的自然状态，与道和谐相处。在书中，言语和传统智慧受到批判。道教认为它们天生带有偏见，是人为的，并在书中广泛使用悖论来强化这一观点。<br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of ''wu wei'', free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "[[ignorance]]", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an [[apologetic]] of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (''gushen'') and "soul" (''po''), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of wu wei, free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "ignorance", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an apologetic of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (gushen) and "soul" (po), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<br />
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Livia Kohn 举例说明老子如何通过改变而非行动回归自然。技术可能让人误以为社会在进步。老子并不排斥技术，他追求平静的无为状态，摆脱欲望。这与老子鼓励统治者保持人民“无知”或“思想简单”的许多言论有关。一些学者坚持认为这种解释忽略了宗教语境，另一些学者则质疑这种解释是对文本哲学连贯性的辩护。如果老子真的打算告诉统治者让他们的人民保持无知，这是非常寻常的政治建议。然而，文本中的“谷神”、“魄“等术语，具有形而上的语境，并不能与作品的纯道德解读相吻合。<br />
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''[[Wu wei]]'' (無為), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the ''Tao Te Ching''. The concept of ''wu wei'' is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watts|1975|pp=78–86}}</ref><br />
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无为，字面意思是“不为”，是《道德经》的核心观点。“无为”有多重含义，也有多种英语翻译。在文学意义上，它可能意味着“不做任何事情”，“不强迫”，“不行动”，“虚无”，“自发行动”和“随时间流逝”。<br />
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It is a concept used to explain ''[[ziran]]'' (自然), or harmony with the ''Tao''. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with [[simplicity]] and [[humility]] as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between ''wu wei'' and [[esoteric]] practices, such as ''[[zuowang]]'' "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking.<br />
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Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】缺失翻译 补充：无为是一个用来解释“自然”或“与道和谐”的概念。它包含价值差异是意识形态的，并将各种野心视为同一来源的概念。老子广泛地使用这个词，把朴素和谦逊作为主要美德，并常常把它们与自私的行为形成对比。在政治层面上，这意味着统治者要避免战争、实行轻徭薄赋等政策。一些道家学者认为，无为与深奥的行为有联系，如《庄子》中的左王“坐忘”（清空身体意识和思想的心灵）。<br />
纵观中国历史，士大夫以老庄思想为工具，拥护王道而非霸道。庄子继承发展了老子的主要思想，对中国文化和文化产生了深远的影响。老子的修身养性、无为无言影响了千百万中国人。受到老子影响的政治理论家都提倡谦逊治国、无为而治，无论是出于伦理或和平原因，还是出于战术目的。历代反专制起义都不同程度地接纳了老子的弱者之道。<br />
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===道教===<br />
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人们一般认为，因为老子与道德经和“原始”道家有着密切的联系，所以他是道家的创始人。民间流行的道教典型地将玉皇大帝作为官方最具权威的神。知识分子(“精英”)的道家，如天师派，通常把老子(老君)和三净奉为神明。<br />
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== 影响 ==<br />
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纵观中国历史，士大夫以老庄思想为工具，拥护王道而非霸道。庄子继承发展了老子的主要思想，对中国文化和文化产生了深远的影响。老子的修身养性、无为无言影响了千百万中国人。受到老子影响的政治理论家都提倡谦逊治国、无为而治，无论是出于伦理或和平原因，还是出于战术目的。历代反专制起义都不同程度地接纳了老子的弱者之道。<br />
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老子是无政府主义的倡导者。左派自由主义者尤其受到老子的影响——无政府工团主义作家和活动家Rudolf Rocker在他1937年出版的《民族主义和文化》（Nationalism and Culture''）''一书中赞扬了老子的“温和智慧”以及对政治权力与人民和社区的文化活动之间的对立的理解。在1910年发表在《大英百科全书》的文章中，Peter Kropotkin还指出，老子本质上是无政府主义概念的最早支持者之一。近年来，无政府主义者如 John p. Clark 和Ursula K. Le Guin 以不同的方式写了关于无政府主义和道教之间的联系的文章，特别强调了老子的教义。在讲述《道德经》时，Le Guin 写道，老子“并不把政治权力视为无限制的权利。他认为合法的权力是挣来的，错误的权力被篡夺了... ... 他认为自我牺牲或他人牺牲是权力的堕落，权力对任何遵循道路的人都是有效的。所以无政府主义者和道教徒会成为好朋友。”<br />
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右翼自由主义经济学家Murray Rothbard认为老子是第一个自由主义者，他把老子的政府观点比作Friedrich Hayek的自发秩序理论。James A. Dorn对此表示赞同，他在书中写道，老子和许多18世纪的自由主义者一样，“认为最小化政府的作用，让个人自发发展，才是实现社会和经济和谐的最佳途径。”同样，Cato研究所的David Boaz在他1997年出版的《The Libertarian Reader》一书中也引用了《道德经》中的一些段落。然而，哲学家Roderick Long认为，道家思想中的自由意志主义主题实际上是从早期的儒家作家那里借鉴来的。<br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90&diff=25227老子2021-08-02T05:09:04Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>由CecileLi初步审校。多处中英文未放在对应位置，以及有缺失无格式的英文。<br />
== 基本信息 ==<br />
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|姓名：|| 老子(李聃) Li Dan 姓李名耳，字聃，一字伯阳，或曰谥伯阳<br />
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|出生日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
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|逝世日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
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|所属学派：|| 中国道家<br />
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| 研究领域：||哲学<br />
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Lao Tzu (or), also rendered as Laozi; was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching, A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various anti-authoritarian movements and Chinese Legalism.<br />
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老子（Lao Tzu/Laozi），中国古代哲学家、文学家，《道德经》作者。老子是中国文化的核心人物，李唐一族以及现在许多李姓族人都将老子视为李姓始祖。老子的思想和作品同时为儒家和法家所所接受。<br />
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==名字==<br />
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Lao Tzu itself is a [[Chinese honorifics|Chinese honorific title]]: {{lang|zh|{{linktext|老}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''r[[Pharyngealization|ˤu]] [[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "old, venerable")<ref name=baxsag/> and {{lang|zh|{{linktext|子}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[Reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''tsə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "master").<ref name=baxsag/> In traditional accounts, ''Laozi'''s actual [[Chinese personal names|personal name]] is usually given as Li&nbsp;Er {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|耳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''rə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]&nbsp;nə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'',<ref name=baxsag>{{cite web |last1=Baxter |first1=William |first2=Laurent |last2=Sagart |url=http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf |title=Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction |date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Lǐ&nbsp;Ěr'') and his [[courtesy name]] as Boyang {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|trad.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|陽}}}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|simp.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|阳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''P[[Pharyngealization|ˤrak]]-lang'',<ref name=baxsag/> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Bóyáng''). A prominent [[posthumous name]] was ''Li&nbsp;Dan'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|聃}}}},}} ''Lǐ&nbsp;Dān'').<ref>{{Harvtxt|Luo|2004|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kramer|1986|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=2}}</ref> [[Sima Qian]] in his biography mentions his name as ''Lǐ Ěr'', and his literary name as ''Lǐ Dān'', which became the deferential ''Lǎo Dān'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|聃}}}},}} ''Lǎo&nbsp;Dān'').<ref name="LDR">"Sima Qian identifies the old master as a "Lao Dan"...." in {{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lee Dian |title=Decoding Dao: Reading the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) and the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46567-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNFiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |language=en}}</ref> The name ''Lǎo Dān'' also appears interchangeably with ''Lǎo Zi'' in early Daoist texts such as the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'',<ref name="LDR"/> and may also be the name by which ''Lao Tzu'' was addressed by [[Confucius]] when they possibly met.<ref name="LDR"/> According to the ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'', "the 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)".<ref>"The 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)" in {{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Dr Brian |last2=Mahalingam |first2=Indira |title=Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96058-3 |page=497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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在中国，“老子”这个词本意是一个尊称。传统观点认为，老子的真实名字是李耳，字为伯阳，谥李聃。司马迁的《史记》中记载，老子名李耳，字李聃，人们尊称其为老聃。《庄子》中也用老聃称呼老子，据说孔子与老子相遇时称呼老子为老聃。 根据《亚洲哲学百科全书指南》（Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy），人们将道家学派的创始人称之为老聃，也叫老子。<br />
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The honorific title ''Lao Tzu'' has been [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still ''Lao Tzu'', which is based on the formerly prevalent [[Wade–Giles]] system.<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tzu'' and ''Lao-Tzu''.</ref><ref name="ngoog" /> In the 19th century, the title was usually romanized as ''Lao-tse''.<ref name=ngoog>Franz, Alex et al. ed. [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=(Laozi)%2B(LaoZi)%2B(Lao+Zi)%2B(Lao+zi)%2C(Laotze)%2B(LaoTze)%2B(Lao+tze)%2B(Lao+Tze)%2C(Laotse)%2B(LaoTse)%2B(Lao+tse)%2B(Lao+Tse)%2CLaocius%2C(Lao+Tzu)%2B(Lao+tzu)%2B(Laotzu)%2B(LaoTzu)%2CLaosi%2C(Lao+Tsu)%2B(Lao+tsu)%2B(Laotsu)%2B(LaoTsu)&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=10&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28Laozi%29%20%2B%20%28LaoZi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Zi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20zi%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotze%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tze%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotse%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tse%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaocius%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotzu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTzu%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaosi%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotsu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTsu%29%3B%2Cc0 Google corpus]. 2008. Retrieved 17 Jan;2014.</ref><ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tse'' and ''Lao-Tse''.</ref> Other forms include the variants ''Lao-tze'',<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tze'' and ''Lao-Tze''.</ref> ''Lao-tsu''<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tsu'' and ''Lao-Tsu''.</ref> and ''Laozi/Lao Zi.''<br />
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The honorific title Lao Tzu has been romanized numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still Lao Tzu, which is based on the formerly prevalent Wade–Giles system. Other forms include the variants Lao-tze, Lao-tsu and Laozi/Lao Zi.<br />
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老子的称号有很多种形式，这也导致了在不同语境下的语意不明。但目前最常见的称呼仍然是由威妥玛式拼音而来的“老子”（Lao Tzu）。在19世纪，其称呼通常用罗马拼音“Lao-tse”。其它的变体形式通常包括Lao-tze，Lao-tsu和Laozi/Lao zi。<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】英文顺序乱了有调整<br />
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As a religious figure, he is worshipped under the name "Supreme Old Lord" }}, Tàishàng Lǎojūn) and as one of the "Three Pure Ones". During the Tang dynasty, he was granted the title "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor" ,}} Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì).<br />
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在宗教领域，老子被冠以“太上老君”，“三圣”之一等称号，唐朝时被追封为“太上玄元皇帝”。<br />
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==历代观点==<br />
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In the mid-twentieth century, a consensus emerged among scholars that the [[historicity]] of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watson|1968|p=8}}</ref> <br />
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二十世纪中叶，学术界一致怀疑老子是否真实存在，认为《道德经》是“多人汇编的道教语录”。<br />
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The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st‑century&nbsp;BC ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' collected by the historian [[Sima Qian]] from earlier accounts. In one account, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of [[Confucius]] during the 6th or 5th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC. His [[Chinese surname#Shi|surname]] was [[Li (surname 李)|Li]] and his personal name was Er or Dan. He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west. In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of [[Confucius]] titled Lao Laizi {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|莱|子}}}})}} and wrote a book in 15 parts. In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century&nbsp;BC reign of [[list of dukes of Qin|Duke]] [[Duke Xian of Qin (424–362 BC)|Xian]] of the [[state of Qin|Qin Dynasty]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Fowler|2005|p=96}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Robinet|1997|p=26}}</ref> The oldest text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' so far recovered was part of the [[Guodian Chu Slips]]. It was written on [[bamboo slips]], and dates to the late 4th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.<ref name="stanford">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Laozi |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Stanford University|year=2018 |quote=The discovery of two ''Laozi'' silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern ''Laozi'' research. The manuscripts, identified simply as 'A' (jia) and 'B' (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 BC. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the 'A' manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195 BC.<br/><br/>"Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the ''Laozi''. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in [[Guodian, Jingmen|Guodian]], Jingmen city, [[Hubei]], has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the ''Laozi''. The tomb...is dated around 300 BC.}}</ref><br />
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老子最早见载于司马迁的《史记》。一说老子生活于公元前六世纪或五世纪，与孔子同期。他姓李名耳，字聃，曾任周朝守藏室之史，西行前著书一本，共两篇；二说老子与孔子同期，但名为老莱子，著书一本，共十五篇；三说老子为周朝的占星术士，生活于公元前四世纪的秦朝咸阳。迄今为止，发现的最古老的《道德经》写在《郭店楚墓竹简》上，竹简上的文字可追溯至公元前四世纪后期。<br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/taoism_lao-tzu.html |title=Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) Scroll Paintings and Posters |publisher=Edepot.com |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the [[Yellow Emperor]] and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13">{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=223–24}}</ref><br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of Zhou. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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传统观点认为，老子是一位学者，曾担任周朝守藏室之史。据记载，官职的原因使他能够广泛接触黄帝的作品和其他当时的经典作品。据说，老子从未开设过正规学校，但仍然吸引了大批学生和忠实的弟子。讲述他与孔子相遇的故事有很多，其中最著名的是《庄子》中的阐述。<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the [[village (China)|village]] of [[Chu Jen]] in [[state of Chu|Chu]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001}}</ref> In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the village of Chu Jen in Chu. In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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据说，老子是楚苦县厉乡曲仁里人。在老子结婚的地方，他有一个儿子，名叫宗，为著名将领。<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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相传，李宗从小与父亲分离。有一次李宗打了胜仗后，将敌军尸体抛尸荒野，任由秃鹫侵蚀。老子周游列国、宣传道家思想，恰巧来到此地，被发现是李宗的父亲。老子教导李宗与敌为善，对死者不敬会招致敌人报复。李宗深受触动，命令手下埋葬敌军尸体并举行葬礼哀悼死者，从而实现了持久的和平。<br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi,<ref name="Woolf2007 1">{{cite book|author= Woolf, Greg|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Li+Er+Laozi|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|pages=218–19}}</ref> including the [[List of rulers of China|emperors]] of the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{Citation |accessdate=8 February 2012|title=The Chinese: their history and culture, Volume 1|author=Latourette, Kenneth Scott|quote=T'ai Tsung's family professed descent from Lao Tzu (for the latter's reputed patronymic was likewise Li)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ultxAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1934|publisher=Macmillan|page=191}}</ref><ref name="Woolf2007 1" /><ref name="Hargett2006">{{cite book|author= Hargett, James M.|title=Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m21KGsV8ihgC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6682-7|pages=54–}}</ref> This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage ([[w:zh:隴西李氏|隴西李氏]]). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|p=12}}</ref><br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi, including the emperors of the Tang dynasty. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<br />
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许多李氏一族追认老子为李姓始祖，包括李唐一族。该氏族被称为陇西李氏。根据辛普森的观点，尽管其中的许多血统都让人怀疑，但是这证明了老子对于中国文化的影响力。<br />
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The third story in [[Sima Qian]] states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in [[Chengzhou]] and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard [[Yinxi]]. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the ''Tao Te Ching'', although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=14, 17, 54–55}}</ref> In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of [[Siddartha Gautama]], the [[Buddha]]. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=224–25}}</ref><br />
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The third story in Sima Qian states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in Chengzhou and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard Yinxi. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the Tao Te Ching, although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again. In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama, the Buddha. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<br />
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《史记》中记载，周王朝礼崩乐坏、日渐衰落，老子感到厌倦。八十岁时，老子欲西行归隐。行至函谷关，守关官员尹喜认出老子，恳求老子在出关前以王朝兴盛为己任，将圣智著成书。老子所著人称《道德经》，不过其现存版本含有后世增补内容。另说尹喜为《道德经》所动，遂拜老子为师，与其一同离开，不知所踪。又说老子最后到达了印度，成为了佛陀释迦摩尼的老师。还有一种说法认为老子就是佛陀本人。<br />
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A seventh-century work, the Sandong Zhunang ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by Yinxi, who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the Tao and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the Tao.<br />
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A seventh-century work, the ''Sandong Zhunang'' ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by [[Yinxi]], who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the ''Tao'' and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the ''Tao''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|p=55}}</ref><br />
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唐代作品《三洞珠囊》中对老子与尹喜的相遇进行了补充。老子行至函谷关，自称贫贱老翁，但被尹喜认出，请求师从老子。老子不悦，询问原因。尹喜表达追寻“道”的强烈愿望，称自己好观天文，见紫气东来，知有圣人西行。于是老子收尹喜为弟子。这可谓是道教始祖与弟子互动的典范，反映了一个求道者在被接受之前必须经历的考验。一个追随者应该证明自己的决心和才能，清楚的表达自己的愿望，表明自己在实现道的道路上已经取得了进步。<br />
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The ''Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns'' continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the ''Tao Te Ching'', along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the ''Tao'' personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=55–56}}</ref><br />
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The Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the Tao Te Ching, along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the Tao personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<br />
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《三洞珠囊》的故事延续了一个追随者想要的追求。老子向尹喜传授《道德经》及其他道家著作时，尹喜接受了很多戒律。而这些戒律只是一个初步任务，尹喜还需要很多的修行来完善他的道，所以老子给了他三年时间来完善他的“道”。尹喜全身心的投入到道的学习当中，在三年时间过后，尹喜再次表现出决心和完全的信任，所有人都认为他是一匹道家思想的黑马。最终，他再次与老子见面，老子宣布他以阴天仙人的名字列入天界，并号召进行天界大游行，为尹喜穿上仙人的外衣。在这个故事中，老子还赋予尹喜许多头衔，并带他踏上了探索整个宇宙的修行之旅，甚至进入了九重天。经过这段奇妙的旅程，两位圣人最终进入了西游并传授道。在训练时期，“相聚”和“修行”代表着中世纪道教中最高的宗教等级，即“三洞的感受者”。在这个传说中，老子是完美的道家大师，尹喜是理想的道家学生。老子呈现为道的世俗化身，向人们传授道，让人解脱，获得救赎。尹喜则遵循了准备、测试、培训和得道的完备过程。<br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the [[Han dynasty]]. As [[Taoism]] took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the ''Tao'' from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the [[Way of the Celestial Masters]], the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the ''Tao''. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the ''Tao Te Ching'' but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the ''Tao''.<ref name="Kohn 3-4"/><br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the Han dynasty. As Taoism took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the Tao from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the Way of the Celestial Masters, the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the Tao. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the Tao Te Ching but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the Tao. Other myths state that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao.<br />
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自汉代以来，老子的故事就带有强烈的宗教色彩。随着道教的生根发芽，老子被尊崇为神。人们认为老子是道的启示者，由此推动了天师道的形成。天师道是第一个有组织的宗教教派。在后来成熟的道家传统中，老子逐渐被视为道的化身。据说他在整个历史中经历了无数的“转变” ，并以各种各样的化身形象来启蒙求道的信徒。道教中认为，老子在写完《道德经》之后并没有消失，而是一生都在游历和揭示道。在其他神话传说中，老子共有13次化身，从人皇伏羲到老子。最后一世作为老子，他活了九百九十年，用他的一生修行来揭示道。<br />
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==道德经==<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Daodejing''), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|p=223}}</ref> It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese [[cosmogony]]. As with most other ancient [[Chinese philosophers]], Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the Tao Te Ching (Daodejing), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history. It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese cosmogony. As with most other ancient Chinese philosophers, Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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《道德经》作者或编者的身份一直是人们争论的焦点。传统观点认为，老子就是《道德经》的作者。《道德经》中国宇宙起源论中最重要的论文之一。老子和大多数中国古代哲学家一样，常常运用悖论、反讽、类比、用典、反复、对仗、重章叠韵、音韵和谐等方式来阐释自己的思想。事实上，《道德经》整本书都可以看作是一个类比——统治者是冥想中的意识或者自我，芸芸众生和列国则是则是对身体、感官和欲望的体验。<br />
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{{Main|Tao Te Ching|Tao|Wu wei}}<br />
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[[File:Ping Sien Si - 016 Lao zi (16135526115).jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|Laozi Immortal and Grand Master of Heaven|链接=Special:FilePath/Ping_Sien_Si_-_016_Lao_zi_(16135526115).jpg]]<br />
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The ''Tao Te Ching'', often called simply ''Laozi'' after its reputed author, describes the ''Dao'' (or ''Tao'') as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The ''Tao Te Ching'' intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --><ref>{{Harvtxt|Van Norden|Ivanhoe|2005|p=162}}</ref> Language and [[conventional wisdom]] are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<ref name="Kohn-22">{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=22}}</ref><br />
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The Tao Te Ching, often called simply Laozi after its reputed author, describes the Dao (or Tao) as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The Tao Te Ching intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --> Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<br />
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《道德经》因其作者老子的名字而被简称为《老子》 ，老子把道描述为一切存在的源泉和理想: 它是看不见的，但并不是超越认知的，它是非常强大却又是极其卑微的，是万物的根源。人们有欲望和自由意志(因此能够改变自己的本性)。但是许多人的行为“不自然” ，打破了道的自然平衡。《道德经》意图引导人们“回归”到他们的自然状态，与道和谐相处。在书中，言语和传统智慧受到批判。道教认为它们天生带有偏见，是人为的，并在书中广泛使用悖论来强化这一观点。<br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of ''wu wei'', free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "[[ignorance]]", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an [[apologetic]] of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (''gushen'') and "soul" (''po''), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of wu wei, free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "ignorance", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an apologetic of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (gushen) and "soul" (po), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<br />
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Livia Kohn 举例说明老子如何通过改变而非行动回归自然。技术可能让人误以为社会在进步。老子并不排斥技术，他追求平静的无为状态，摆脱欲望。这与老子鼓励统治者保持人民“无知”或“思想简单”的许多言论有关。一些学者坚持认为这种解释忽略了宗教语境，另一些学者则质疑这种解释是对文本哲学连贯性的辩护。如果老子真的打算告诉统治者让他们的人民保持无知，这是非常寻常的政治建议。然而，文本中的“谷神”、“魄“等术语，具有形而上的语境，并不能与作品的纯道德解读相吻合。<br />
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''[[Wu wei]]'' (無為), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the ''Tao Te Ching''. The concept of ''wu wei'' is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watts|1975|pp=78–86}}</ref><br />
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无为，字面意思是“不为”，是《道德经》的核心观点。“无为”有多重含义，也有多种英语翻译。在文学意义上，它可能意味着“不做任何事情”，“不强迫”，“不行动”，“虚无”，“自发行动”和“随时间流逝”。无为是一个概念，用于解释人与自然或与道的和谐。它包括价值区分是意识形态的概念，并将各种野心都源于同一来源。老子广泛地以简单和谦卑为主要美德来使用这个词，这常常与自私的行为形成对比。从政治角度讲，这意味着避免战争，苛刻的法律和重税之类的情况。一些道教徒认为无为与深奥的实践之间存在联系，例如在庄子中发现的坐忘（清空身体意识和思想）。<br />
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It is a concept used to explain ''[[ziran]]'' (自然), or harmony with the ''Tao''. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with [[simplicity]] and [[humility]] as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between ''wu wei'' and [[esoteric]] practices, such as ''[[zuowang]]'' "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking.<br />
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Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】缺失翻译 补充：无为是一个用来解释“自然”或“与道和谐”的概念。它包含价值差异是意识形态的，并将各种野心视为同一来源的概念。老子广泛地使用这个词，把朴素和谦逊作为主要美德，并常常把它们与自私的行为形成对比。在政治层面上，这意味着统治者要避免战争、实行轻徭薄赋等政策。一些道家学者认为，无为与深奥的行为有联系，如《庄子》中的左王“坐忘”（清空身体意识和思想的心灵）。<br />
纵观中国历史，士大夫以老庄思想为工具，拥护王道而非霸道。庄子继承发展了老子的主要思想，对中国文化和文化产生了深远的影响。老子的修身养性、无为无言影响了千百万中国人。受到老子影响的政治理论家都提倡谦逊治国、无为而治，无论是出于伦理或和平原因，还是出于战术目的。历代反专制起义都不同程度地接纳了老子的弱者之道。<br />
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===道教===<br />
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人们一般认为，因为老子与道德经和“原始”道家有着密切的联系，所以他是道家的创始人。民间流行的道教典型地将玉皇大帝作为官方最具权威的神。知识分子(“精英”)的道家，如天师派，通常把老子(老君)和三净奉为神明。<br />
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== 影响 ==<br />
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纵观中国历史，士大夫以老庄思想为工具，拥护王道而非霸道。庄子继承发展了老子的主要思想，对中国文化和文化产生了深远的影响。老子的修身养性、无为无言影响了千百万中国人。受到老子影响的政治理论家都提倡谦逊治国、无为而治，无论是出于伦理或和平原因，还是出于战术目的。历代反专制起义都不同程度地接纳了老子的弱者之道。<br />
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老子是无政府主义的倡导者。左派自由主义者尤其受到老子的影响——无政府工团主义作家和活动家Rudolf Rocker在他1937年出版的《Nationalism and Culture》一书中赞扬了老子的“温和智慧”以及对政治权力与人民和社区的文化活动之间的对立的理解。在1910年发表在《大英百科全书》的文章中，Peter Kropotkin还指出，老子本质上是无政府主义概念的最早支持者之一。近年来，无政府主义者如 John p. Clark 和Ursula K. Le Guin 以不同的方式写了关于无政府主义和道教之间的联系的文章，特别强调了老子的教义。在讲述《道德经》时，Le Guin 写道，老子“并不把政治权力视为无限制的权利。他认为合法的权力是挣来的，错误的权力被篡夺了... ... 他认为自我牺牲或他人牺牲是权力的堕落，权力对任何遵循道路的人都是有效的。所以无政府主义者和道教徒会成为好朋友。”<br />
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右翼自由主义经济学家Murray Rothbard认为老子是第一个自由主义者，他把老子的政府观点比作Friedrich Hayek的自发秩序理论。James A. Dorn对此表示赞同，他在书中写道，老子和许多18世纪的自由主义者一样，“认为最小化政府的作用，让个人自发发展，才是实现社会和经济和谐的最佳途径。”同样，Cato研究所的David Boaz在他1997年出版的《The Libertarian Reader》一书中也引用了《道德经》中的一些段落。然而，哲学家Roderick Long认为，道家思想中的自由意志主义主题实际上是从早期的儒家作家那里借鉴来的。<br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90&diff=25226老子2021-08-02T04:59:15Z<p>Nancy：/* 影响 */ Nancy</p>
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<div>由CecileLi初步审校。多处中英文未放在对应位置，以及有缺失无格式的英文。<br />
== 基本信息 ==<br />
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|姓名：|| 老子(李聃) Li Dan 姓李名耳，字聃，一字伯阳，或曰谥伯阳<br />
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|出生日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
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|逝世日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
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|所属学派：|| 中国道家<br />
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| 研究领域：||哲学<br />
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Lao Tzu (or), also rendered as Laozi; was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching, A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various anti-authoritarian movements and Chinese Legalism.<br />
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老子（Lao Tzu/Laozi），中国古代哲学家、文学家，《道德经》作者。老子是中国文化的核心人物，李唐一族以及现在许多李姓族人都将老子视为李姓始祖。老子的思想和作品同时为儒家和法家所所接受。<br />
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==名字==<br />
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Lao Tzu itself is a [[Chinese honorifics|Chinese honorific title]]: {{lang|zh|{{linktext|老}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''r[[Pharyngealization|ˤu]] [[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "old, venerable")<ref name=baxsag/> and {{lang|zh|{{linktext|子}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[Reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''tsə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "master").<ref name=baxsag/> In traditional accounts, ''Laozi'''s actual [[Chinese personal names|personal name]] is usually given as Li&nbsp;Er {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|耳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''rə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]&nbsp;nə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'',<ref name=baxsag>{{cite web |last1=Baxter |first1=William |first2=Laurent |last2=Sagart |url=http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf |title=Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction |date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Lǐ&nbsp;Ěr'') and his [[courtesy name]] as Boyang {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|trad.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|陽}}}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|simp.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|阳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''P[[Pharyngealization|ˤrak]]-lang'',<ref name=baxsag/> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Bóyáng''). A prominent [[posthumous name]] was ''Li&nbsp;Dan'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|聃}}}},}} ''Lǐ&nbsp;Dān'').<ref>{{Harvtxt|Luo|2004|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kramer|1986|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=2}}</ref> [[Sima Qian]] in his biography mentions his name as ''Lǐ Ěr'', and his literary name as ''Lǐ Dān'', which became the deferential ''Lǎo Dān'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|聃}}}},}} ''Lǎo&nbsp;Dān'').<ref name="LDR">"Sima Qian identifies the old master as a "Lao Dan"...." in {{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lee Dian |title=Decoding Dao: Reading the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) and the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46567-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNFiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |language=en}}</ref> The name ''Lǎo Dān'' also appears interchangeably with ''Lǎo Zi'' in early Daoist texts such as the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'',<ref name="LDR"/> and may also be the name by which ''Lao Tzu'' was addressed by [[Confucius]] when they possibly met.<ref name="LDR"/> According to the ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'', "the 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)".<ref>"The 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)" in {{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Dr Brian |last2=Mahalingam |first2=Indira |title=Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96058-3 |page=497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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在中国，“老子”这个词本意是一个尊称。传统观点认为，老子的真实名字是李耳，字为伯阳，谥李聃。司马迁的《史记》中记载，老子名李耳，字李聃，人们尊称其为老聃。《庄子》中也用老聃称呼老子，据说孔子与老子相遇时称呼老子为老聃。 根据《亚洲哲学百科全书指南》（Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy），人们将道家学派的创始人称之为老聃，也叫老子。<br />
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The honorific title ''Lao Tzu'' has been [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still ''Lao Tzu'', which is based on the formerly prevalent [[Wade–Giles]] system.<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tzu'' and ''Lao-Tzu''.</ref><ref name="ngoog" /> In the 19th century, the title was usually romanized as ''Lao-tse''.<ref name=ngoog>Franz, Alex et al. ed. [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=(Laozi)%2B(LaoZi)%2B(Lao+Zi)%2B(Lao+zi)%2C(Laotze)%2B(LaoTze)%2B(Lao+tze)%2B(Lao+Tze)%2C(Laotse)%2B(LaoTse)%2B(Lao+tse)%2B(Lao+Tse)%2CLaocius%2C(Lao+Tzu)%2B(Lao+tzu)%2B(Laotzu)%2B(LaoTzu)%2CLaosi%2C(Lao+Tsu)%2B(Lao+tsu)%2B(Laotsu)%2B(LaoTsu)&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=10&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28Laozi%29%20%2B%20%28LaoZi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Zi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20zi%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotze%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tze%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotse%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tse%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaocius%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotzu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTzu%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaosi%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotsu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTsu%29%3B%2Cc0 Google corpus]. 2008. Retrieved 17 Jan;2014.</ref><ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tse'' and ''Lao-Tse''.</ref> Other forms include the variants ''Lao-tze'',<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tze'' and ''Lao-Tze''.</ref> ''Lao-tsu''<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tsu'' and ''Lao-Tsu''.</ref> and ''Laozi/Lao Zi.''<br />
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The honorific title Lao Tzu has been romanized numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still Lao Tzu, which is based on the formerly prevalent Wade–Giles system. Other forms include the variants Lao-tze, Lao-tsu and Laozi/Lao Zi.<br />
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老子的称号有很多种形式，这也导致了在不同语境下的语意不明。但目前最常见的称呼仍然是由威妥玛式拼音而来的“老子”（Lao Tzu）。在19世纪，其称呼通常用罗马拼音“Lao-tse”。其它的变体形式通常包括Lao-tze，Lao-tsu和Laozi/Lao zi。<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】英文顺序乱了有调整<br />
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As a religious figure, he is worshipped under the name "Supreme Old Lord" }}, Tàishàng Lǎojūn) and as one of the "Three Pure Ones". During the Tang dynasty, he was granted the title "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor" ,}} Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì).<br />
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在宗教领域，老子被冠以“太上老君”，“三圣”之一等称号，唐朝时被追封为“太上玄元皇帝”。<br />
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==历代观点==<br />
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In the mid-twentieth century, a consensus emerged among scholars that the [[historicity]] of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watson|1968|p=8}}</ref> <br />
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二十世纪中叶，学术界一致怀疑老子是否真实存在，认为《道德经》是“多人汇编的道教语录”。<br />
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The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st‑century&nbsp;BC ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' collected by the historian [[Sima Qian]] from earlier accounts. In one account, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of [[Confucius]] during the 6th or 5th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC. His [[Chinese surname#Shi|surname]] was [[Li (surname 李)|Li]] and his personal name was Er or Dan. He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west. In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of [[Confucius]] titled Lao Laizi {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|莱|子}}}})}} and wrote a book in 15 parts. In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century&nbsp;BC reign of [[list of dukes of Qin|Duke]] [[Duke Xian of Qin (424–362 BC)|Xian]] of the [[state of Qin|Qin Dynasty]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Fowler|2005|p=96}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Robinet|1997|p=26}}</ref> The oldest text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' so far recovered was part of the [[Guodian Chu Slips]]. It was written on [[bamboo slips]], and dates to the late 4th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.<ref name="stanford">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Laozi |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Stanford University|year=2018 |quote=The discovery of two ''Laozi'' silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern ''Laozi'' research. The manuscripts, identified simply as 'A' (jia) and 'B' (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 BC. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the 'A' manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195 BC.<br/><br/>"Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the ''Laozi''. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in [[Guodian, Jingmen|Guodian]], Jingmen city, [[Hubei]], has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the ''Laozi''. The tomb...is dated around 300 BC.}}</ref><br />
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老子最早见载于司马迁的《史记》。一说老子生活于公元前六世纪或五世纪，与孔子同期。他姓李名耳，字聃，曾任周朝守藏室之史，西行前著书一本，共两篇；二说老子与孔子同期，但名为老莱子，著书一本，共十五篇；三说老子为周朝的占星术士，生活于公元前四世纪的秦朝咸阳。迄今为止，发现的最古老的《道德经》写在《郭店楚墓竹简》上，竹简上的文字可追溯至公元前四世纪后期。<br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/taoism_lao-tzu.html |title=Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) Scroll Paintings and Posters |publisher=Edepot.com |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the [[Yellow Emperor]] and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13">{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=223–24}}</ref><br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of Zhou. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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传统观点认为，老子是一位学者，曾担任周朝守藏室之史。据记载，官职的原因使他能够广泛接触黄帝的作品和其他当时的经典作品。据说，老子从未开设过正规学校，但仍然吸引了大批学生和忠实的弟子。讲述他与孔子相遇的故事有很多，其中最著名的是《庄子》中的阐述。<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the [[village (China)|village]] of [[Chu Jen]] in [[state of Chu|Chu]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001}}</ref> In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the village of Chu Jen in Chu. In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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据说，老子是楚苦县厉乡曲仁里人。在老子结婚的地方，他有一个儿子，名叫宗，为著名将领。<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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相传，李宗从小与父亲分离。有一次李宗打了胜仗后，将敌军尸体抛尸荒野，任由秃鹫侵蚀。老子周游列国、宣传道家思想，恰巧来到此地，被发现是李宗的父亲。老子教导李宗与敌为善，对死者不敬会招致敌人报复。李宗深受触动，命令手下埋葬敌军尸体并举行葬礼哀悼死者，从而实现了持久的和平。<br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi,<ref name="Woolf2007 1">{{cite book|author= Woolf, Greg|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Li+Er+Laozi|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|pages=218–19}}</ref> including the [[List of rulers of China|emperors]] of the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{Citation |accessdate=8 February 2012|title=The Chinese: their history and culture, Volume 1|author=Latourette, Kenneth Scott|quote=T'ai Tsung's family professed descent from Lao Tzu (for the latter's reputed patronymic was likewise Li)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ultxAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1934|publisher=Macmillan|page=191}}</ref><ref name="Woolf2007 1" /><ref name="Hargett2006">{{cite book|author= Hargett, James M.|title=Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m21KGsV8ihgC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6682-7|pages=54–}}</ref> This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage ([[w:zh:隴西李氏|隴西李氏]]). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|p=12}}</ref><br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi, including the emperors of the Tang dynasty. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<br />
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许多李氏一族追认老子为李姓始祖，包括李唐一族。该氏族被称为陇西李氏。根据辛普森的观点，尽管其中的许多血统都让人怀疑，但是这证明了老子对于中国文化的影响力。<br />
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The third story in [[Sima Qian]] states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in [[Chengzhou]] and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard [[Yinxi]]. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the ''Tao Te Ching'', although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=14, 17, 54–55}}</ref> In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of [[Siddartha Gautama]], the [[Buddha]]. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=224–25}}</ref><br />
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The third story in Sima Qian states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in Chengzhou and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard Yinxi. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the Tao Te Ching, although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again. In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama, the Buddha. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<br />
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《史记》中记载，周王朝礼崩乐坏、日渐衰落，老子感到厌倦。八十岁时，老子欲西行归隐。行至函谷关，守关官员尹喜认出老子，恳求老子在出关前以王朝兴盛为己任，将圣智著成书。老子所著人称《道德经》，不过其现存版本含有后世增补内容。另说尹喜为《道德经》所动，遂拜老子为师，与其一同离开，不知所踪。又说老子最后到达了印度，成为了佛陀释迦摩尼的老师。还有一种说法认为老子就是佛陀本人。<br />
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A seventh-century work, the Sandong Zhunang ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by Yinxi, who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the Tao and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the Tao.<br />
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A seventh-century work, the ''Sandong Zhunang'' ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by [[Yinxi]], who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the ''Tao'' and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the ''Tao''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|p=55}}</ref><br />
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唐代作品《三洞珠囊》中对老子与尹喜的相遇进行了补充。老子行至函谷关，自称贫贱老翁，但被尹喜认出，请求师从老子。老子不悦，询问原因。尹喜表达追寻“道”的强烈愿望，称自己好观天文，见紫气东来，知有圣人西行。于是老子收尹喜为弟子。这可谓是道教始祖与弟子互动的典范，反映了一个求道者在被接受之前必须经历的考验。一个追随者应该证明自己的决心和才能，清楚的表达自己的愿望，表明自己在实现道的道路上已经取得了进步。<br />
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The ''Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns'' continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the ''Tao Te Ching'', along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the ''Tao'' personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=55–56}}</ref><br />
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The Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the Tao Te Ching, along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the Tao personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<br />
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《三洞珠囊》的故事延续了一个追随者想要的追求。老子向尹喜传授《道德经》及其他道家著作时，尹喜接受了很多戒律。而这些戒律只是一个初步任务，尹喜还需要很多的修行来完善他的道，所以老子给了他三年时间来完善他的“道”。尹喜全身心的投入到道的学习当中，在三年时间过后，尹喜再次表现出决心和完全的信任，所有人都认为他是一匹道家思想的黑马。最终，他再次与老子见面，老子宣布他以阴天仙人的名字列入天界，并号召进行天界大游行，为尹喜穿上仙人的外衣。在这个故事中，老子还赋予尹喜许多头衔，并带他踏上了探索整个宇宙的修行之旅，甚至进入了九个天堂。经过这段奇妙的旅程，两位圣人最终进入了野蛮人的西部并传授道。在训练时期，“相聚”和“修行”代表着中世纪道教中最高的宗教等级，即“三洞的感受者”。在这个传说中，老子是完美的道家大师，尹喜是理想的道家学生。老子呈现为道的世俗化身，向人们传授道，让人解脱，获得救赎。尹喜则遵循了准备、测试、培训和得道的完备过程。<br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the [[Han dynasty]]. As [[Taoism]] took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the ''Tao'' from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the [[Way of the Celestial Masters]], the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the ''Tao''. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the ''Tao Te Ching'' but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the ''Tao''.<ref name="Kohn 3-4"/><br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the Han dynasty. As Taoism took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the Tao from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the Way of the Celestial Masters, the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the Tao. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the Tao Te Ching but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the Tao. Other myths state that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao.<br />
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自汉代以来，老子的故事就带有强烈的宗教色彩。随着道教的生根发芽，老子被尊崇为神。人们认为老子是道的启示者，由此推动了天师道的形成。天师道是第一个有组织的宗教教派。在后来成熟的道家传统中，老子逐渐被视为道的化身。据说他在整个历史中经历了无数的“转变” ，并以各种各样的化身形象来启蒙求道的信徒。道教中认为，老子在写完《道德经》之后并没有消失，而是一生都在游历和揭示道。道家神话中，老子是在他母亲凝视一颗流星的时候怀上的。据说，他在母亲的子宫里待了62年，然后出生了，生下老子时他的母亲正靠在一棵李子树上。据说老子长成了一个成年人后，满脸灰白的胡须，长长的耳垂，既象征着智慧，又象征着长寿。还有一些神话传说，老子是伏羲的化身，是伏羲13次重生的最后一次，他活了九百九十年，用他的一生修行来揭示道。<br />
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==道德经==<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Daodejing''), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|p=223}}</ref> It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese [[cosmogony]]. As with most other ancient [[Chinese philosophers]], Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the Tao Te Ching (Daodejing), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history. It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese cosmogony. As with most other ancient Chinese philosophers, Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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《道德经》作者或编者的身份一直是人们争论的焦点。传统观点认为，老子就是《道德经》的作者。《道德经》中国宇宙起源论中最重要的论文之一。老子和大多数中国古代哲学家一样，常常运用悖论、反讽、类比、用典、反复、对仗、重章叠韵、音韵和谐等方式来阐释自己的思想。事实上，《道德经》整本书都可以看作是一个类比——统治者是冥想中的意识或者自我，芸芸众生和列国则是则是对身体、感官和欲望的体验。<br />
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{{Main|Tao Te Ching|Tao|Wu wei}}<br />
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[[File:Ping Sien Si - 016 Lao zi (16135526115).jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|Laozi Immortal and Grand Master of Heaven|链接=Special:FilePath/Ping_Sien_Si_-_016_Lao_zi_(16135526115).jpg]]<br />
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The ''Tao Te Ching'', often called simply ''Laozi'' after its reputed author, describes the ''Dao'' (or ''Tao'') as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The ''Tao Te Ching'' intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --><ref>{{Harvtxt|Van Norden|Ivanhoe|2005|p=162}}</ref> Language and [[conventional wisdom]] are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<ref name="Kohn-22">{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=22}}</ref><br />
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The Tao Te Ching, often called simply Laozi after its reputed author, describes the Dao (or Tao) as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The Tao Te Ching intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --> Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<br />
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《道德经》因其作者老子的名字而被简称为《老子》 ，老子把道描述为一切存在的源泉和理想: 它是看不见的，但并不是超越认知的，它是非常强大却又是极其卑微的，是万物的根源。人们有欲望和自由意志(因此能够改变自己的本性)。但是许多人的行为“不自然” ，打破了道的自然平衡。《道德经》意图引导人们“回归”到他们的自然状态，与道和谐相处。在书中，言语和传统智慧受到批判。道教认为它们天生带有偏见，是人为的，并在书中广泛使用悖论来强化这一观点。<br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of ''wu wei'', free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "[[ignorance]]", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an [[apologetic]] of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (''gushen'') and "soul" (''po''), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of wu wei, free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "ignorance", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an apologetic of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (gushen) and "soul" (po), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<br />
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Livia Kohn 举例说明老子如何通过改变而非行动回归自然。技术可能让人误以为社会在进步。老子并不排斥技术，他追求平静的无为状态，摆脱欲望。这与老子鼓励统治者保持人民“无知”或“思想简单”的许多言论有关。一些学者坚持认为这种解释忽略了宗教语境，另一些学者则质疑这种解释是对文本哲学连贯性的辩护。如果老子真的打算告诉统治者让他们的人民保持无知，这是非常寻常的政治建议。然而，文本中的“谷神”、“魄“等术语，具有形而上的语境，并不能与作品的纯道德解读相吻合。<br />
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''[[Wu wei]]'' (無為), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the ''Tao Te Ching''. The concept of ''wu wei'' is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watts|1975|pp=78–86}}</ref><br />
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无为，字面意思是“不为”，是《道德经》的核心观点。“无为”有多重含义，也有多种英语翻译。在文学意义上，它可能意味着“不做任何事情”，“不强迫”，“不行动”，“虚无”，“自发行动”和“随时间流逝”。无为是一个概念，用于解释人与自然或与道的和谐。它包括价值区分是意识形态的概念，并将各种野心都源于同一来源。老子广泛地以简单和谦卑为主要美德来使用这个词，这常常与自私的行为形成对比。从政治角度讲，这意味着避免战争，苛刻的法律和重税之类的情况。一些道教徒认为无为与深奥的实践之间存在联系，例如在庄子中发现的坐忘（清空身体意识和思想）。<br />
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It is a concept used to explain ''[[ziran]]'' (自然), or harmony with the ''Tao''. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with [[simplicity]] and [[humility]] as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between ''wu wei'' and [[esoteric]] practices, such as ''[[zuowang]]'' "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】缺失翻译 补充：无为是一个用来解释“自然”或“与道和谐”的概念。它包含价值差异是意识形态的，并将各种野心视为同一来源的概念。老子广泛地使用这个词，把朴素和谦逊作为主要美德，并常常把它们与自私的行为形成对比。在政治层面上，这意味着统治者要避免战争、实行轻徭薄赋等政策。一些道家学者认为，无为与深奥的行为有联系，如《庄子》中的左王“坐忘”（清空身体意识和思想的心灵）。<br />
===道教===<br />
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人们一般认为，因为老子与道德经和“原始”道家有着密切的联系，所以他是道家的创始人。民间流行的道教典型地将玉皇大帝作为官方最具权威的神。知识分子(“精英”)的道家，如天师派，通常把老子(老君)和三净奉为神明。<br />
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== 影响 ==<br />
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Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking.<br />
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Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.<br />
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纵观中国历史，士大夫以老庄思想为工具，拥护王道而非霸道。庄子继承发展了老子的主要思想，对中国文化和文化产生了深远的影响。老子的修身养性、无为无言影响了千百万中国人。<br />
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受到老子影响的政治理论家都提倡谦逊治国、无为而治，无论是出于伦理或和平原因，还是出于战术目的。历代反专制起义都不同程度地接纳了老子的弱者之道。<br />
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老子是无政府主义的倡导者。左派自由主义者尤其受到老子的影响——无政府工团主义作家和活动家Rudolf Rocker在他1937年出版的《Nationalism and Culture》一书中赞扬了老子的“温和智慧”以及对政治权力与人民和社区的文化活动之间的对立的理解。在1910年发表在《大英百科全书》的文章中，Peter Kropotkin还指出，老子本质上是无政府主义概念的最早支持者之一。近年来，无政府主义者如 John p. Clark 和Ursula K. Le Guin 以不同的方式写了关于无政府主义和道教之间的联系的文章，特别强调了老子的教义。在讲述《道德经》时，Le Guin 写道，老子“并不把政治权力视为无限制的权利。他认为合法的权力是挣来的，错误的权力被篡夺了... ... 他认为自我牺牲或他人牺牲是权力的堕落，权力对任何遵循道路的人都是有效的。所以无政府主义者和道教徒会成为好朋友。”<br />
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右翼自由主义经济学家Murray Rothbard认为老子是第一个自由主义者，他把老子的政府观点比作Friedrich Hayek的自发秩序理论。James A. Dorn对此表示赞同，他在书中写道，老子和许多18世纪的自由主义者一样，“认为最小化政府的作用，让个人自发发展，才是实现社会和经济和谐的最佳途径。”同样，Cato研究所的David Boaz在他1997年出版的《The Libertarian Reader》一书中也引用了《道德经》中的一些段落。然而，哲学家Roderick Long认为，道家思想中的自由意志主义主题实际上是从早期的儒家作家那里借鉴来的。<br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90&diff=25225老子2021-08-02T04:54:09Z<p>Nancy：</p>
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<div>由CecileLi初步审校。多处中英文未放在对应位置，以及有缺失无格式的英文。<br />
== 基本信息 ==<br />
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|姓名：|| 老子(李聃) Li Dan 姓李名耳，字聃，一字伯阳，或曰谥伯阳<br />
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|出生日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
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|逝世日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
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|所属学派：|| 中国道家<br />
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| 研究领域：||哲学<br />
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Lao Tzu (or), also rendered as Laozi; was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching, A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various anti-authoritarian movements and Chinese Legalism.<br />
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老子（Lao Tzu/Laozi），中国古代哲学家、文学家，《道德经》作者。老子是中国文化的核心人物，李唐一族以及现在许多李姓族人都将老子视为李姓始祖。老子的思想和作品同时为儒家和法家所所接受。<br />
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==名字==<br />
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Lao Tzu itself is a [[Chinese honorifics|Chinese honorific title]]: {{lang|zh|{{linktext|老}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''r[[Pharyngealization|ˤu]] [[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "old, venerable")<ref name=baxsag/> and {{lang|zh|{{linktext|子}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[Reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''tsə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "master").<ref name=baxsag/> In traditional accounts, ''Laozi'''s actual [[Chinese personal names|personal name]] is usually given as Li&nbsp;Er {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|耳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''rə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]&nbsp;nə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'',<ref name=baxsag>{{cite web |last1=Baxter |first1=William |first2=Laurent |last2=Sagart |url=http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf |title=Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction |date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Lǐ&nbsp;Ěr'') and his [[courtesy name]] as Boyang {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|trad.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|陽}}}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|simp.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|阳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''P[[Pharyngealization|ˤrak]]-lang'',<ref name=baxsag/> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Bóyáng''). A prominent [[posthumous name]] was ''Li&nbsp;Dan'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|聃}}}},}} ''Lǐ&nbsp;Dān'').<ref>{{Harvtxt|Luo|2004|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kramer|1986|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=2}}</ref> [[Sima Qian]] in his biography mentions his name as ''Lǐ Ěr'', and his literary name as ''Lǐ Dān'', which became the deferential ''Lǎo Dān'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|聃}}}},}} ''Lǎo&nbsp;Dān'').<ref name="LDR">"Sima Qian identifies the old master as a "Lao Dan"...." in {{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lee Dian |title=Decoding Dao: Reading the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) and the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46567-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNFiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |language=en}}</ref> The name ''Lǎo Dān'' also appears interchangeably with ''Lǎo Zi'' in early Daoist texts such as the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'',<ref name="LDR"/> and may also be the name by which ''Lao Tzu'' was addressed by [[Confucius]] when they possibly met.<ref name="LDR"/> According to the ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'', "the 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)".<ref>"The 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)" in {{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Dr Brian |last2=Mahalingam |first2=Indira |title=Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96058-3 |page=497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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在中国，“老子”这个词本意是一个尊称。传统观点认为，老子的真实名字是李耳，字为伯阳，谥李聃。司马迁的《史记》中记载，老子名李耳，字李聃，人们尊称其为老聃。《庄子》中也用老聃称呼老子，据说孔子与老子相遇时称呼老子为老聃。 根据《亚洲哲学百科全书指南》（Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy），人们将道家学派的创始人称之为老聃，也叫老子。<br />
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The honorific title ''Lao Tzu'' has been [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still ''Lao Tzu'', which is based on the formerly prevalent [[Wade–Giles]] system.<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tzu'' and ''Lao-Tzu''.</ref><ref name="ngoog" /> In the 19th century, the title was usually romanized as ''Lao-tse''.<ref name=ngoog>Franz, Alex et al. ed. [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=(Laozi)%2B(LaoZi)%2B(Lao+Zi)%2B(Lao+zi)%2C(Laotze)%2B(LaoTze)%2B(Lao+tze)%2B(Lao+Tze)%2C(Laotse)%2B(LaoTse)%2B(Lao+tse)%2B(Lao+Tse)%2CLaocius%2C(Lao+Tzu)%2B(Lao+tzu)%2B(Laotzu)%2B(LaoTzu)%2CLaosi%2C(Lao+Tsu)%2B(Lao+tsu)%2B(Laotsu)%2B(LaoTsu)&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=10&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28Laozi%29%20%2B%20%28LaoZi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Zi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20zi%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotze%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tze%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotse%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tse%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaocius%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotzu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTzu%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaosi%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotsu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTsu%29%3B%2Cc0 Google corpus]. 2008. Retrieved 17 Jan;2014.</ref><ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tse'' and ''Lao-Tse''.</ref> Other forms include the variants ''Lao-tze'',<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tze'' and ''Lao-Tze''.</ref> ''Lao-tsu''<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tsu'' and ''Lao-Tsu''.</ref> and ''Laozi/Lao Zi.''<br />
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The honorific title Lao Tzu has been romanized numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still Lao Tzu, which is based on the formerly prevalent Wade–Giles system. Other forms include the variants Lao-tze, Lao-tsu and Laozi/Lao Zi.<br />
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老子的称号有很多种形式，这也导致了在不同语境下的语意不明。但目前最常见的称呼仍然是由威妥玛式拼音而来的“老子”（Lao Tzu）。在19世纪，其称呼通常用罗马拼音“Lao-tse”。其它的变体形式通常包括Lao-tze，Lao-tsu和Laozi/Lao zi。<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】英文顺序乱了有调整<br />
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As a religious figure, he is worshipped under the name "Supreme Old Lord" }}, Tàishàng Lǎojūn) and as one of the "Three Pure Ones". During the Tang dynasty, he was granted the title "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor" ,}} Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì).<br />
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在宗教领域，老子被冠以“太上老君”，“三圣”之一等称号，唐朝时被追封为“太上玄元皇帝”。<br />
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==历代观点==<br />
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In the mid-twentieth century, a consensus emerged among scholars that the [[historicity]] of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watson|1968|p=8}}</ref> <br />
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二十世纪中叶，学术界一致怀疑老子是否真实存在，认为《道德经》是“多人汇编的道教语录”。<br />
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The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st‑century&nbsp;BC ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' collected by the historian [[Sima Qian]] from earlier accounts. In one account, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of [[Confucius]] during the 6th or 5th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC. His [[Chinese surname#Shi|surname]] was [[Li (surname 李)|Li]] and his personal name was Er or Dan. He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west. In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of [[Confucius]] titled Lao Laizi {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|莱|子}}}})}} and wrote a book in 15 parts. In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century&nbsp;BC reign of [[list of dukes of Qin|Duke]] [[Duke Xian of Qin (424–362 BC)|Xian]] of the [[state of Qin|Qin Dynasty]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Fowler|2005|p=96}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Robinet|1997|p=26}}</ref> The oldest text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' so far recovered was part of the [[Guodian Chu Slips]]. It was written on [[bamboo slips]], and dates to the late 4th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.<ref name="stanford">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Laozi |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Stanford University|year=2018 |quote=The discovery of two ''Laozi'' silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern ''Laozi'' research. The manuscripts, identified simply as 'A' (jia) and 'B' (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 BC. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the 'A' manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195 BC.<br/><br/>"Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the ''Laozi''. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in [[Guodian, Jingmen|Guodian]], Jingmen city, [[Hubei]], has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the ''Laozi''. The tomb...is dated around 300 BC.}}</ref><br />
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老子最早见载于司马迁的《史记》。一说老子生活于公元前六世纪或五世纪，与孔子同期。他姓李名耳，字聃，曾任周朝守藏室之史，西行前著书一本，共两篇；二说老子与孔子同期，但名为老莱子，著书一本，共十五篇；三说老子为周朝的占星术士，生活于公元前四世纪的秦朝咸阳。迄今为止，发现的最古老的《道德经》写在《郭店楚墓竹简》上，竹简上的文字可追溯至公元前四世纪后期。<br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/taoism_lao-tzu.html |title=Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) Scroll Paintings and Posters |publisher=Edepot.com |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the [[Yellow Emperor]] and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13">{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=223–24}}</ref><br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of Zhou. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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传统观点认为，老子是一位学者，曾担任周朝守藏室之史。据记载，官职的原因使他能够广泛接触黄帝的作品和其他当时的经典作品。据说，老子从未开设过正规学校，但仍然吸引了大批学生和忠实的弟子。讲述他与孔子相遇的故事有很多，其中最著名的是《庄子》中的阐述。<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the [[village (China)|village]] of [[Chu Jen]] in [[state of Chu|Chu]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001}}</ref> In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the village of Chu Jen in Chu. In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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据说，老子是楚苦县厉乡曲仁里人。在老子结婚的地方，他有一个儿子，名叫宗，为著名将领。<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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相传，李宗从小与父亲分离。有一次李宗打了胜仗后，将敌军尸体抛尸荒野，任由秃鹫侵蚀。老子周游列国、宣传道家思想，恰巧来到此地，被发现是李宗的父亲。老子教导李宗与敌为善，对死者不敬会招致敌人报复。李宗深受触动，命令手下埋葬敌军尸体并举行葬礼哀悼死者，从而实现了持久的和平。<br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi,<ref name="Woolf2007 1">{{cite book|author= Woolf, Greg|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Li+Er+Laozi|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|pages=218–19}}</ref> including the [[List of rulers of China|emperors]] of the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{Citation |accessdate=8 February 2012|title=The Chinese: their history and culture, Volume 1|author=Latourette, Kenneth Scott|quote=T'ai Tsung's family professed descent from Lao Tzu (for the latter's reputed patronymic was likewise Li)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ultxAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1934|publisher=Macmillan|page=191}}</ref><ref name="Woolf2007 1" /><ref name="Hargett2006">{{cite book|author= Hargett, James M.|title=Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m21KGsV8ihgC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6682-7|pages=54–}}</ref> This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage ([[w:zh:隴西李氏|隴西李氏]]). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|p=12}}</ref><br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi, including the emperors of the Tang dynasty. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<br />
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许多李氏一族追认老子为李姓始祖，包括李唐一族。该氏族被称为陇西李氏。根据辛普森的观点，尽管其中的许多血统都让人怀疑，但是这证明了老子对于中国文化的影响力。<br />
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The third story in [[Sima Qian]] states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in [[Chengzhou]] and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard [[Yinxi]]. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the ''Tao Te Ching'', although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=14, 17, 54–55}}</ref> In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of [[Siddartha Gautama]], the [[Buddha]]. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=224–25}}</ref><br />
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The third story in Sima Qian states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in Chengzhou and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard Yinxi. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the Tao Te Ching, although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again. In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama, the Buddha. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<br />
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《史记》中记载，周王朝礼崩乐坏、日渐衰落，老子感到厌倦。八十岁时，老子欲西行归隐。行至函谷关，守关官员尹喜认出老子，恳求老子在出关前以王朝兴盛为己任，将圣智著成书。老子所著人称《道德经》，不过其现存版本含有后世增补内容。另说尹喜为《道德经》所动，遂拜老子为师，与其一同离开，不知所踪。又说老子最后到达了印度，成为了佛陀释迦摩尼的老师。还有一种说法认为老子就是佛陀本人。<br />
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A seventh-century work, the Sandong Zhunang ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by Yinxi, who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the Tao and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the Tao.<br />
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A seventh-century work, the ''Sandong Zhunang'' ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by [[Yinxi]], who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the ''Tao'' and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the ''Tao''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|p=55}}</ref><br />
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唐代作品《三洞珠囊》中对老子与尹喜的相遇进行了补充。老子行至函谷关，自称贫贱老翁，但被尹喜认出，请求师从老子。老子不悦，询问原因。尹喜表达追寻“道”的强烈愿望，称自己好观天文，见紫气东来，知有圣人西行。于是老子收尹喜为弟子。这可谓是道教始祖与弟子互动的典范，反映了一个求道者在被接受之前必须经历的考验。一个追随者应该证明自己的决心和才能，清楚的表达自己的愿望，表明自己在实现道的道路上已经取得了进步。<br />
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The ''Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns'' continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the ''Tao Te Ching'', along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the ''Tao'' personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=55–56}}</ref><br />
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The Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the Tao Te Ching, along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the Tao personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<br />
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《三洞珠囊》的故事延续了一个追随者想要的追求。老子向尹喜传授《道德经》及其他道家著作时，尹喜接受了很多戒律。而这些戒律只是一个初步任务，尹喜还需要很多的修行来完善他的道，所以老子给了他三年时间来完善他的“道”。尹喜全身心的投入到道的学习当中，在三年时间过后，尹喜再次表现出决心和完全的信任，所有人都认为他是一匹道家思想的黑马。最终，他再次与老子见面，老子宣布他以阴天仙人的名字列入天界，并号召进行天界大游行，为尹喜穿上仙人的外衣。在这个故事中，老子还赋予尹喜许多头衔，并带他踏上了探索整个宇宙的修行之旅，甚至进入了九个天堂。经过这段奇妙的旅程，两位圣人最终进入了野蛮人的西部并传授道。在训练时期，“相聚”和“修行”代表着中世纪道教中最高的宗教等级，即“三洞的感受者”。在这个传说中，老子是完美的道家大师，尹喜是理想的道家学生。老子呈现为道的世俗化身，向人们传授道，让人解脱，获得救赎。尹喜则遵循了准备、测试、培训和得道的完备过程。<br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the [[Han dynasty]]. As [[Taoism]] took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the ''Tao'' from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the [[Way of the Celestial Masters]], the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the ''Tao''. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the ''Tao Te Ching'' but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the ''Tao''.<ref name="Kohn 3-4"/><br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the Han dynasty. As Taoism took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the Tao from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the Way of the Celestial Masters, the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the Tao. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the Tao Te Ching but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the Tao. Other myths state that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao.<br />
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自汉代以来，老子的故事就带有强烈的宗教色彩。随着道教的生根发芽，老子被尊崇为神。人们认为老子是道的启示者，由此推动了天师道的形成。天师道是第一个有组织的宗教教派。在后来成熟的道家传统中，老子逐渐被视为道的化身。据说他在整个历史中经历了无数的“转变” ，并以各种各样的化身形象来启蒙求道的信徒。道教中认为，老子在写完《道德经》之后并没有消失，而是一生都在游历和揭示道。道家神话中，老子是在他母亲凝视一颗流星的时候怀上的。据说，他在母亲的子宫里待了62年，然后出生了，生下老子时他的母亲正靠在一棵李子树上。据说老子长成了一个成年人后，满脸灰白的胡须，长长的耳垂，既象征着智慧，又象征着长寿。还有一些神话传说，老子是伏羲的化身，是伏羲13次重生的最后一次，他活了九百九十年，用他的一生修行来揭示道。<br />
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==道德经==<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Daodejing''), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|p=223}}</ref> It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese [[cosmogony]]. As with most other ancient [[Chinese philosophers]], Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the Tao Te Ching (Daodejing), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history. It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese cosmogony. As with most other ancient Chinese philosophers, Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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《道德经》作者或编者的身份一直是人们争论的焦点。传统观点认为，老子就是《道德经》的作者。《道德经》中国宇宙起源论中最重要的论文之一。老子和大多数中国古代哲学家一样，常常运用悖论、反讽、类比、用典、反复、对仗、重章叠韵、音韵和谐等方式来阐释自己的思想。事实上，《道德经》整本书都可以看作是一个类比——统治者是冥想中的意识或者自我，芸芸众生和列国则是则是对身体、感官和欲望的体验。<br />
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{{Main|Tao Te Ching|Tao|Wu wei}}<br />
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[[File:Ping Sien Si - 016 Lao zi (16135526115).jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|Laozi Immortal and Grand Master of Heaven|链接=Special:FilePath/Ping_Sien_Si_-_016_Lao_zi_(16135526115).jpg]]<br />
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The ''Tao Te Ching'', often called simply ''Laozi'' after its reputed author, describes the ''Dao'' (or ''Tao'') as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The ''Tao Te Ching'' intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --><ref>{{Harvtxt|Van Norden|Ivanhoe|2005|p=162}}</ref> Language and [[conventional wisdom]] are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<ref name="Kohn-22">{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=22}}</ref><br />
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The Tao Te Ching, often called simply Laozi after its reputed author, describes the Dao (or Tao) as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The Tao Te Ching intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --> Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<br />
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《道德经》因其作者老子的名字而被简称为《老子》 ，老子把道描述为一切存在的源泉和理想: 它是看不见的，但并不是超越认知的，它是非常强大却又是极其卑微的，是万物的根源。人们有欲望和自由意志(因此能够改变自己的本性)。但是许多人的行为“不自然” ，打破了道的自然平衡。《道德经》意图引导人们“回归”到他们的自然状态，与道和谐相处。在书中，言语和传统智慧受到批判。道教认为它们天生带有偏见，是人为的，并在书中广泛使用悖论来强化这一观点。<br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of ''wu wei'', free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "[[ignorance]]", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an [[apologetic]] of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (''gushen'') and "soul" (''po''), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of wu wei, free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "ignorance", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an apologetic of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (gushen) and "soul" (po), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<br />
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Livia Kohn 举例说明老子如何通过改变而非行动回归自然。技术可能让人误以为社会在进步。老子并不排斥技术，他追求平静的无为状态，摆脱欲望。这与老子鼓励统治者保持人民“无知”或“思想简单”的许多言论有关。一些学者坚持认为这种解释忽略了宗教语境，另一些学者则质疑这种解释是对文本哲学连贯性的辩护。如果老子真的打算告诉统治者让他们的人民保持无知，这是非常寻常的政治建议。然而，文本中的“谷神”、“魄“等术语，具有形而上的语境，并不能与作品的纯道德解读相吻合。<br />
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''[[Wu wei]]'' (無為), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the ''Tao Te Ching''. The concept of ''wu wei'' is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watts|1975|pp=78–86}}</ref><br />
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无为，字面意思是“不为”，是《道德经》的核心观点。“无为”有多重含义，也有多种英语翻译。在文学意义上，它可能意味着“不做任何事情”，“不强迫”，“不行动”，“虚无”，“自发行动”和“随时间流逝”。无为是一个概念，用于解释人与自然或与道的和谐。它包括价值区分是意识形态的概念，并将各种野心都源于同一来源。老子广泛地以简单和谦卑为主要美德来使用这个词，这常常与自私的行为形成对比。从政治角度讲，这意味着避免战争，苛刻的法律和重税之类的情况。一些道教徒认为无为与深奥的实践之间存在联系，例如在庄子中发现的坐忘（清空身体意识和思想）。<br />
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It is a concept used to explain ''[[ziran]]'' (自然), or harmony with the ''Tao''. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with [[simplicity]] and [[humility]] as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between ''wu wei'' and [[esoteric]] practices, such as ''[[zuowang]]'' "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking.<br />
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Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】缺失翻译 补充：无为是一个用来解释“自然”或“与道和谐”的概念。它包含价值差异是意识形态的，并将各种野心视为同一来源的概念。老子广泛地使用这个词，把朴素和谦逊作为主要美德，并常常把它们与自私的行为形成对比。在政治层面上，这意味着统治者要避免战争、实行轻徭薄赋等政策。一些道家学者认为，无为与深奥的行为有联系，如《庄子》中的左王“坐忘”（清空身体意识和思想的心灵）。<br />
纵观中国历史，士大夫以老庄思想为工具，拥护王道而非霸道。庄子继承发展了老子的主要思想，对中国文化和文化产生了深远的影响。老子的修身养性、无为无言影响了千百万中国人。受到老子影响的政治理论家都提倡谦逊治国、无为而治，无论是出于伦理或和平原因，还是出于战术目的。历代反专制起义都不同程度地接纳了老子的弱者之道。<br />
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===道教===<br />
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人们一般认为，因为老子与道德经和“原始”道家有着密切的联系，所以他是道家的创始人。民间流行的道教典型地将玉皇大帝作为官方最具权威的神。知识分子(“精英”)的道家，如天师派，通常把老子(老君)和三净奉为神明。<br />
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== 影响 ==<br />
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纵观中国历史，统治者利用非儒家圣人的思想，特别是老子和庄子，在任何时候都拒绝为任何统治者服务。庄子是老子最著名的思想继承者，对中国文人和中国文化产生了巨大的影响。老子影响了千百万中国人。他用他的无为和中庸来说服人们。<br />
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受老子影响的政治理论家主张在领导上要谦逊，在治国方法上要克制，要么是出于道德和和平主义的原因，要么是出于战术目的。在不同的背景下，各种反权威运动都接受了老子关于权力弱者的教诲。<br />
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老子是无政府主义的倡导者。左派自由主义者尤其受到老子的影响——无政府工团主义作家和活动家Rudolf Rocker在他1937年出版的《Nationalism and Culture》一书中赞扬了老子的“温和智慧”以及对政治权力与人民和社区的文化活动之间的对立的理解。在1910年发表在《大英百科全书》的文章中，Peter Kropotkin还指出，老子本质上是无政府主义概念的最早支持者之一。近年来，无政府主义者如 John p. Clark 和Ursula K. Le Guin 以不同的方式写了关于无政府主义和道教之间的联系的文章，特别强调了老子的教义。在讲述《道德经》时，Le Guin 写道，老子“并不把政治权力视为无限制的权利。他认为合法的权力是挣来的，错误的权力被篡夺了... ... 他认为自我牺牲或他人牺牲是权力的堕落，权力对任何遵循道路的人都是有效的。所以无政府主义者和道教徒会成为好朋友。”<br />
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右翼自由主义经济学家Murray Rothbard认为老子是第一个自由主义者，他把老子的政府观点比作Friedrich Hayek的自发秩序理论。James A. Dorn对此表示赞同，他在书中写道，老子和许多18世纪的自由主义者一样，“认为最小化政府的作用，让个人自发发展，才是实现社会和经济和谐的最佳途径。”同样，Cato研究所的David Boaz在他1997年出版的《The Libertarian Reader》一书中也引用了《道德经》中的一些段落。然而，哲学家Roderick Long认为，道家思想中的自由意志主义主题实际上是从早期的儒家作家那里借鉴来的。<br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90&diff=25224老子2021-08-02T04:45:55Z<p>Nancy：/* Nancy */</p>
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<div>由CecileLi初步审校。多处中英文未放在对应位置，以及有缺失无格式的英文。<br />
== 基本信息 ==<br />
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|姓名：|| 老子(李聃) Li Dan 姓李名耳，字聃，一字伯阳，或曰谥伯阳<br />
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|出生日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
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|逝世日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
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|所属学派：|| 中国道家<br />
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| 研究领域：||哲学<br />
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Lao Tzu (or), also rendered as Laozi; was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching, A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various anti-authoritarian movements and Chinese Legalism.<br />
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老子（Lao Tzu/Laozi），中国古代哲学家、文学家，《道德经》作者。老子是中国文化的核心人物，李唐一族以及现在许多李姓族人都将老子视为李姓始祖。老子的思想和作品同时为儒家和法家所所接受。<br />
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==名字==<br />
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Lao Tzu itself is a [[Chinese honorifics|Chinese honorific title]]: {{lang|zh|{{linktext|老}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''r[[Pharyngealization|ˤu]] [[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "old, venerable")<ref name=baxsag/> and {{lang|zh|{{linktext|子}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[Reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''tsə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "master").<ref name=baxsag/> In traditional accounts, ''Laozi'''s actual [[Chinese personal names|personal name]] is usually given as Li&nbsp;Er {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|耳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''rə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]&nbsp;nə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'',<ref name=baxsag>{{cite web |last1=Baxter |first1=William |first2=Laurent |last2=Sagart |url=http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf |title=Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction |date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Lǐ&nbsp;Ěr'') and his [[courtesy name]] as Boyang {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|trad.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|陽}}}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|simp.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|阳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''P[[Pharyngealization|ˤrak]]-lang'',<ref name=baxsag/> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Bóyáng''). A prominent [[posthumous name]] was ''Li&nbsp;Dan'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|聃}}}},}} ''Lǐ&nbsp;Dān'').<ref>{{Harvtxt|Luo|2004|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kramer|1986|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=2}}</ref> [[Sima Qian]] in his biography mentions his name as ''Lǐ Ěr'', and his literary name as ''Lǐ Dān'', which became the deferential ''Lǎo Dān'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|聃}}}},}} ''Lǎo&nbsp;Dān'').<ref name="LDR">"Sima Qian identifies the old master as a "Lao Dan"...." in {{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lee Dian |title=Decoding Dao: Reading the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) and the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46567-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNFiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |language=en}}</ref> The name ''Lǎo Dān'' also appears interchangeably with ''Lǎo Zi'' in early Daoist texts such as the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'',<ref name="LDR"/> and may also be the name by which ''Lao Tzu'' was addressed by [[Confucius]] when they possibly met.<ref name="LDR"/> According to the ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'', "the 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)".<ref>"The 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)" in {{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Dr Brian |last2=Mahalingam |first2=Indira |title=Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96058-3 |page=497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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在中国，“老子”这个词本意是一个尊称。传统观点认为，老子的真实名字是李耳，字为伯阳，谥李聃。司马迁的《史记》中记载，老子名李耳，字李聃，人们尊称其为老聃。《庄子》中也用老聃称呼老子，据说孔子与老子相遇时称呼老子为老聃。 根据《亚洲哲学百科全书指南》（Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy），人们将道家学派的创始人称之为老聃，也叫老子。<br />
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The honorific title ''Lao Tzu'' has been [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still ''Lao Tzu'', which is based on the formerly prevalent [[Wade–Giles]] system.<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tzu'' and ''Lao-Tzu''.</ref><ref name="ngoog" /> In the 19th century, the title was usually romanized as ''Lao-tse''.<ref name=ngoog>Franz, Alex et al. ed. [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=(Laozi)%2B(LaoZi)%2B(Lao+Zi)%2B(Lao+zi)%2C(Laotze)%2B(LaoTze)%2B(Lao+tze)%2B(Lao+Tze)%2C(Laotse)%2B(LaoTse)%2B(Lao+tse)%2B(Lao+Tse)%2CLaocius%2C(Lao+Tzu)%2B(Lao+tzu)%2B(Laotzu)%2B(LaoTzu)%2CLaosi%2C(Lao+Tsu)%2B(Lao+tsu)%2B(Laotsu)%2B(LaoTsu)&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=10&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28Laozi%29%20%2B%20%28LaoZi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Zi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20zi%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotze%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tze%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotse%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tse%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaocius%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotzu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTzu%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaosi%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotsu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTsu%29%3B%2Cc0 Google corpus]. 2008. Retrieved 17 Jan;2014.</ref><ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tse'' and ''Lao-Tse''.</ref> Other forms include the variants ''Lao-tze'',<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tze'' and ''Lao-Tze''.</ref> ''Lao-tsu''<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tsu'' and ''Lao-Tsu''.</ref> and ''Laozi/Lao Zi.''<br />
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The honorific title Lao Tzu has been romanized numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still Lao Tzu, which is based on the formerly prevalent Wade–Giles system. Other forms include the variants Lao-tze, Lao-tsu and Laozi/Lao Zi.<br />
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老子的称号有很多种形式，这也导致了在不同语境下的语意不明。但目前最常见的称呼仍然是由威妥玛式拼音而来的“老子”（Lao Tzu）。在19世纪，其称呼通常用罗马拼音“Lao-tse”。其它的变体形式通常包括Lao-tze，Lao-tsu和Laozi/Lao zi。<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】英文顺序乱了有调整<br />
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As a religious figure, he is worshipped under the name "Supreme Old Lord" }}, Tàishàng Lǎojūn) and as one of the "Three Pure Ones". During the Tang dynasty, he was granted the title "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor" ,}} Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì).<br />
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在宗教领域，老子被冠以“太上老君”，“三圣”之一等称号，唐朝时被追封为“太上玄元皇帝”。<br />
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==历代观点==<br />
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In the mid-twentieth century, a consensus emerged among scholars that the [[historicity]] of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watson|1968|p=8}}</ref> <br />
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二十世纪中叶，学术界一致怀疑老子是否真实存在，认为《道德经》是“多人汇编的道教语录”。<br />
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The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st‑century&nbsp;BC ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' collected by the historian [[Sima Qian]] from earlier accounts. In one account, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of [[Confucius]] during the 6th or 5th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC. His [[Chinese surname#Shi|surname]] was [[Li (surname 李)|Li]] and his personal name was Er or Dan. He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west. In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of [[Confucius]] titled Lao Laizi {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|莱|子}}}})}} and wrote a book in 15 parts. In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century&nbsp;BC reign of [[list of dukes of Qin|Duke]] [[Duke Xian of Qin (424–362 BC)|Xian]] of the [[state of Qin|Qin Dynasty]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Fowler|2005|p=96}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Robinet|1997|p=26}}</ref> The oldest text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' so far recovered was part of the [[Guodian Chu Slips]]. It was written on [[bamboo slips]], and dates to the late 4th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.<ref name="stanford">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Laozi |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Stanford University|year=2018 |quote=The discovery of two ''Laozi'' silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern ''Laozi'' research. The manuscripts, identified simply as 'A' (jia) and 'B' (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 BC. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the 'A' manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195 BC.<br/><br/>"Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the ''Laozi''. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in [[Guodian, Jingmen|Guodian]], Jingmen city, [[Hubei]], has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the ''Laozi''. The tomb...is dated around 300 BC.}}</ref><br />
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老子最早见载于司马迁的《史记》。一说老子生活于公元前六世纪或五世纪，与孔子同期。他姓李名耳，字聃，曾任周朝守藏室之史，西行前著书一本，共两篇；二说老子与孔子同期，但名为老莱子，著书一本，共十五篇；三说老子为周朝的占星术士，生活于公元前四世纪的秦朝咸阳。迄今为止，发现的最古老的《道德经》写在《郭店楚墓竹简》上，竹简上的文字可追溯至公元前四世纪后期。<br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/taoism_lao-tzu.html |title=Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) Scroll Paintings and Posters |publisher=Edepot.com |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the [[Yellow Emperor]] and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13">{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=223–24}}</ref><br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of Zhou. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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传统观点认为，老子是一位学者，曾担任周朝守藏室之史。据记载，官职的原因使他能够广泛接触黄帝的作品和其他当时的经典作品。在这些故事中，老子从未开设过正规学校，但仍然吸引了大批学生和忠实的徒弟。讲述他与孔子相遇的故事有很多，其中最著名的是《庄子》中的阐述。<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the [[village (China)|village]] of [[Chu Jen]] in [[state of Chu|Chu]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001}}</ref> In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the village of Chu Jen in Chu. In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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有人认为，老子来自楚国的朱人村。据说在老子结婚的地方，他有一个儿子，名叫宗，后来成了一位著名的战士。<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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在关于宗的故事中，由于宗从小就与老子分开，以至于直到他打败了很多敌人，获得了战争的胜利，然后他抛弃了敌人的尸体，任其被秃鹫吃掉，而恰逢老子在周游和讲学的路上来到了现场，人们才指出了老子是宗的父亲。于是老子教导儿子宗，对于被打败的敌人需要给予尊重，对死者的不尊重会招致来自他的敌人的报复。宗对此非常认同，并且下令让士兵埋葬敌人的尸体，并且为双方的死者举行葬礼哀悼，从而实现了持久的和平。<br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi,<ref name="Woolf2007 1">{{cite book|author= Woolf, Greg|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Li+Er+Laozi|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|pages=218–19}}</ref> including the [[List of rulers of China|emperors]] of the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{Citation |accessdate=8 February 2012|title=The Chinese: their history and culture, Volume 1|author=Latourette, Kenneth Scott|quote=T'ai Tsung's family professed descent from Lao Tzu (for the latter's reputed patronymic was likewise Li)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ultxAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1934|publisher=Macmillan|page=191}}</ref><ref name="Woolf2007 1" /><ref name="Hargett2006">{{cite book|author= Hargett, James M.|title=Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m21KGsV8ihgC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6682-7|pages=54–}}</ref> This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage ([[w:zh:隴西李氏|隴西李氏]]). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|p=12}}</ref><br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi, including the emperors of the Tang dynasty. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<br />
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包括唐朝的皇帝在内的李氏家族祖先可以追溯到老子。这个家族被成为陇西李氏。根据辛普森的观点，尽管其中的许多血统都让人怀疑，但是这证明了老子对于中国文化的影响。<br />
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The third story in [[Sima Qian]] states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in [[Chengzhou]] and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard [[Yinxi]]. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the ''Tao Te Ching'', although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=14, 17, 54–55}}</ref> In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of [[Siddartha Gautama]], the [[Buddha]]. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=224–25}}</ref><br />
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The third story in Sima Qian states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in Chengzhou and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard Yinxi. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the Tao Te Ching, although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again. In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama, the Buddha. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<br />
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在司马迁记录的关于老子的第三个故事中，老子对于在成周(翻译者注：周朝京师，即都城，洛阳的旧称)的生活感到厌倦，并且察觉到王朝的衰落。80岁那年，他大胆地隐居到西部动荡不安的边疆。在行至西城门时，守卫尹喜认出了他。哨兵要求老子，为了国家的利益着想，留下他的智慧，然后才允许他离开。老子写的文字被称为《道德经》，尽管该文章的现存版本含有后世增补的内容。在这个故事的另一个版本中，守卫被老子的作品深深打动了，于是他拜老子为师，遂与其一同离开。还有一种说法是，老子最后到达了印度，成为了释加牟尼的老师。甚至也有人认为，他就是佛陀本人。<br />
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A seventh-century work, the Sandong Zhunang ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by Yinxi, who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the Tao and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the Tao.<br />
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A seventh-century work, the ''Sandong Zhunang'' ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by [[Yinxi]], who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the ''Tao'' and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the ''Tao''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|p=55}}</ref><br />
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在七世纪的作品《三洞珠囊》中，讲述了老子和尹喜之间的关系。老子到达了西城门时假装自己是农民，但他还是被守卫尹喜认了出来，尹喜请求师从老子。老子对于被认出感到不满，要求尹喜说明其拜师的原因。尹喜解释道，自己有着追寻道的强烈愿望，而且他长期研究占星学，且正是因此令他认出了老子。于是老子将尹喜收为弟子。这被认为是道教大师和弟子之间互动的典范，反映了一个求道者在被接受之前必须经历的考验。一个追随者应该证明自己的决心和才能，清楚的表达自己的愿望，表明自己在实现道的道路上已经取得了进步。<br />
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The ''Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns'' continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the ''Tao Te Ching'', along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the ''Tao'' personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=55–56}}</ref><br />
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The Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the Tao Te Ching, along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the Tao personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<br />
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《三洞珠囊》的故事延续了一个追随者想要的追求。正如很多其他的教义一样，老子在传授《道德经》时，尹喜接受了很多戒律。而这些戒律只是一个初步任务，尹喜还需要很多的修行来完善他的道，所以老子给了他三年时间来完善他的“道”。尹喜全身心的投入到道的学习当中，在三年时间过后，尹喜再次表现出决心和完全的信任，所有人都认为他是一匹道家思想的黑马。最终，他再次与老子见面，老子宣布他以阴天仙人的名字列入天界，并号召进行天界大游行，为尹喜穿上仙人的外衣。在这个故事中，老子还赋予尹喜许多头衔，并带他踏上了探索整个宇宙的修行之旅，甚至进入了九个天堂。经过这段奇妙的旅程，两位圣人最终进入了野蛮人的西部并传授道。在训练时期，“相聚”和“修行”代表着中世纪道教中最高的宗教等级，即“三洞的感受者”。在这个传说中，老子是完美的道家大师，尹喜是理想的道家学生。老子呈现为道的世俗化身，向人们传授道，让人解脱，获得救赎。尹喜则遵循了准备、测试、培训和得道的完备过程。<br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the [[Han dynasty]]. As [[Taoism]] took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the ''Tao'' from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the [[Way of the Celestial Masters]], the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the ''Tao''. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the ''Tao Te Ching'' but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the ''Tao''.<ref name="Kohn 3-4"/><br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the Han dynasty. As Taoism took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the Tao from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the Way of the Celestial Masters, the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the Tao. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the Tao Te Ching but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the Tao. Other myths state that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao.<br />
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自汉代以来，老子的故事就带有强烈的宗教色彩。随着道教的生根发芽，老子被尊崇为神。人们认为老子是道的启示者，由此推动了天师道的形成。天师道是第一个有组织的宗教教派。在后来成熟的道家传统中，老子逐渐被视为道的化身。据说他在整个历史中经历了无数的“转变” ，并以各种各样的化身形象来启蒙求道的信徒。道教中认为，“老子”在写完《道德经》之后并没有消失，而是一生都在游历和揭示道。道家神话中，老子是在他母亲凝视一颗流星的时候怀上的。据说，他在母亲的子宫里待了62年，然后出生了，生下老子时他的母亲正靠在一棵李子树上。据说老子长成了一个成年人后，满脸灰白的胡须，长长的耳垂，既象征着智慧，又象征着长寿。还有一些神话传说，老子是伏羲的化身，是伏羲13次重生的最后一次，他活了九百九十年，用他的一生修行来揭示道。<br />
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==道德经==<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Daodejing''), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|p=223}}</ref> It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese [[cosmogony]]. As with most other ancient [[Chinese philosophers]], Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the Tao Te Ching (Daodejing), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history. It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese cosmogony. As with most other ancient Chinese philosophers, Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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《道德经》作者或编者的身份一直是人们争论的焦点。传统观点认为，老子就是《道德经》的作者。《道德经》中国宇宙起源论中最重要的论文之一。老子和大多数中国古代哲学家一样，常常运用悖论、反讽、类比、用典、反复、对仗、重章叠韵、音韵和谐等方式来阐释自己的思想。事实上，《道德经》整本书都可以看作是一个类比——在冥想中，统治者是读者的意识或自我，而无数的生物或帝国则是对身体、感官和欲望的体验。<br />
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{{Main|Tao Te Ching|Tao|Wu wei}}<br />
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[[File:Ping Sien Si - 016 Lao zi (16135526115).jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|Laozi Immortal and Grand Master of Heaven|链接=Special:FilePath/Ping_Sien_Si_-_016_Lao_zi_(16135526115).jpg]]<br />
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The ''Tao Te Ching'', often called simply ''Laozi'' after its reputed author, describes the ''Dao'' (or ''Tao'') as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The ''Tao Te Ching'' intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --><ref>{{Harvtxt|Van Norden|Ivanhoe|2005|p=162}}</ref> Language and [[conventional wisdom]] are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<ref name="Kohn-22">{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=22}}</ref><br />
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The Tao Te Ching, often called simply Laozi after its reputed author, describes the Dao (or Tao) as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The Tao Te Ching intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --> Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<br />
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《道德经》因其作者老子的名字而被简称为《老子》 ，老子把道描述为一切存在的源泉和理想: 它是看不见的，但并不是超越认知的，它是非常强大却又是极其卑微的，是万物的根源。人们有欲望和自由意志(因此能够改变自己的本性)。但是许多人的行为“不自然” ，打破了道的自然平衡。《道德经》意图引导人们“回归”到他们的自然状态，与道和谐相处。在书中，言语和传统智慧受到批判性的评价。道教认为它们天生带有偏见，是人为的，并在书中广泛使用悖论来强化这一观点。<br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of ''wu wei'', free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "[[ignorance]]", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an [[apologetic]] of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (''gushen'') and "soul" (''po''), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of wu wei, free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "ignorance", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an apologetic of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (gushen) and "soul" (po), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<br />
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Livia Kohn说明老子是如何鼓励改变方法或返回“自然”而非行动的。技术可能带来错误的进步感。老子所提供的答案是不排斥的技术，而是寻求平静的状态无为，摆脱欲望。这与老子鼓励统治者保持人民“无知”或“思想简单”的许多言论有关。一些学者坚持认为这种解释忽略了宗教语境，另一些学者则质疑这种解释是对文本哲学连贯性的辩护。如果老子真的打算告诉统治者让他们的人民保持无知，这是非常寻常的政治建议。然而，文本中的“谷神”、“灵魂“等术语，具有形而上的语境，并不能与作品的纯道德解读相吻合。<br />
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''[[Wu wei]]'' (無為), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the ''Tao Te Ching''. The concept of ''wu wei'' is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watts|1975|pp=78–86}}</ref><br />
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无为是“道德经”的核心概念。“无为”的概念是多方面的，甚至在英语翻译中也体现在单词的多种含义上。在文学意义上，它可能意味着“不做任何事情”，“不强迫”，“不行动”，“虚无”，“自发行动”和“随时间流逝”。无为是一个概念，用于解释人与自然或与道的和谐。它包括价值区分是意识形态的概念，并将各种野心都源于同一来源。老子广泛地以简单和谦卑为主要美德来使用这个词，这常常与自私的行为形成对比。从政治角度讲，这意味着避免战争，苛刻的法律和重税之类的情况。一些道教徒认为无为与深奥的实践之间存在联系，例如在庄子中发现的坐忘（清空身体意识和思想）。<br />
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It is a concept used to explain ''[[ziran]]'' (自然), or harmony with the ''Tao''. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with [[simplicity]] and [[humility]] as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between ''wu wei'' and [[esoteric]] practices, such as ''[[zuowang]]'' "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking.<br />
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Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】缺失翻译 补充：无为是一个用来解释“自然”或“与道和谐”的概念。它包含价值差异是意识形态的，并将各种野心视为同一来源的概念。老子广泛地使用这个词，把朴素和谦逊作为主要美德，并常常把它们与自私的行为形成对比。在政治层面上，这意味着统治者要避免战争、实行轻徭薄赋等政策。一些道家学者认为，无为与深奥的行为有联系，如《庄子》中的左王“坐忘”（清空身体意识和思想的心灵）。<br />
中国历史上，有一些才华横溢但淡泊名利的君子，秉持非儒家圣人，尤其是老子和庄子的思想以及权威，拒绝在任何时候为任何统治者服务。庄子是老子最著名的传人，他对中国的文学和文化产生了很大的影响。老子通过他的修身养性和对心灵的理解影响了千百万中国人，而庄子以无为、无言说服了人们。<br />
老子提倡的或受老子思想的影响政治策略，无论是出于伦理和和平主义的原因，还是出于战术目的，都提倡统治者和领导人的谦逊，以及无为的治国方略。在历代各种反独裁运动中，其指导思想都受到了老子关于弱者力量的教导的影响。<br />
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===道教===<br />
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人们一般认为，因为老子与道德经和“原始”道家有着密切的联系，所以他是道家的创始人。民间流行的道教典型地将玉皇大帝作为官方最具权威的神。知识分子(“精英”)的道家，如天师派，通常把老子(老君)和三净奉为神明。<br />
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== 影响 ==<br />
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纵观中国历史，统治者利用非儒家圣人的思想，特别是老子和庄子，在任何时候都拒绝为任何统治者服务。庄子是老子最著名的思想继承者，对中国文人和中国文化产生了巨大的影响。老子影响了千百万中国人。他用他的无为和中庸来说服人们。<br />
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受老子影响的政治理论家主张在领导上要谦逊，在治国方法上要克制，要么是出于道德和和平主义的原因，要么是出于战术目的。在不同的背景下，各种反权威运动都接受了老子关于权力弱者的教诲。<br />
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老子是无政府主义的倡导者。左派自由主义者尤其受到老子的影响——无政府工团主义作家和活动家Rudolf Rocker在他1937年出版的《Nationalism and Culture》一书中赞扬了老子的“温和智慧”以及对政治权力与人民和社区的文化活动之间的对立的理解。在1910年发表在《大英百科全书》的文章中，Peter Kropotkin还指出，老子本质上是无政府主义概念的最早支持者之一。近年来，无政府主义者如 John p. Clark 和Ursula K. Le Guin 以不同的方式写了关于无政府主义和道教之间的联系的文章，特别强调了老子的教义。在讲述《道德经》时，Le Guin 写道，老子“并不把政治权力视为无限制的权利。他认为合法的权力是挣来的，错误的权力被篡夺了... ... 他认为自我牺牲或他人牺牲是权力的堕落，权力对任何遵循道路的人都是有效的。所以无政府主义者和道教徒会成为好朋友。”<br />
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右翼自由主义经济学家Murray Rothbard认为老子是第一个自由主义者，他把老子的政府观点比作Friedrich Hayek的自发秩序理论。James A. Dorn对此表示赞同，他在书中写道，老子和许多18世纪的自由主义者一样，“认为最小化政府的作用，让个人自发发展，才是实现社会和经济和谐的最佳途径。”同样，Cato研究所的David Boaz在他1997年出版的《The Libertarian Reader》一书中也引用了《道德经》中的一些段落。然而，哲学家Roderick Long认为，道家思想中的自由意志主义主题实际上是从早期的儒家作家那里借鉴来的。<br />
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[[Category:待整理页面]]</div>Nancyhttps://wiki.swarma.org/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90&diff=25223老子2021-08-02T04:24:40Z<p>Nancy：/* Nancy */</p>
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<div>由CecileLi初步审校。多处中英文未放在对应位置，以及有缺失无格式的英文。<br />
== 基本信息 ==<br />
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|姓名：|| 老子(李聃) Li Dan 姓李名耳，字聃，一字伯阳，或曰谥伯阳<br />
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|出生日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
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|逝世日期：||春秋末期，不详<br />
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|所属学派：|| 中国道家<br />
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| 研究领域：||哲学<br />
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Lao Tzu (or), also rendered as Laozi; was an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer. He is the reputed author of the Tao Te Ching, A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Laozi's work has been embraced by both various anti-authoritarian movements and Chinese Legalism.<br />
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老子（Lao Tzu/Laozi），中国古代哲学家、文学家，《道德经》作者。老子是中国文化的核心人物，李唐一族以及现在许多李姓族人都将老子视为李姓始祖。老子的思想和作品同时为儒家和法家所所接受。<br />
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==名字==<br />
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Lao Tzu itself is a [[Chinese honorifics|Chinese honorific title]]: {{lang|zh|{{linktext|老}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''r[[Pharyngealization|ˤu]] [[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "old, venerable")<ref name=baxsag/> and {{lang|zh|{{linktext|子}}}} (<small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[Reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''tsə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'', "master").<ref name=baxsag/> In traditional accounts, ''Laozi'''s actual [[Chinese personal names|personal name]] is usually given as Li&nbsp;Er {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|耳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''rə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]&nbsp;nə[[glottal stop|ʔ]]'',<ref name=baxsag>{{cite web |last1=Baxter |first1=William |first2=Laurent |last2=Sagart |url=http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf |title=Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction |date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Lǐ&nbsp;Ěr'') and his [[courtesy name]] as Boyang {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|trad.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|陽}}}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|simp.]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|伯|阳}}}},}} <small>[[Old Chinese|Old]]</small>&nbsp;[[reconstruction of Old Chinese|*]]''P[[Pharyngealization|ˤrak]]-lang'',<ref name=baxsag/> <small>[[pinyin|Mod.]]</small>&nbsp;''Bóyáng''). A prominent [[posthumous name]] was ''Li&nbsp;Dan'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|李|聃}}}},}} ''Lǐ&nbsp;Dān'').<ref>{{Harvtxt|Luo|2004|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kramer|1986|p=118}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=2}}</ref> [[Sima Qian]] in his biography mentions his name as ''Lǐ Ěr'', and his literary name as ''Lǐ Dān'', which became the deferential ''Lǎo Dān'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|聃}}}},}} ''Lǎo&nbsp;Dān'').<ref name="LDR">"Sima Qian identifies the old master as a "Lao Dan"...." in {{cite book |last1=Rainey |first1=Lee Dian |title=Decoding Dao: Reading the Dao De Jing (Tao Te Ching) and the Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-46567-7 |page=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YNFiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 |language=en}}</ref> The name ''Lǎo Dān'' also appears interchangeably with ''Lǎo Zi'' in early Daoist texts such as the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'',<ref name="LDR"/> and may also be the name by which ''Lao Tzu'' was addressed by [[Confucius]] when they possibly met.<ref name="LDR"/> According to the ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'', "the 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)".<ref>"The 'founder' of philosophical Daoism is the quasi-legendary ''Laodan'', more commonly known as ''Laozi'' (Old Master)" in {{cite book |last1=Carr |first1=Dr Brian |last2=Mahalingam |first2=Indira |title=Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-96058-3 |page=497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIwrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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在中国，“老子”这个词本意是一个尊称。一般认为，老子的真实名字是李聃,字为伯阳，因此也有人尊称其为老聃。 根据《Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy》（《亚洲哲学百科全书》）中所述，人们将道家哲学的奠基人称之为老子。<br />
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The honorific title ''Lao Tzu'' has been [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still ''Lao Tzu'', which is based on the formerly prevalent [[Wade–Giles]] system.<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tzu'' and ''Lao-Tzu''.</ref><ref name="ngoog" /> In the 19th century, the title was usually romanized as ''Lao-tse''.<ref name=ngoog>Franz, Alex et al. ed. [https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=(Laozi)%2B(LaoZi)%2B(Lao+Zi)%2B(Lao+zi)%2C(Laotze)%2B(LaoTze)%2B(Lao+tze)%2B(Lao+Tze)%2C(Laotse)%2B(LaoTse)%2B(Lao+tse)%2B(Lao+Tse)%2CLaocius%2C(Lao+Tzu)%2B(Lao+tzu)%2B(Laotzu)%2B(LaoTzu)%2CLaosi%2C(Lao+Tsu)%2B(Lao+tsu)%2B(Laotsu)%2B(LaoTsu)&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=10&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%28Laozi%29%20%2B%20%28LaoZi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Zi%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20zi%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotze%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tze%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tze%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Laotse%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tse%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20Tse%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaocius%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tzu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotzu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTzu%29%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CLaosi%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%28Lao%20Tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Lao%20tsu%29%20%2B%20%28Laotsu%29%20%2B%20%28LaoTsu%29%3B%2Cc0 Google corpus]. 2008. Retrieved 17 Jan;2014.</ref><ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tse'' and ''Lao-Tse''.</ref> Other forms include the variants ''Lao-tze'',<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tze'' and ''Lao-Tze''.</ref> ''Lao-tsu''<ref>Also encountered as ''Lao&nbsp;Tsu'' and ''Lao-Tsu''.</ref> and ''Laozi/Lao Zi.''<br />
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The honorific title Lao Tzu has been romanized numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is still Lao Tzu, which is based on the formerly prevalent Wade–Giles system. Other forms include the variants Lao-tze, Lao-tsu and Laozi/Lao Zi.<br />
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老子的称号有很多种形式，这也导致了在不同语境下的语意不明。但目前最常见的称呼仍然是由威妥玛式拼音而来的“老子”（Lao Tzu）。在19世纪，其称呼通常用罗马拼音“Lao-tse”。其它的变体形式通常包括Lao-tze，Lao-tsu和Laozi/Lao zi。<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】英文顺序乱了有调整<br />
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As a religious figure, he is worshipped under the name "Supreme Old Lord" }}, Tàishàng Lǎojūn) and as one of the "Three Pure Ones". During the Tang dynasty, he was granted the title "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor" ,}} Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì).<br />
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作为一个宗教人物形象时，他被冠以“至尊老爷”、“太守郎”、“三圣”之一等称号。在唐朝，他还被授予“至高无上的神秘而原始的皇帝”的称号。<br />
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==历代观点==<br />
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In the mid-twentieth century, a consensus emerged among scholars that the [[historicity]] of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the ''Tao Te Ching'' was "a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watson|1968|p=8}}</ref> <br />
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二十世纪中叶时，学者们一致认为，老子这个人的历史性是值得怀疑的，《道德经》是“多人汇编的道教语录”。<br />
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The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in the 1st‑century&nbsp;BC ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' collected by the historian [[Sima Qian]] from earlier accounts. In one account, Laozi was said to be a contemporary of [[Confucius]] during the 6th or 5th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC. His [[Chinese surname#Shi|surname]] was [[Li (surname 李)|Li]] and his personal name was Er or Dan. He was an official in the imperial archives and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the west. In another, Laozi was a different contemporary of [[Confucius]] titled Lao Laizi {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|{{linktext|老|莱|子}}}})}} and wrote a book in 15 parts. In a third, he was the court astrologer Lao Dan who lived during the 4th century&nbsp;BC reign of [[list of dukes of Qin|Duke]] [[Duke Xian of Qin (424–362 BC)|Xian]] of the [[state of Qin|Qin Dynasty]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Fowler|2005|p=96}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Robinet|1997|p=26}}</ref> The oldest text of the ''Tao Te Ching'' so far recovered was part of the [[Guodian Chu Slips]]. It was written on [[bamboo slips]], and dates to the late 4th&nbsp;century&nbsp;BC.<ref name="stanford">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Laozi |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=Stanford University|year=2018 |quote=The discovery of two ''Laozi'' silk manuscripts at Mawangdui, near Changsha, Hunan province in 1973 marks an important milestone in modern ''Laozi'' research. The manuscripts, identified simply as 'A' (jia) and 'B' (yi), were found in a tomb that was sealed in 168 BC. The texts themselves can be dated earlier, the 'A' manuscript being the older of the two, copied in all likelihood before 195 BC.<br/><br/>"Until recently, the Mawangdui manuscripts have held the pride of place as the oldest extant manuscripts of the ''Laozi''. In late 1993, the excavation of a tomb (identified as M1) in [[Guodian, Jingmen|Guodian]], Jingmen city, [[Hubei]], has yielded among other things some 800 bamboo slips, of which 730 are inscribed, containing over 13,000 Chinese characters. Some of these, amounting to about 2,000 characters, match the ''Laozi''. The tomb...is dated around 300 BC.}}</ref><br />
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对于老子的最早的记载存在于公元前1世纪史学家司马迁的《史记》。一方面，有人认为老子是公元前6或者5史记和孔子同时代的人。他姓李名耳，字聃，是朝廷档案馆的官员，在去世之前分两部分写了一本书。另一方面，老子是不同于孔子的另外一个人，并且被称为老莱子，写了一本由15部分组成的书。此外，还有一种观点认为，他是宫廷占星家老聃，生活在公元前4史记的秦朝咸阳。迄今为止，发现的最古老的《道德经》的文字是《郭店楚简》中的一部分。这些记录在竹简上的文字可以追溯到公元前4世纪后期。<br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edepot.com/taoism_lao-tzu.html |title=Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) Scroll Paintings and Posters |publisher=Edepot.com |accessdate=15 February 2013}}</ref> This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the [[Yellow Emperor]] and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the ''[[Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]''.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13">{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=223–24}}</ref><br />
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According to traditional accounts, Laozi was a scholar who worked as the Keeper of the Archives for the royal court of Zhou. This reportedly allowed him broad access to the works of the Yellow Emperor and other classics of the time. The stories assert that Laozi never opened a formal school but nonetheless attracted a large number of students and loyal disciples. There are many variations of a story retelling his encounter with Confucius, most famously in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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传统观点认为，老子是一位学者，曾担任周朝的档案管理员。据记载，官职的原因使他能够广泛接触黄帝的作品和其他当时的经典作品。在这些故事中，老子从未开设过正规学校，但仍然吸引了大批学生和忠实的徒弟。讲述他与孔子相遇的故事有很多，其中最著名的是《庄子》中的阐述。<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the [[village (China)|village]] of [[Chu Jen]] in [[state of Chu|Chu]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001}}</ref> In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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He was sometimes held to have come from the village of Chu Jen in Chu. In accounts where Laozi married, he was said to have had a son named Zong who became a celebrated soldier.<br />
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有人认为，老子来自楚国的朱人村。据说在老子结婚的地方，他有一个儿子，名叫宗，后来成了一位著名的战士。<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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The story tells of Zong the Warrior who defeats an enemy and triumphs, and then abandons the corpses of the enemy soldiers to be eaten by vultures. By coincidence Laozi, traveling and teaching the way of the Tao, comes on the scene and is revealed to be the father of Zong, from whom he was separated in childhood. Laozi tells his son that it is better to treat respectfully a beaten enemy, and that the disrespect to their dead would cause his foes to seek revenge. Convinced, Zong orders his soldiers to bury the enemy dead. Funeral mourning is held for the dead of both parties and a lasting peace is made.<br />
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在关于宗的故事中，由于宗从小就与老子分开，以至于直到他打败了很多敌人，获得了战争的胜利，然后他抛弃了敌人的尸体，任其被秃鹫吃掉，而恰逢老子在周游和讲学的路上来到了现场，人们才指出了老子是宗的父亲。于是老子教导儿子宗，对于被打败的敌人需要给予尊重，对死者的不尊重会招致来自他的敌人的报复。宗对此非常认同，并且下令让士兵埋葬敌人的尸体，并且为双方的死者举行葬礼哀悼，从而实现了持久的和平。<br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi,<ref name="Woolf2007 1">{{cite book|author= Woolf, Greg|title=Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94NuSg3tlsgC&q=Li+Er+Laozi|year=2007|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-1-4351-0121-0|pages=218–19}}</ref> including the [[List of rulers of China|emperors]] of the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{Citation |accessdate=8 February 2012|title=The Chinese: their history and culture, Volume 1|author=Latourette, Kenneth Scott|quote=T'ai Tsung's family professed descent from Lao Tzu (for the latter's reputed patronymic was likewise Li)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ultxAAAAMAAJ|edition=2|year=1934|publisher=Macmillan|page=191}}</ref><ref name="Woolf2007 1" /><ref name="Hargett2006">{{cite book|author= Hargett, James M.|title=Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m21KGsV8ihgC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-6682-7|pages=54–}}</ref> This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage ([[w:zh:隴西李氏|隴西李氏]]). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|p=12}}</ref><br />
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Many clans of the Li family trace their descent to Laozi, including the emperors of the Tang dynasty. This family was known as the Longxi Li lineage (隴西李氏). According to the Simpkinses, while many (if not all) of these lineages are questionable, they provide a testament to Laozi's impact on Chinese culture.<br />
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包括唐朝的皇帝在内的李氏家族祖先可以追溯到老子。这个家族被成为陇西李氏。根据辛普森的观点，尽管其中的许多血统都让人怀疑，但是这证明了老子对于中国文化的影响。<br />
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The third story in [[Sima Qian]] states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in [[Chengzhou]] and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard [[Yinxi]]. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the ''Tao Te Ching'', although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=14, 17, 54–55}}</ref> In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of [[Siddartha Gautama]], the [[Buddha]]. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<ref name="Simpkins 1999 pp 12-13"/><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|pp=224–25}}</ref><br />
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The third story in Sima Qian states that Laozi grew weary of the moral decay of life in Chengzhou and noted the kingdom's decline. He ventured west to live as a hermit in the unsettled frontier at the age of 80. At the western gate of the city (or kingdom), he was recognized by the guard Yinxi. The sentry asked the old master to record his wisdom for the good of the country before he would be permitted to pass. The text Laozi wrote was said to be the Tao Te Ching, although the present version of the text includes additions from later periods. In some versions of the tale, the sentry was so touched by the work that he became a disciple and left with Laozi, never to be seen again. In others, the "Old Master" journeyed all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddartha Gautama, the Buddha. Others say he was the Buddha himself.<br />
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在司马迁记录的关于老子的第三个故事中，老子对于在成周(翻译者注：周朝京师，即都城，洛阳的旧称)的生活感到厌倦，并且察觉到王朝的衰落。80岁那年，他大胆地隐居到西部动荡不安的边疆。在行至西城门时，守卫尹喜认出了他。哨兵要求老子，为了国家的利益着想，留下他的智慧，然后才允许他离开。老子写的文字被称为《道德经》，尽管该文章的现存版本含有后世增补的内容。在这个故事的另一个版本中，守卫被老子的作品深深打动了，于是他拜老子为师，遂与其一同离开。还有一种说法是，老子最后到达了印度，成为了释加牟尼的老师。甚至也有人认为，他就是佛陀本人。<br />
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A seventh-century work, the Sandong Zhunang ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by Yinxi, who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the Tao and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the Tao.<br />
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A seventh-century work, the ''Sandong Zhunang'' ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), embellished the relationship between Laozi and Yinxi. Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by [[Yinxi]], who asked to be taught by the great master. Laozi was not satisfied by simply being noticed by the guard and demanded an explanation. Yinxi expressed his deep desire to find the ''Tao'' and explained that his long study of astrology allowed him to recognize Laozi's approach. Yinxi was accepted by Laozi as a disciple. This is considered an exemplary interaction between Taoist master and disciple, reflecting the testing a seeker must undergo before being accepted. A would-be adherent is expected to prove his determination and talent, clearly expressing his wishes and showing that he had made progress on his own towards realizing the ''Tao''.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|p=55}}</ref><br />
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在七世纪的作品《三洞珠囊》中，讲述了老子和尹喜之间的关系。老子到达了西城门时假装自己是农民，但他还是被守卫尹喜认了出来，尹喜请求师从老子。老子对于被认出感到不满，要求尹喜说明其拜师的原因。尹喜解释道，自己有着追寻道的强烈愿望，而且他长期研究占星学，且正是因此令他认出了老子。于是老子将尹喜收为弟子。这被认为是道教大师和弟子之间互动的典范，反映了一个求道者在被接受之前必须经历的考验。一个追随者应该证明自己的决心和才能，清楚的表达自己的愿望，表明自己在实现道的道路上已经取得了进步。<br />
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The ''Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns'' continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the ''Tao Te Ching'', along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the ''Tao'' personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Kohn|Lafargue|1998|pp=55–56}}</ref><br />
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The Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns continues the parallel of an adherent's quest. Yinxi received his ordination when Laozi transmitted the Tao Te Ching, along with other texts and precepts, just as Taoist adherents receive a number of methods, teachings and scriptures at ordination. This is only an initial ordination and Yinxi still needed an additional period to perfect his virtue, thus Laozi gave him three years to perfect his Tao. Yinxi gave himself over to a full-time devotional life. After the appointed time, Yinxi again demonstrates determination and perfect trust, sending out a black sheep to market as the agreed sign. He eventually meets again with Laozi, who announces that Yinxi's immortal name is listed in the heavens and calls down a heavenly procession to clothe Yinxi in the garb of immortals. The story continues that Laozi bestowed a number of titles upon Yinxi and took him on a journey throughout the universe, even into the nine heavens. After this fantastic journey, the two sages set out to western lands of the barbarians. The training period, reuniting and travels represent the attainment of the highest religious rank in medieval Taoism called "Preceptor of the Three Caverns". In this legend, Laozi is the perfect Taoist master and Yinxi is the ideal Taoist student. Laozi is presented as the Tao personified, giving his teaching to humanity for their salvation. Yinxi follows the formal sequence of preparation, testing, training and attainment.<br />
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《三洞珠囊》的故事延续了一个追随者想要的追求。正如很多其他的教义一样，老子在传授《道德经》时，尹喜接受了很多戒律。而这些戒律只是一个初步任务，尹喜还需要很多的修行来完善他的道，所以老子给了他三年时间来完善他的“道”。尹喜全身心的投入到道的学习当中，在三年时间过后，尹喜再次表现出决心和完全的信任，所有人都认为他是一匹道家思想的黑马。最终，他再次与老子见面，老子宣布他以阴天仙人的名字列入天界，并号召进行天界大游行，为尹喜穿上仙人的外衣。在这个故事中，老子还赋予尹喜许多头衔，并带他踏上了探索整个宇宙的修行之旅，甚至进入了九个天堂。经过这段奇妙的旅程，两位圣人最终进入了野蛮人的西部并传授道。在训练时期，“相聚”和“修行”代表着中世纪道教中最高的宗教等级，即“三洞的感受者”。在这个传说中，老子是完美的道家大师，尹喜是理想的道家学生。老子呈现为道的世俗化身，向人们传授道，让人解脱，获得救赎。尹喜则遵循了准备、测试、培训和得道的完备过程。<br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the [[Han dynasty]]. As [[Taoism]] took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the ''Tao'' from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the [[Way of the Celestial Masters]], the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the ''Tao''. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the ''Tao Te Ching'' but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the ''Tao''.<ref name="Kohn 3-4"/><br />
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The story of Laozi has taken on strong religious overtones since the Han dynasty. As Taoism took root, Laozi was worshipped as a god. Belief in the revelation of the Tao from the divine Laozi resulted in the formation of the Way of the Celestial Masters, the first organized religious Taoist sect. In later mature Taoist tradition, Laozi came to be seen as a personification of the Tao. He is said to have undergone numerous "transformations" and taken on various guises in various incarnations throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way. Religious Taoism often holds that the "Old Master" did not disappear after writing the Tao Te Ching but rather spent his life traveling and revealing the Tao. Other myths state that he was reborn 13 times after his first life during the days of Fuxi. In his last incarnation as Laozi, he lived nine hundred and ninety years and spent his life traveling to reveal the Tao.<br />
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自汉代以来，老子的故事就带有强烈的宗教色彩。随着道教的生根发芽，老子被尊崇为神。人们认为老子是道的启示者，由此推动了天师道的形成。天师道是第一个有组织的宗教教派。在后来成熟的道家传统中，老子逐渐被视为道的化身。据说他在整个历史中经历了无数的“转变” ，并以各种各样的化身形象来启蒙求道的信徒。道教中认为，“老子”在写完《道德经》之后并没有消失，而是一生都在游历和揭示道。道家神话中，老子是在他母亲凝视一颗流星的时候怀上的。据说，他在母亲的子宫里待了62年，然后出生了，生下老子时他的母亲正靠在一棵李子树上。据说老子长成了一个成年人后，满脸灰白的胡须，长长的耳垂，既象征着智慧，又象征着长寿。还有一些神话传说，老子是伏羲的化身，是伏羲13次重生的最后一次，他活了九百九十年，用他的一生修行来揭示道。<br />
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==道德经==<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' (''Daodejing''), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Simpkins|Simpkins|1999|pp=11–13}}</ref><ref>{{Harvtxt|Morgan|2001|p=223}}</ref> It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese [[cosmogony]]. As with most other ancient [[Chinese philosophers]], Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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Laozi is traditionally regarded as the author of the Tao Te Ching (Daodejing), though the identity of its author(s) or compiler(s) has been debated throughout history. It is one of the most significant treatises in Chinese cosmogony. As with most other ancient Chinese philosophers, Laozi often explains his ideas by way of paradox, analogy, appropriation of ancient sayings, repetition, symmetry, rhyme, and rhythm. In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy – the ruler is the awareness, or self, in meditation and the myriad creatures or empire is the experience of the body, senses and desires.<br />
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《道德经》作者或编者的身份一直是人们争论的焦点。传统观点认为，老子就是《道德经》的作者。《道德经》中国宇宙起源论中最重要的论文之一。老子和大多数中国古代哲学家一样，常常运用悖论、反讽、类比、用典、反复、对仗、重章叠韵、音韵和谐等方式来阐释自己的思想。事实上，《道德经》整本书都可以看作是一个类比——在冥想中，统治者是读者的意识或自我，而无数的生物或帝国则是对身体、感官和欲望的体验。<br />
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{{Main|Tao Te Ching|Tao|Wu wei}}<br />
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[[File:Ping Sien Si - 016 Lao zi (16135526115).jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|Laozi Immortal and Grand Master of Heaven|链接=Special:FilePath/Ping_Sien_Si_-_016_Lao_zi_(16135526115).jpg]]<br />
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The ''Tao Te Ching'', often called simply ''Laozi'' after its reputed author, describes the ''Dao'' (or ''Tao'') as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The ''Tao Te Ching'' intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --><ref>{{Harvtxt|Van Norden|Ivanhoe|2005|p=162}}</ref> Language and [[conventional wisdom]] are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<ref name="Kohn-22">{{Harvtxt|Kohn|2000|p=22}}</ref><br />
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The Tao Te Ching, often called simply Laozi after its reputed author, describes the Dao (or Tao) as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance of the Tao. The Tao Te Ching intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao.<!-- ref supports whole of paragraph to this point --> Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.<br />
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《道德经》因其作者老子的名字而被简称为《老子》 ，老子把道描述为一切存在的源泉和理想: 它是看不见的，但并不是超越认知的，它是非常强大却又是极其卑微的，是万物的根源。人们有欲望和自由意志(因此能够改变自己的本性)。但是许多人的行为“不自然” ，打破了道的自然平衡。《道德经》意图引导人们“回归”到他们的自然状态，与道和谐相处。在书中，言语和传统智慧受到批判性的评价。道教认为它们天生带有偏见，是人为的，并在书中广泛使用悖论来强化这一观点。<br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of ''wu wei'', free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "[[ignorance]]", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an [[apologetic]] of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (''gushen'') and "soul" (''po''), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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Livia Kohn provides an example of how Laozi encouraged a change in approach, or return to "nature", rather than action. Technology may bring about a false sense of progress. The answer provided by Laozi is not the rejection of technology, but instead seeking the calm state of wu wei, free from desires. This relates to many statements by Laozi encouraging rulers to keep their people in "ignorance", or "simple-minded". Some scholars insist this explanation ignores the religious context, and others question it as an apologetic of the philosophical coherence of the text. It would not be unusual political advice if Laozi literally intended to tell rulers to keep their people ignorant. However, some terms in the text, such as "valley spirit" (gushen) and "soul" (po), bear a metaphysical context and cannot be easily reconciled with a purely ethical reading of the work.<br />
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Livia Kohn说明老子是如何鼓励改变方法或返回“自然”而非行动的。技术可能带来错误的进步感。老子所提供的答案是不排斥的技术，而是寻求平静的状态无为，摆脱欲望。这与老子鼓励统治者保持人民“无知”或“思想简单”的许多言论有关。一些学者坚持认为这种解释忽略了宗教语境，另一些学者则质疑这种解释是对文本哲学连贯性的辩护。如果老子真的打算告诉统治者让他们的人民保持无知，这是非常寻常的政治建议。然而，文本中的“谷神”、“灵魂“等术语，具有形而上的语境，并不能与作品的纯道德解读相吻合。<br />
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''[[Wu wei]]'' (無為), literally "non-action" or "not acting", is a central concept of the ''Tao Te Ching''. The concept of ''wu wei'' is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".<ref>{{Harvtxt|Watts|1975|pp=78–86}}</ref><br />
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无为是“道德经”的核心概念。“无为”的概念是多方面的，甚至在英语翻译中也体现在单词的多种含义上。在文学意义上，它可能意味着“不做任何事情”，“不强迫”，“不行动”，“虚无”，“自发行动”和“随时间流逝”。无为是一个概念，用于解释人与自然或与道的和谐。它包括价值区分是意识形态的概念，并将各种野心都源于同一来源。老子广泛地以简单和谦卑为主要美德来使用这个词，这常常与自私的行为形成对比。从政治角度讲，这意味着避免战争，苛刻的法律和重税之类的情况。一些道教徒认为无为与深奥的实践之间存在联系，例如在庄子中发现的坐忘（清空身体意识和思想）。<br />
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It is a concept used to explain ''[[ziran]]'' (自然), or harmony with the ''Tao''. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with [[simplicity]] and [[humility]] as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between ''wu wei'' and [[esoteric]] practices, such as ''[[zuowang]]'' "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<ref name="Kohn-22"/><br />
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It is a concept used to explain ziran (自然), or harmony with the Tao. It includes the concepts that value distinctions are ideological and seeing ambition of all sorts as originating from the same source. Laozi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circumstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang "sitting in oblivion" (emptying the mind of bodily awareness and thought) found in the Zhuangzi.<br />
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Potential officials throughout Chinese history drew on the authority of non-Confucian sages, especially Laozi and Zhuangzi, to deny serving any ruler at any time. Zhuangzi, Laozi's most famous follower in traditional accounts, had a great deal of influence on Chinese literati and culture. Lao Tsu influenced millions of Chinese people by his psychological understanding. He persuaded people by his inaction and non-speaking.<br />
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Political theorists influenced by Laozi have advocated humility in leadership and a restrained approach to statecraft, either for ethical and pacifist reasons, or for tactical ends. In a different context, various anti-authoritarian movements have embraced the Laozi teachings on the power of the weak.<br />
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--[[用户:CecileLi|CecileLi]]([[用户讨论:CecileLi|讨论]]) 【审校】缺失翻译 补充：无为是一个用来解释“自然”或“与道和谐”的概念。它包含价值差异是意识形态的，并将各种野心视为同一来源的概念。老子广泛地使用这个词，把朴素和谦逊作为主要美德，并常常把它们与自私的行为形成对比。在政治层面上，这意味着统治者要避免战争、实行轻徭薄赋等政策。一些道家学者认为，无为与深奥的行为有联系，如《庄子》中的左王“坐忘”（清空身体意识和思想的心灵）。<br />
中国历史上，有一些才华横溢但淡泊名利的君子，秉持非儒家圣人，尤其是老子和庄子的思想以及权威，拒绝在任何时候为任何统治者服务。庄子是老子最著名的传人，他对中国的文学和文化产生了很大的影响。老子通过他的修身养性和对心灵的理解影响了千百万中国人，而庄子以无为、无言说服了人们。<br />
老子提倡的或受老子思想的影响政治策略，无论是出于伦理和和平主义的原因，还是出于战术目的，都提倡统治者和领导人的谦逊，以及无为的治国方略。在历代各种反独裁运动中，其指导思想都受到了老子关于弱者力量的教导的影响。<br />
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===道教===<br />
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人们一般认为，因为老子与道德经和“原始”道家有着密切的联系，所以他是道家的创始人。民间流行的道教典型地将玉皇大帝作为官方最具权威的神。知识分子(“精英”)的道家，如天师派，通常把老子(老君)和三净奉为神明。<br />
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== 影响 ==<br />
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纵观中国历史，统治者利用非儒家圣人的思想，特别是老子和庄子，在任何时候都拒绝为任何统治者服务。庄子是老子最著名的思想继承者，对中国文人和中国文化产生了巨大的影响。老子影响了千百万中国人。他用他的无为和中庸来说服人们。<br />
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受老子影响的政治理论家主张在领导上要谦逊，在治国方法上要克制，要么是出于道德和和平主义的原因，要么是出于战术目的。在不同的背景下，各种反权威运动都接受了老子关于权力弱者的教诲。<br />
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老子是无政府主义的倡导者。左派自由主义者尤其受到老子的影响——无政府工团主义作家和活动家Rudolf Rocker在他1937年出版的《Nationalism and Culture》一书中赞扬了老子的“温和智慧”以及对政治权力与人民和社区的文化活动之间的对立的理解。在1910年发表在《大英百科全书》的文章中，Peter Kropotkin还指出，老子本质上是无政府主义概念的最早支持者之一。近年来，无政府主义者如 John p. Clark 和Ursula K. Le Guin 以不同的方式写了关于无政府主义和道教之间的联系的文章，特别强调了老子的教义。在讲述《道德经》时，Le Guin 写道，老子“并不把政治权力视为无限制的权利。他认为合法的权力是挣来的，错误的权力被篡夺了... ... 他认为自我牺牲或他人牺牲是权力的堕落，权力对任何遵循道路的人都是有效的。所以无政府主义者和道教徒会成为好朋友。”<br />
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右翼自由主义经济学家Murray Rothbard认为老子是第一个自由主义者，他把老子的政府观点比作Friedrich Hayek的自发秩序理论。James A. Dorn对此表示赞同，他在书中写道，老子和许多18世纪的自由主义者一样，“认为最小化政府的作用，让个人自发发展，才是实现社会和经济和谐的最佳途径。”同样，Cato研究所的David Boaz在他1997年出版的《The Libertarian Reader》一书中也引用了《道德经》中的一些段落。然而，哲学家Roderick Long认为，道家思想中的自由意志主义主题实际上是从早期的儒家作家那里借鉴来的。<br />
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