可持续性

此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共5322，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。

文件:11625 2018 627 Fig1 HTML.webp

Commonly used schematics of the tripartite description of sustainability: Left, typical representation of sustainability as three intersecting circles. Right, alternative depictions: literal 'pillars' and a concentric circles approach.

thumb|upright=1.6|Commonly used schematics of the tripartite description of sustainability: Left, typical representation of sustainability as three intersecting circles. Right, alternative depictions: literal 'pillars' and a concentric circles approach.

拇指 | 直立 = 1.6 | 可持续性三部分描述的常用示意图: 左图，可持续性的典型表示为三个相交的圆圈。对，可供选择的描述: 字面的“柱子”和同心圆的方法。

Sustainability is a societal goal with three dimensions (also called pillars): the environmental, economic and social dimension. This concept can be used to guide decisions at the global, national and at the individual consumer level. A related concept is that of sustainable development. Both terms are often used synonymously. UNESCO formulated a distinction as follows: "Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while sustainable development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it."

Sustainability is a societal goal with three dimensions (also called pillars): the environmental, economic and social dimension. This concept can be used to guide decisions at the global, national and at the individual consumer level. A related concept is that of sustainable development. Both terms are often used synonymously. UNESCO formulated a distinction as follows: "Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while sustainable development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it."

可持续发展是一个社会目标，有三个维度(也称为支柱) : 环境、经济和社会维度。这个概念可以用来指导全球、国家和个人消费者层面的决策。一个相关的概念是可持续发展。这两个术语常常是同义词。联合国教科文组织制定了如下区分: “可持续性往往被认为是一个长期目标(即。一个更可持续的世界) ，而可持续发展指的是实现可持续发展的许多过程和途径。”

For many people, especially those from the environmental movement, sustainability is closely linked with environmental issues. This is also called "environmental sustainability", and is explained with the "planetary boundaries" model. The public is concerned about human impacts on the environment. The most dominant environmental issues since about the year 2000 have been climate change, loss of biodiversity and environmental pollution and land degradation (such as deforestation and general degradation of ecosystems).

For many people, especially those from the environmental movement, sustainability is closely linked with environmental issues. This is also called "environmental sustainability", and is explained with the "planetary boundaries" model. The public is concerned about human impacts on the environment. The most dominant environmental issues since about the year 2000 have been climate change, loss of biodiversity and environmental pollution and land degradation (such as deforestation and general degradation of ecosystems).

对于许多人，特别是那些环保运动的人来说，可持续发展与环境问题密切相关。这也被称为“环境可持续性”，并用“行星边界”模型来解释。公众关心人类对环境的影响。自2000年左右以来，最主要的环境问题是气候变化、生物多样性丧失、环境污染和土地退化(例如森林砍伐和生态系统普遍退化)。

The economic dimension of sustainability is as controversial as the concept of sustainability itself. This is partly because of the inherent contradictions between "welfare for all" and environmental conservation. To resolve this contradiction, the decoupling of economic growth from environmental deterioration needs to be considered. It is difficult to achieve because environmental and social costs are not generally paid by the entity that causes them, and are not expressed in the market price. Usually, externalities are either not addressed at all or are left to be addressed by government policy or by local governance. Some examples are: taxing the activity (the polluter pays); subsidizing activities that have a positive environmental or social effect (rewarding stewardship); or outlawing the practice (legal limits on pollution).

The economic dimension of sustainability is as controversial as the concept of sustainability itself. This is partly because of the inherent contradictions between "welfare for all" and environmental conservation. To resolve this contradiction, the decoupling of economic growth from environmental deterioration needs to be considered. It is difficult to achieve because environmental and social costs are not generally paid by the entity that causes them, and are not expressed in the market price. Usually, externalities are either not addressed at all or are left to be addressed by government policy or by local governance. Some examples are: taxing the activity (the polluter pays); subsidizing activities that have a positive environmental or social effect (rewarding stewardship); or outlawing the practice (legal limits on pollution).

可持续性的经济层面与可持续性的概念本身一样具有争议性。部分原因在于“人人享有福利”与环境保护之间的内在矛盾。为了解决这一矛盾，需要考虑经济增长与环境恶化的脱钩问题。这一目标难以实现，因为环境和社会成本通常不是由造成这些成本的实体支付的，也不是以市场价格表示的。通常，外部性要么根本没有得到解决，要么由政府政策或地方治理来解决。例如: 对活动征税(污染者付费) ; 对具有积极环境或社会影响的活动进行补贴(奖励管理) ; 或取缔这种做法(对污染的法律限制)。

The social dimension of sustainability is the least defined and least understood dimension of sustainability. Some academics have proposed more dimensions of sustainability such as institutional, cultural, and technical dimensions. ·

The social dimension of sustainability is the least defined and least understood dimension of sustainability. Some academics have proposed more dimensions of sustainability such as institutional, cultural, and technical dimensions. ·

可持续性的社会层面是界定最少、理解最少的可持续性层面。一些学者提出了更多的可持续性维度，如制度、文化和技术维度。·

The concept of sustainability has been criticized from different angles. One angle is that sustainability as a goal might be impossible to reach due to far-reaching detrimental impacts of humans on the environment. The other angle is that the concept is vague, ill-defined and merely a buzzword.

The concept of sustainability has been criticized from different angles. One angle is that sustainability as a goal might be impossible to reach due to far-reaching detrimental impacts of humans on the environment. The other angle is that the concept is vague, ill-defined and merely a buzzword.

可持续发展的概念受到了不同角度的批判。一个角度是，由于人类对环境的深远有害影响，可持续性作为一个目标可能无法实现。另一个角度是，这个概念是模糊的，不明确的，只是一个流行词。

Usage

文件:Sustainability venn diagram.jpg

Sustainability Venn diagram where "sustainability" is thought of as the area where the three dimensions overlap.

Current usage

Sustainability is regarded as a "normative concept". This can be illustrated as follows: "The quest for sustainability involves connecting what is known through scientific study to applications in pursuit of what people want for the future".

Sustainability is regarded as a "normative concept". This can be illustrated as follows: "The quest for sustainability involves connecting what is known through scientific study to applications in pursuit of what people want for the future".

可持续性被认为是一个“规范的概念”。这可以说明如下: “对可持续性的追求包括将通过科学研究已知的东西与追求人们对未来的期望的应用联系起来。”。

Modern use of the term "sustainability" was strongly influenced by the 1983 UN Commission on Environment and Development, also known as the Brundtland Commission. In the commission's 1987 report titled Our Common Future (also known as the Brundtland Report), sustainable development is defined as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The report helped bring "sustainability" into the mainstream policy discourse and popularize the concept of "sustainable development".

Modern use of the term "sustainability" was strongly influenced by the 1983 UN Commission on Environment and Development, also known as the Brundtland Commission. In the commission's 1987 report titled Our Common Future (also known as the Brundtland Report), sustainable development is defined as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."United Nations General Assembly (1987) Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 – Development and International Co-operation: Environment. The report helped bring "sustainability" into the mainstream policy discourse and popularize the concept of "sustainable development". 50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

“可持续性”一词的现代使用受到了1983年联合国环境与发展委员会(又称布伦特兰委员会)的强烈影响。在委员会1987年题为《我们共同的未来》(也被称为“我们共同的未来”)的报告中，可持续发展被定义为“满足当代人的需求，同时又不损害后代人满足自身需求的能力”的发展。联合国大会(1987年)世界环境与发展委员会的报告: 我们共同的未来。作为 A/42/427号文件《发展与国际合作: 环境》的附件转交大会。该报告有助于将“可持续性”纳入主流政策话语，并普及“可持续发展”的概念。50px 文本复制自此来源，可在知识共享署名4.0国际许可下获得

The report states that environment and development are inseparable, when working for sustainability. Further, sustainable development is a global concept that links environmental and social issues and is equally important for developing countries and industrialized countries:

Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.

Key concepts to illustrate the meaning of sustainability include: Choices matter (in other words: "It is not possible to sustain everything, everywhere, forever."); sustainability is a normative concept (this means sustainability is connected to "what we see as desirable"); sustainability is a fuzzy or vague concept; scale matters, in both space and time; place matters; systems thinking is an organizing concept; limits exist (see planetary boundaries); sustainability is interconnected with other essential concepts (namely resilience, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability); change is an essential consideration and challenge for sustainability.

The report states that environment and development are inseparable, when working for sustainability. Further, sustainable development is a global concept that links environmental and social issues and is equally important for developing countries and industrialized countries: Key concepts to illustrate the meaning of sustainability include: Choices matter (in other words: "It is not possible to sustain everything, everywhere, forever."); sustainability is a normative concept (this means sustainability is connected to "what we see as desirable"); sustainability is a fuzzy or vague concept; scale matters, in both space and time; place matters; systems thinking is an organizing concept; limits exist (see planetary boundaries); sustainability is interconnected with other essential concepts (namely resilience, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability); change is an essential consideration and challenge for sustainability.

报告指出，在致力于可持续发展时，环境与发展密不可分。此外，可持续发展是一个连接环境和社会问题的全球性概念，对于发展中国家和工业化国家同样重要: 阐明可持续发展意义的关键概念包括: 选择很重要(换句话说: “不可能在任何地方永远维持一切。可持续性是一个规范的概念(这意味着可持续性与“我们认为理想的东西”有关) ; 可持续性是一个模糊或模糊的概念; 规模问题，在空间和时间; 地点问题; 系统思维是一个组织概念; 存在限制(见地球边界) ; 可持续性与其他基本概念(即弹性，适应能力和脆弱性)相互关联; 变化是对可持续性的基本考虑和挑战。

Relationship with the concept of sustainable development

The terms "sustainability" and "sustainable development" are closely related and are often used synonymously. Both terms are intrinsically linked with the "three dimensions of sustainability" concept. One distinction that can be made is that sustainability is a general concept, whereas sustainable development is a policy.

The terms "sustainability" and "sustainable development" are closely related and are often used synonymously. Both terms are intrinsically linked with the "three dimensions of sustainability" concept. One distinction that can be made is that sustainability is a general concept, whereas sustainable development is a policy.

术语“可持续性”和“可持续发展”密切相关，经常被当作同义词使用。这两个术语都与“可持续性的三个维度”概念有着内在的联系。可以作出的一个区别是，可持续性是一个普遍的概念，而可持续发展是一项政策。

Historical usage of environmental sustainability

文件:Carlowitz Gedenktafel Freiberg.jpg

The principle of sustainability (with a focus on the environmental dimension and forestry) was first formulated in writing in 1713 by Hans Carl von Carlowitz (commemorative plaque with quote).

Historically, "sustainability" referred to environmental sustainability and simply meant using natural resources in a way so that people in the future ("future generations") could continue to rely on their yields in the long term. The concept of sustainability, or Nachhaltigkeit in German, can be traced back to Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645–1714), and was applied to forestry (now: sustainable forest management). He used this term in the sense of a long-term responsible use of a natural resource in 1713 in his work Silvicultura oeconomica.  

Historically, "sustainability" referred to environmental sustainability and simply meant using natural resources in a way so that people in the future ("future generations") could continue to rely on their yields in the long term.Compare: The English-language word had a legal technical sense from 1835 and a resource-management connotation from 1953. The concept of sustainability, or Nachhaltigkeit in German, can be traced back to Hans Carl von Carlowitz (1645–1714), and was applied to forestry (now: sustainable forest management). He used this term in the sense of a long-term responsible use of a natural resource in 1713 in his work Silvicultura oeconomica.  

从历史上看，“可持续性”指的是环境可持续性，简单地说就是以某种方式利用自然资源，使未来的人们(“子孙后代”)能够长期继续依赖他们的产量。比较: 从1835年起，英语单词具有法律技术意义，从1953年起，英语单词具有资源管理的内涵。可持续性的概念，或德语中的 Nachhaltigkeit，可以追溯到汉斯 · 卡尔 · 冯 · 卡洛维茨(Hans Carl von Carlowitz，1645-1714) ，并被应用于林业(现在是可持续森林管理)。他在1713年的著作《 Silvicultura oeconomica 》中使用了这个术语，意思是长期负责任地使用自然资源。

The idea itself goes back to times immemorial, as communities have always worried about the capacity of their environment to sustain them in the long term. Many ancient cultures, "traditional societies" or indigenous peoples had or still have practices restricting the use of natural resources by human groups in various ways.

Development of three dimensions of sustainability

The idea itself goes back to times immemorial, as communities have always worried about the capacity of their environment to sustain them in the long term. Many ancient cultures, "traditional societies" or indigenous peoples had or still have practices restricting the use of natural resources by human groups in various ways.

Development of three dimensions of sustainability

这一想法本身可以追溯到远古时代，因为社区一直担心其环境能否长期维持其生存。许多古代文化、“传统社会”或原住民曾经或仍然以各种方式限制人类群体对自然资源的利用。= = 发展可持续性的三个层面 = =

文件:Nested sustainability-v2.svg

A diagram indicating the relationship between the "three pillars of sustainability", in which both economy and society are constrained by environmental limits. This concentric circle diagram also emphasizes a hierarchy.

Three different areas (also called dimensions or pillars) of sustainability are normally distinguished: the environmental, the social, and the economic. Most concepts of sustainability share this understanding, even though they might differ in the details. Several terms are in use for this concept in the literature: authors speak of three interconnected pillars, dimensions, components, stool legs, aspects, perspectives, factors or goals. They are used interchangeably. For example, the 2005 World Summit Outcome document used the term "aspects". Nevertheless, the distinction itself is rarely being questioned. The emergence of the three-pillar paradigm has little theoretical foundation nor a theoretically rigorous description: It gradually emerged without a single point of origin.

Three different areas (also called dimensions or pillars) of sustainability are normally distinguished: the environmental, the social, and the economic. Most concepts of sustainability share this understanding, even though they might differ in the details. Several terms are in use for this concept in the literature: authors speak of three interconnected pillars, dimensions, components, stool legs, aspects, perspectives, factors or goals. They are used interchangeably. For example, the 2005 World Summit Outcome document used the term "aspects". Nevertheless, the distinction itself is rarely being questioned. The emergence of the three-pillar paradigm has little theoretical foundation nor a theoretically rigorous description: It gradually emerged without a single point of origin.

可持续发展的三个不同领域(也称为维度或支柱)通常被区分开来: 环境、社会和经济。大多数可持续发展的概念共享这种理解，即使它们在细节上可能有所不同。在文献中，这个概念有几个术语: 作者谈到三个相互关联的支柱、维度、组成部分、凳子腿、方面、观点、因素或目标。它们可以互换使用。例如，2005年世界首脑会议成果文件使用了“方面”一词。然而，这种区别本身很少受到质疑。三大支柱范式的出现没有什么理论基础，也没有什么严格的理论描述: 它是逐渐出现的，没有一个单一的起源点。

The Brundtland report from 1987 emphasized that environment and development should be regarded inseparable. Furthermore, the Agenda 21 from 1992 explicitly talks about economic, social and environmental dimensions as follows:

Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.

The Brundtland report from 1987 emphasized that environment and development should be regarded inseparable. Furthermore, the Agenda 21 from 1992 explicitly talks about economic, social and environmental dimensions as follows:

1987年的我们共同的未来强调，环境与发展应该密不可分。此外，1992年《21世纪议程》明确谈到经济、社会和环境层面如下:

The "Agenda 2030" conceived the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with their 169 targets as balancing "the three dimensions of sustainable development, the economic, social and environmental."

The "Agenda 2030" conceived the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with their 169 targets as balancing "the three dimensions of sustainable development, the economic, social and environmental."United Nations (2015) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1 )

《2030年可持续发展议程》提出了17项可持续发展目标，其中169项目标是平衡“可持续发展的三个层面，即经济、社会和环境”。“联合国(2015)2015年9月25日大会通过的关于改造我们的世界: 2030年可持续发展议程的决议”(A/RES/70/1)

Relationship between the three dimensions

It has long been discussed what the relation between these three dimensions should be: Proponents of a concept of "weak" sustainability assume that "natural capital" (or environmental resources) can be replaced or substituted with "man-made capital". This is because technological progress can in certain cases solve environmental problems. This applies for example to capturing emissions from combustion of fossil fuels, recycling minerals, reforestation and filtering polluted air. The concept of "strong sustainability" on the other hand states that nature (or "natural capital") provides some functions that are not replaceable by technology or "man-made capital". Strong sustainability refers to resources that once lost cannot be recovered or repaired within a reasonable timescale, such as biodiversity or loss of certain species, pollination, fertile soils, assimilation capacity, clean air, clean water, climate regulation.

It has long been discussed what the relation between these three dimensions should be: Proponents of a concept of "weak" sustainability assume that "natural capital" (or environmental resources) can be replaced or substituted with "man-made capital". This is because technological progress can in certain cases solve environmental problems. This applies for example to capturing emissions from combustion of fossil fuels, recycling minerals, reforestation and filtering polluted air. The concept of "strong sustainability" on the other hand states that nature (or "natural capital") provides some functions that are not replaceable by technology or "man-made capital". Strong sustainability refers to resources that once lost cannot be recovered or repaired within a reasonable timescale, such as biodiversity or loss of certain species, pollination, fertile soils, assimilation capacity, clean air, clean water, climate regulation.

长期以来，人们一直在讨论这三个维度之间的关系应该是什么: “弱”可持续性概念的支持者认为，“自然资本”(或环境资源)可以用“人造资本”取代或替代。这是因为技术进步在某些情况下可以解决环境问题。例如，这适用于捕捉化石燃料燃烧、矿物回收、再造林和过滤污染空气所产生的排放。另一方面，“强可持续性”的概念指出，自然(或“自然资本”)提供了一些技术或“人造资本”无法替代的功能。强可持续性是指一旦丧失的资源无法在合理的时间范围内恢复或修复，如生物多样性或某些物种的丧失，授粉，肥沃的土壤，同化能力，清洁的空气，清洁的水，气候调节。

Also, with regards to the economic dimension of sustainability, this can be understood by making a distinction between weak versus strong sustainability. In the former, loss of natural resources is compensated by an increase in human capital. Strong sustainability applies where human and natural capital are complementary, but not interchangeable. Thus, the problem of deforestation in England due to demand for wood in shipbuilding and for charcoal in iron-making was solved when ships came to be built of steel and coke replaced charcoal in iron-making – an example of weak sustainability. Prevention of biodiversity loss, which is an existential threat, is an example of the strong type. What is weak and what is strong depends partially on technology and partially on one's convictions. Different policies and strategies are needed for the two types.

Also, with regards to the economic dimension of sustainability, this can be understood by making a distinction between weak versus strong sustainability.Robert U. Ayres & Jeroen C.J.M. van den Bergh & John M. Gowdy, 1998. "Viewpoint: Weak versus Strong Sustainability," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 98-103/3, Tinbergen Institute. In the former, loss of natural resources is compensated by an increase in human capital. Strong sustainability applies where human and natural capital are complementary, but not interchangeable. Thus, the problem of deforestation in England due to demand for wood in shipbuilding and for charcoal in iron-making was solved when ships came to be built of steel and coke replaced charcoal in iron-making – an example of weak sustainability. Prevention of biodiversity loss, which is an existential threat, is an example of the strong type. What is weak and what is strong depends partially on technology and partially on one's convictions. Different policies and strategies are needed for the two types.

此外，关于可持续性的经济层面，可以通过区分弱可持续性和强可持续性来理解这一点。Robert U Ayres & Jeroen C.J.M.范登伯格和约翰 · M · 高迪，1998年。“观点: 弱与强的可持续性”，廷贝亨研究所讨论文件98-103/3，廷贝亨研究所。前者通过增加人力资本来弥补自然资源的损失。强大的可持续性适用于人力资本和自然资本相辅相成、但不可互换的情况。因此，由于造船业对木材的需求和炼铁业对木炭的需求，英格兰的森林砍伐问题得到了解决，当时用钢铁和焦炭建造的船舶取代了炼铁业的木炭——这是可持续性薄弱的一个例子。防止生物多样性丧失，这是一个生存威胁，是一个强类型的例子。什么是弱者，什么是强者，部分取决于技术，部分取决于一个人的信念。这两种类型需要不同的政策和策略。

The notion of "trade-offs" between different dimensions, for example between environmental management and economic growth is frequently discussed in the literature. This may include discussions of the relative importance of the three dimensions or objectives. The language involved frequently invokes the need to "integrate", "balance", and "reconcile" the pillars without necessarily articulating what this means in practice.

The notion of "trade-offs" between different dimensions, for example between environmental management and economic growth is frequently discussed in the literature. This may include discussions of the relative importance of the three dimensions or objectives. The language involved frequently invokes the need to "integrate", "balance", and "reconcile" the pillars without necessarily articulating what this means in practice.

文献中经常讨论不同维度之间的“权衡”概念，例如环境管理和经济增长之间的权衡。这可能包括讨论这三个方面或目标的相对重要性。所涉及的语言经常需要“整合”、“平衡”和“调和”这些支柱，而不必在实践中阐明这意味着什么。

Environmental sustainability

模板:Further The increasing environmental pollution in the 1960s and 1970s led to growing environmental concern, evidenced by Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring in 1962, establishment of the Club of Rome in 1968 or establishment of Greenpeace in 1971. Awareness of pollution provided the basis for what was later discussed as sustainable development. This process began with concern for environmental issues (natural resources and human environment) in the 1970s, and was later extended to all the systems that support life on Earth.

The increasing environmental pollution in the 1960s and 1970s led to growing environmental concern, evidenced by Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring in 1962, establishment of the Club of Rome in 1968 or establishment of Greenpeace in 1971. Awareness of pollution provided the basis for what was later discussed as sustainable development. This process began with concern for environmental issues (natural resources and human environment) in the 1970s, and was later extended to all the systems that support life on Earth.

环境可持续性上世纪六七十年代日益严重的环境污染导致了人们对环境问题的日益关注，1962年雷切尔 · 卡森(Rachel Carson)的《寂静的春天》(Silent Spring)、1968年罗马俱乐部(Club of Rome)的成立以及1971年绿色和平组织(Greenpeace)的成立都证明了这一点。对污染的认识为后来讨论的可持续发展提供了基础。这一进程始于20世纪70年代对环境问题(自然资源和人类环境)的关注，后来扩展到所有支持地球上生命的系统。

While environmental pollution is not a new phenomenon it remained a local or regional concern for most of human history. This changed in the 20th century when the awareness of the global character of environmental issues increased. The harmful effect and global spread of pesticides like DDT was first discussed in the 1960s. In the 1970s it was determined that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) deplete the Earth's ozone layer. This led to the de facto-ban of CFCs with the Montreal Protocol in 1987.

While environmental pollution is not a new phenomenon it remained a local or regional concern for most of human history. This changed in the 20th century when the awareness of the global character of environmental issues increased. The harmful effect and global spread of pesticides like DDT was first discussed in the 1960s. In the 1970s it was determined that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) deplete the Earth's ozone layer. This led to the de facto-ban of CFCs with the Montreal Protocol in 1987.

虽然环境污染不是一个新现象，但在人类历史的大部分时间里，它仍然是当地或区域关注的问题。这种情况在20世纪发生了变化，当时人们对环境问题的全球性认识有所提高。20世纪60年代，人们首次讨论了滴滴涕等杀虫剂的有害影响和全球传播。在20世纪70年代，人们确定氯氟烃(CFCs)会消耗地球的臭氧层。这导致1987年《蒙特利尔议定书》事实上禁止了氟氯化碳。

The effect of greenhouse gases on the global climate was discussed by Arrhenius in the early 20th century (see also history of climate change science). Climate change became a hot topic in the academic and political discourse only after the establishment of the IPCC in 1988 and the UNFCCC in 1992.

The effect of greenhouse gases on the global climate was discussed by Arrhenius in the early 20th century (see also history of climate change science). Climate change became a hot topic in the academic and political discourse only after the establishment of the IPCC in 1988 and the UNFCCC in 1992.

20世纪初，阿列纽斯讨论了温室气体对全球气候的影响(另见气候变化科学史)。直到1988年政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)和1992年《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)成立后，气候变化才成为学术界和政界讨论的热点话题。

In 1972, the UN held its first conference on environmental issues. The UN Conference on the Human Environment stated the importance of the protection and improvement of the human environment. Furthermore, the report emphasized the need to protect wildlife and its habitat and to prevent pollution:

Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.

In 1972, the UN held its first conference on environmental issues. The UN Conference on the Human Environment stated the importance of the protection and improvement of the human environment.UN (1973) Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1, Stockholm, 5–16 June 1972 Furthermore, the report emphasized the need to protect wildlife and its habitat and to prevent pollution:

1972年，联合国召开了第一次环境问题会议。联合国人类环境会议指出了保护和改善人类环境的重要性。联合国人类环境会议的报告，A/CONF.48/14/Rev. 1,1972年6月5日至16日，斯德哥尔摩。此外，该报告强调了保护野生动物及其栖息地和防止污染的必要性:

In 2000, the UN launched 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), to be achieved by the global community by 2015. Goal 7 was to "ensure environmental sustainability", but die not mention the concepts of social or economic sustainability.

In 2000, the UN launched 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), to be achieved by the global community by 2015. Goal 7 was to "ensure environmental sustainability", but die not mention the concepts of social or economic sustainability.

2000年，联合国启动了千年发展目标千年发展目标，将由国际社会在2015年之前实现。目标7是“确保环境可持续性”，但没有提到社会或经济可持续性的概念。

The public discussion of the environmental dimension of sustainability often revolves around prevailing issues of the time. The most dominant issues since about the year 2000 have been climate change, loss of biodiversity and environmental pollution and land degradation (such as deforestation and general degradation of ecosystems). The public is concerned about human impacts on the environment, such as impacts on the atmosphere, land and water resources.

The public discussion of the environmental dimension of sustainability often revolves around prevailing issues of the time. The most dominant issues since about the year 2000 have been climate change, loss of biodiversity and environmental pollution and land degradation (such as deforestation and general degradation of ecosystems). The public is concerned about human impacts on the environment, such as impacts on the atmosphere, land and water resources.

公众对可持续性的环境层面的讨论往往围绕当时的主要问题。自2000年左右以来，最主要的问题是气候变化、生物多样性丧失、环境污染和土地退化(例如森林砍伐和生态系统普遍退化)。公众关注人类对环境的影响，如对大气、土地和水资源的影响。

The overall impact of humans' activities not only on the biosphere but even on the geological formation of the Earth led Paul Crutzen to speak of the current geological epoch as the Anthropocene.

The overall impact of humans' activities not only on the biosphere but even on the geological formation of the Earth led Paul Crutzen to speak of the current geological epoch as the Anthropocene.

人类活动不仅对生物圈，甚至对地球的地质构造产生了全面影响，因此保罗•克鲁岑(Paul Crutzen)将目前的世(地质学)称为“人类世”。

Measuring human impacts on the environment

The following ways have been suggested to measure humans' impact: ecological footprint, ecological debt, carrying capacity, sustainable yield, I = PAT. The impact of human activity on the global ecosystems can reach tipping points beyond which irreversible harmful developments will be triggered. One example are tipping points in the climate system.

The following ways have been suggested to measure humans' impact: ecological footprint, ecological debt, carrying capacity, sustainable yield, I = PAT. The impact of human activity on the global ecosystems can reach tipping points beyond which irreversible harmful developments will be triggered. One example are tipping points in the climate system.

以下是衡量人类影响的方法: 生态足迹、生态债务、承载能力、可持续产量、 I = PAT。人类活动对全球生态系统的影响可能达到临界点，超过这个临界点就会引发不可逆转的有害事态发展。一个例子是气候系统的临界点。

The concept of planetary boundaries identifies limits and emphasizes that there are absolute thresholds of the carrying capacity of the planet which must not be exceeded in order to prevent irreversible harmful developments of the Earth system. The planetary boundaries include: climate change, biodiversity loss (changed in 2015 to "change in biosphere integrity"), biogeochemical (nitrogen and phosphorus), ocean acidification, land use, freshwater, ozone depletion, atmospheric aerosols, chemical pollution (changed in 2015 to "Introduction of novel entities"), for which control variables have been suggested in 2022.

The concept of planetary boundaries identifies limits and emphasizes that there are absolute thresholds of the carrying capacity of the planet which must not be exceeded in order to prevent irreversible harmful developments of the Earth system. The planetary boundaries include: climate change, biodiversity loss (changed in 2015 to "change in biosphere integrity"), biogeochemical (nitrogen and phosphorus), ocean acidification, land use, freshwater, ozone depletion, atmospheric aerosols, chemical pollution (changed in 2015 to "Introduction of novel entities"), for which control variables have been suggested in 2022.

行星界限的概念确定了界限，并强调，为防止地球系统出现不可逆转的有害发展，不得超过行星承载能力的绝对阈值。地球边界包括: 气候变化、生物多样性丧失(2015年改为“生物圈完整性的改变”)、生物地球化学(氮和磷)、海洋酸化、土地利用、淡水、臭氧消耗、大气气溶胶、化学污染(2015年改为“引入新实体”) ，2022年提出了控制变量。

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment from 2005 measured 24 ecosystem services and concluded that only four have shown improvement over the last 50 years, while 15 are in serious decline and five are in a precarious condition. Healthy ecosystems are important because they provide vital goods and services to humans and other organisms.

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment from 2005 measured 24 ecosystem services and concluded that only four have shown improvement over the last 50 years, while 15 are in serious decline and five are in a precarious condition. Healthy ecosystems are important because they provide vital goods and services to humans and other organisms.

2005年的千禧年生态系统评估对24种生态系统服务进行了测量，得出的结论是，在过去50年里，只有4种生态系统服务有所改善，15种严重衰退，5种状况岌岌可危。健康的生态系统之所以重要，是因为它们为人类和其他生物体提供了至关重要的商品和服务。

Economic sustainability

To some, the economic dimension of sustainability is as controversial as the concept of sustainability itself. If the term "development" in sustainable development is understood in economic terms ("economic development") or even identified with economic growth, the notion of a sustainable development can become a way of whitewashing an ecologically destructive economic system. This is because of the inherent contradictions between "welfare for all" and environmental conservation.

To some, the economic dimension of sustainability is as controversial as the concept of sustainability itself. If the term "development" in sustainable development is understood in economic terms ("economic development") or even identified with economic growth, the notion of a sustainable development can become a way of whitewashing an ecologically destructive economic system. This is because of the inherent contradictions between "welfare for all" and environmental conservation.

= = 经济可持续性 = = 对某些人来说，可持续性的经济层面与可持续性本身的概念一样具有争议性。如果可持续发展中的“发展”一词被理解为经济术语(“经济发展”) ，甚至被认为是经济增长，那么可持续发展的概念就可能成为粉饰生态破坏性经济体系的一种方式。这是因为“全民福利”与环境保护之间的内在矛盾。

On the other hand, especially for less developed countries, economic development is an imperative. Target 1 of Sustainable Development Goal 8 calls for economic growth, which is a driving force for societal progress and well-being. Target 8.1 is: "Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries". Regardless of differences in the understanding of the concept of sustainability, it is clear that humanity will have to resolve the issue of how societal progress (potentially by economic development) can be reached without additional strain on the environment. Accordingly, in 2011 UNEP cited the big challenge to society to "expand economic activities" while at the same time reducing the use of natural resources and reducing the environmental impacts of economic activities.

文件:High life expectancy can be achieved with low CO2 emissions.jpg

High life expectancy can be achieved with low 模板:CO2 emissions (the case of Costa Rica, a country which also ranks high on the Happy Planet Index).

On the other hand, especially for less developed countries, economic development is an imperative. Target 1 of Sustainable Development Goal 8 calls for economic growth, which is a driving force for societal progress and well-being. Target 8.1 is: "Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries".United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313) Regardless of differences in the understanding of the concept of sustainability, it is clear that humanity will have to resolve the issue of how societal progress (potentially by economic development) can be reached without additional strain on the environment. Accordingly, in 2011 UNEP cited the big challenge to society to "expand economic activities" while at the same time reducing the use of natural resources and reducing the environmental impacts of economic activities.

另一方面，尤其是欠发达国家，经济发展势在必行。可持续发展目标8具体目标1要求经济增长，经济增长是社会进步和福祉的推动力。目标8.1是: “根据国情保持人均经济增长，特别是最不发达国家国内生产总值(GDP)每年至少增长7%”。联合国(2017年)大会2017年7月6日通过的决议，统计委员会关于2030年可持续发展议程的工作(A/RES/71/313)。因此，2011年联合国环境规划署提出了“扩大经济活动”同时减少自然资源的使用和减少经济活动对环境的影响对社会的巨大挑战。

Decoupling economic growth from environmental deterioration

In order to resolve the dilemma of economic growth versus environmental conservation, the concept of eco-economic decoupling comes into play: This means "using less resources per unit of economic output and reducing the environmental impact of any resources that are used or economic activities that are undertaken" Pressure on the environment can be measured by the intensity of pollutants emitted. Decoupling can then be measured by following changes in the emission intensity associated with economic output. Examples of absolute long-term decoupling are rare, but recently some industrialized countries have decoupled GDP growth from both production and, to a lesser extent, consumption-based 模板:CO2 emissions. But even in this example decoupling alone is not sufficient and needs to be complemented by "sufficiency-oriented strategies and strict enforcement of absolute reduction targets".

In order to resolve the dilemma of economic growth versus environmental conservation, the concept of eco-economic decoupling comes into play: This means "using less resources per unit of economic output and reducing the environmental impact of any resources that are used or economic activities that are undertaken" Decoupling natural resource use and environmental impacts from economic growth, A Report of the Working Group on Decoupling to the International Resource Panel. Fischer-Kowalski, M., Swilling, M., von Weizsäcker, E.U., Ren, Y., Moriguchi, Y., Crane, W., Krausmann, F., Eisenmenger, N., Giljum, S., Hennicke, P., Romero Lankao, P., Siriban Manalang, A., Sewerin, S. Pressure on the environment can be measured by the intensity of pollutants emitted. Decoupling can then be measured by following changes in the emission intensity associated with economic output. Examples of absolute long-term decoupling are rare, but recently some industrialized countries have decoupled GDP growth from both production and, to a lesser extent, consumption-based emissions. But even in this example decoupling alone is not sufficient and needs to be complemented by "sufficiency-oriented strategies and strict enforcement of absolute reduction targets".

为了解决经济增长与环境保护之间的矛盾，生态经济脱钩的概念开始发挥作用: 这意味着“每单位经济产出使用更少的资源，并减少所使用的任何资源或正在进行的经济活动对环境的影响”，将自然资源的使用与经济增长对环境的影响脱钩，脱钩工作组向国际资源小组提交的报告。Fischer-Kowalski, M., Swilling, M., von Weizsäcker, E.U., Ren, Y., Moriguchi, Y., Crane, W., Krausmann, F., Eisenmenger, N., Giljum, S., Hennicke, P., Romero Lankao, P., Siriban Manalang, A., Sewerin, S. Pressure on the environment can be measured by the intensity of pollutants emitted.然后，可以通过与经济产出相关的排放系数变化来衡量脱钩程度。绝对长期脱钩的例子很少，但最近一些工业化国家已将 GDP 增长与生产脱钩，并在较小程度上将基于消费的排放脱钩。但即使在这个例子中，仅仅脱钩是不够的，还需要辅之以“以充足为导向的战略和严格执行绝对减排目标”。

The decoupling of economic growth from environmental deterioration is difficult because environmental and social costs are not generally paid by the entity that causes them, and are therefore not expressed in the market price. For example, the cost of packaging is factored into the price of a product, but the cost of disposing of that packaging is not factored in. In economics, such factors are considered externalities, in this case a negative externality. Companies do not have an incentive to reduce packaging or to choose recyclable materials because they aren't required to pay for disposal. Usually, externalities are either not covered at all or left to be addressed by government action or by local governance. Some examples are: taxing the activity (the polluter pays principle); subsidizing activities that have a positive environmental or social effect (rewarding stewardship); or outlawing the practice (legal limits on pollution).

The decoupling of economic growth from environmental deterioration is difficult because environmental and social costs are not generally paid by the entity that causes them, and are therefore not expressed in the market price. For example, the cost of packaging is factored into the price of a product, but the cost of disposing of that packaging is not factored in. In economics, such factors are considered externalities, in this case a negative externality.Arthur Cecil Pigou (1932) The Economics of Welfare (4th ed.) London: Macmillan Companies do not have an incentive to reduce packaging or to choose recyclable materials because they aren't required to pay for disposal. Usually, externalities are either not covered at all or left to be addressed by government action or by local governance. Some examples are: taxing the activity (the polluter pays principle); subsidizing activities that have a positive environmental or social effect (rewarding stewardship); or outlawing the practice (legal limits on pollution).

经济增长与环境恶化脱钩是困难的，因为环境和社会成本一般不是由造成环境和社会成本的实体支付的，因此不以市场价格表示。例如，包装成本计入了产品的价格，但处理该包装的成本没有计入。在经济学中，这些因素被认为是外部性，在这种情况下是负外部性。亚瑟·塞西尔·庇古(1932)福利经济学(第4版)伦敦: 麦克米伦公司没有减少包装或选择可回收材料的动机，因为他们不需要支付处置费用。通常，外部性要么根本不包括在内，要么由政府行动或地方治理来解决。例如: 对有关活动(污染者付费原则)征税; 资助对环境或社会有正面影响的活动(奖励管理) ; 或取缔有关做法(污染的法律限制)。

Government action

Without government action, natural resources are often over-exploited and destroyed in the long-term. See for example this statement in a textbook on natural resources and environmental economics in its 4th edition: "Nobody who has seriously studied the issues believes that the economy's relationship to the natural environment can be left entirely to market forces."

Without government action, natural resources are often over-exploited and destroyed in the long-term. See for example this statement in a textbook on natural resources and environmental economics in its 4th edition: "Nobody who has seriously studied the issues believes that the economy's relationship to the natural environment can be left entirely to market forces."

没有政府的行动，自然资源往往被过度开发和长期破坏。例如，在第四版的自然资源和环境经济学教科书中有这样一句话: “认真研究这些问题的人都不相信经济与自然环境的关系可以完全由市场力量决定。”

Related to this aspect, Elinor Ostrom (winner of the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences) stated that the choice should not be limited to either the market or the national government, and that local governance (or self-governance) can in fact be a suitable third option. Her empirical work involved field studies on how people in small, local communities manage shared natural resources. She showed that over time, communities using natural resources such as pastures, fishing waters and forests can establish rules for use and maintenance that can lead to both economic and ecological sustainability. An important requirement for success of self-governance is to have groups in which participants are frequently communicating. In this case groups can manage the usage of common goods without overexploitation. Based on Ostrom's work, it has been pointed out that: "Common-pool resources today are overcultivated because the different agents do not know each other and cannot directly communicate with one another."

Related to this aspect, Elinor Ostrom (winner of the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences) stated that the choice should not be limited to either the market or the national government, and that local governance (or self-governance) can in fact be a suitable third option. Her empirical work involved field studies on how people in small, local communities manage shared natural resources. She showed that over time, communities using natural resources such as pastures, fishing waters and forests can establish rules for use and maintenance that can lead to both economic and ecological sustainability. An important requirement for success of self-governance is to have groups in which participants are frequently communicating. In this case groups can manage the usage of common goods without overexploitation. Based on Ostrom's work, it has been pointed out that: "Common-pool resources today are overcultivated because the different agents do not know each other and cannot directly communicate with one another."

与此相关的是，2009年诺贝尔经济学奖得主埃莉诺 · 奥斯特罗姆(Elinor Ostrom)表示，这种选择不应该局限于市场或国家政府，事实上，地方治理(或自治)可以成为合适的第三种选择。她的实证工作包括对小型地方社区的人们如何管理共有的自然资源进行实地研究。她表示，随着时间的推移，使用牧场、渔业水域和森林等自然资源的社区可以制定使用和维护规则，从而实现经济和生态可持续性。自我管理成功的一个重要条件是要有参与者经常交流的小组。在这种情况下，团体可以在没有过度开采的情况下管理普通商品的使用。基于奥斯特罗姆的工作，有人指出: “今天的共有资源被过度开发，因为不同的代理人彼此不认识，不能直接沟通。”

Tools

The field of environmental economics has proposed different methods for calculating the cost (or price) associated with the use of public natural resources. The damage to ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity has been calculated in the project The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) from 2007 to 2011.

The field of environmental economics has proposed different methods for calculating the cost (or price) associated with the use of public natural resources. The damage to ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity has been calculated in the project The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) from 2007 to 2011.TEEB (2010), The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Mainstreaming the Economics of Nature: A Synthesis of the Approach, Conclusions and Recommendations of TEEB

环境经济学领域提出了不同的方法来计算与使用公共自然资源有关的成本(或价格)。生态系统的破坏和生物多样性的丧失已经在2007年至2011年的项目生态系统与生物多样性经济学(TEEB)中进行了计算。TEEB (2010) ，生态系统与生物多样性经济学: 自然经济学主流化: TEEB 的方法、结论和建议综述

Sustainability economics means taking a long-term view of human welfare. One way of doing this is by considering the social discount rate. This is the rate by which future costs and benefits should be discounted when making decisions about the future. The more one is concerned about future generations, the lower the social discount rate should be. Another method is to quantify the services that ecosystems provide to humankind and put an economic value on them, so that environmental damage may be assessed against perceived short-term welfare benefits. For instance, according to the World Economic Forum, half of the global GDP is strongly or moderately dependent on nature. Also, for every dollar spent on nature restoration there is a profit of at least 9 dollars.

Sustainability economics means taking a long-term view of human welfare. One way of doing this is by considering the social discount rate. This is the rate by which future costs and benefits should be discounted when making decisions about the future. The more one is concerned about future generations, the lower the social discount rate should be.Groth, Christian (2014). Lecture notes in Economic Growth, (mimeo), Chapter 8: Choice of social discount rate. Copenhagen University. Another method is to quantify the services that ecosystems provide to humankind and put an economic value on them, so that environmental damage may be assessed against perceived short-term welfare benefits. For instance, according to the World Economic Forum, half of the global GDP is strongly or moderately dependent on nature. Also, for every dollar spent on nature restoration there is a profit of at least 9 dollars.UNEP, FAO (2020). UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. 48p. https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/31813/ERDStrat.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

可持续性经济学意味着从长远角度看待人类福祉。一种方法是考虑社会贴现率。这是未来成本和收益在决定未来时应该贴现的比率。一个人越关心后代，社会贴现率就应该越低。《经济增长》课堂讲稿，第8章: 社会贴现率的选择。哥本哈根大学。另一种方法是量化生态系统向人类提供的服务并赋予其经济价值，以便根据所认为的短期福利利益评估环境损害。例如，根据世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum)的数据，全球 GDP 的一半强烈或适度地依赖于自然。此外，每花费一美元用于自然恢复，至少有9美元的利润。联合国生态系统恢复十年。48便士。Https://wedocs.unep.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/31813/erdstrat.pdf?sequence=1&isallowed=y

文件:Doughnut-transgressing.jpg

The doughnut model, with indicators to what extent the ecological ceilings are overshot and social foundations are not met yet

In recent years, the concept of doughnut economics has been developed by the British economist Kate Raworth to integrate social and environmental sustainability into economic thinking. The social dimension is here portrayed as a minimum standard to which a society should aspire, whereas an outer limit is imposed by the carrying capacity of the planet.

thumb|The doughnut model, with indicators to what extent the ecological ceilings are overshot and social foundations are not met yet In recent years, the concept of doughnut economics has been developed by the British economist Kate Raworth to integrate social and environmental sustainability into economic thinking. The social dimension is here portrayed as a minimum standard to which a society should aspire, whereas an outer limit is imposed by the carrying capacity of the planet.

拇指 | 甜甜圈模型，指示器在多大程度上生态天花板超支和社会基础尚未满足在最近几年，甜甜圈经济学的概念已经由英国经济学家凯特拉沃思发展，以整合社会和环境可持续性到经济思维。在这里，社会层面被描述为一个社会应该追求的最低标准，而外部限制则是由地球的承载能力所强加的。

Social sustainability

The social dimension of sustainability is the least defined and least understood dimension of sustainability. A possible definition is that a socially sustainable society should ensure that people are not hindered by structural obstacles in the areas of health, influence, competence, impartiality and meaning-making. Despite this anchoring of the social dimension of sustainability in the Brundtland report, "social sustainability" can be addressed in different ways. Some scholars place social issues at the very center of sustainability discussions.

The social dimension of sustainability is the least defined and least understood dimension of sustainability. A possible definition is that a socially sustainable society should ensure that people are not hindered by structural obstacles in the areas of health, influence, competence, impartiality and meaning-making. Despite this anchoring of the social dimension of sustainability in the Brundtland report, "social sustainability" can be addressed in different ways. Some scholars place social issues at the very center of sustainability discussions.

= = 社会可持续性 = = 可持续性的社会层面是可持续性中界定最少、理解最少的层面。一个可能的定义是，一个具有社会可持续性的社会应确保人们不受健康、影响力、能力、公正性和创造意义等领域的结构性障碍的阻碍。尽管可持续发展的社会层面被固定在我们共同的未来中，但“社会可持续发展”可以通过不同的方式得到解决。一些学者将社会问题置于可持续发展讨论的中心。

Some scholars suggest that all of the domains of sustainability are social: including ecological, economic, political and cultural sustainability. These domains of social sustainability are all dependent upon the relationship between the social and the natural, with the "ecological domain" defined as human embeddedness in the environment. In these terms, social sustainability encompasses all human activities. It is not just relevant to the focused intersection of economics, the environment and the social.

Some scholars suggest that all of the domains of sustainability are social: including ecological, economic, political and cultural sustainability. These domains of social sustainability are all dependent upon the relationship between the social and the natural, with the "ecological domain" defined as human embeddedness in the environment. In these terms, social sustainability encompasses all human activities. It is not just relevant to the focused intersection of economics, the environment and the social.

一些学者认为，可持续性的所有领域都是社会的: 包括生态、经济、政治和文化的可持续性。社会可持续性的这些领域都依赖于社会与自然之间的关系，“生态领域”被定义为人类嵌入环境。在这些术语中，社会可持续性包括所有的人类活动。它不仅与经济、环境和社会的重点交叉相关。

Broad-based strategies for more sustainable social systems include: improved education and the political empowerment of women, especially in developing countries; greater regard for social justice, notably equity between rich and poor both within and between countries; and, perhaps most of all, intergenerational equity.

Broad-based strategies for more sustainable social systems include: improved education and the political empowerment of women, especially in developing countries; greater regard for social justice, notably equity between rich and poor both within and between countries; and, perhaps most of all, intergenerational equity.Cohen, J.E. (2006). "Human Population: The Next Half Century." In Kennedy D. (Ed.) Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2006-7. London: Island Press, pp. 13–21. .

更可持续的社会制度的基础广泛的战略包括: 改善教育和增强妇女的政治权能，特别是在发展中国家; 更加重视社会正义，特别是国家内部和国家之间的贫富公平; 或许最重要的是代际公平。科恩，JE。(2006).《人口: 未来半个世纪》在肯尼迪 D 区。(编辑)《科学》杂志2006-2007年度地球状况。伦敦: 岛屿出版社。13–21..

Social sustainability is thought to lead to liveable communities which would be "equitable, diverse, connected and democratic and provide a good quality of life".

Social sustainability is thought to lead to liveable communities which would be "equitable, diverse, connected and democratic and provide a good quality of life".

社会可持续性被认为会导致可居住的社区，这将是“公平的，多样化的，相互联系的和民主的，并提供良好的生活质量”。

Poverty

According to the Brundtland report, "poverty is a major cause and also effect of global environmental problems. It is therefore futile to attempt to deal with environmental problems without a broader perspective that encompasses the factors underlying world poverty and international inequality." The report demands a new development path for sustained human progress and highlights that this is a goal for both the developing and the industrialized nations.

According to the Brundtland report, "poverty is a major cause and also effect of global environmental problems. It is therefore futile to attempt to deal with environmental problems without a broader perspective that encompasses the factors underlying world poverty and international inequality." The report demands a new development path for sustained human progress and highlights that this is a goal for both the developing and the industrialized nations.

根据我们共同的未来，“贫困是全球环境问题的主要原因和影响。因此，如果没有一个包含世界贫困和国际不平等根本因素的更广泛的视角，试图解决环境问题是徒劳的。”报告要求为持续的人类进步开辟一条新的发展道路，并强调这是发展中国家和工业化国家的一个目标。

UNEP and UNDP launched the Poverty-Environment Initiative in 2005, which aims at the triple vision of having neither any extreme poverty, nor greenhouse gas emissions nor net natural asset loss which is proposed to guide the structural reform that will enable poor groups and countries to achieve the SDGs at scale. Such initiatives might be seen as a measure to mitigate the trade-off between high ecological footprint and high status of economic development.

UNEP and UNDP launched the Poverty-Environment Initiative in 2005, which aims at the triple vision of having neither any extreme poverty, nor greenhouse gas emissions nor net natural asset loss which is proposed to guide the structural reform that will enable poor groups and countries to achieve the SDGs at scale.PEP (2016) Poverty-Environment Partnership Joint Paper | June 2016 Getting to Zero - A Poverty, Environment and Climate Call to Action for the Sustainable Development Goals Such initiatives might be seen as a measure to mitigate the trade-off between high ecological footprint and high status of economic development.

联合国环境规划署和联合国开发计划署于2005年启动了贫困与环境倡议，旨在实现既不存在极端贫困、也不存在温室气体排放、也不存在自然资产净流失的三重愿景，该倡议旨在指导结构性改革，使贫困群体和国家能够大规模实现可持续发展目标。贫困与环境伙伴关系联合文件 | 2016年6月《实现零贫困、环境与气候行动呼吁》为可持续发展目标采取行动。这些倡议可被视为缓解高生态足迹和高经济发展水。

Proposed additional dimensions

文件:Sao Paulo Profile, Level 1, 2012.jpg

Urban sustainability analysis of the greater urban area of the city of São Paulo using the 'Circles of Sustainability' method of the UN and Metropolis Association.

Some sustainability experts and practitioners have proposed more dimensions of sustainability, such as institutional, cultural, and technical dimensions. Some consider resource use and financial sustainability as two additional pillars of sustainability. In infrastructure projects, for instance, one must ask whether sufficient financing capability for maintenance exists.

Some sustainability experts and practitioners have proposed more dimensions of sustainability, such as institutional, cultural, and technical dimensions. Some consider resource use and financial sustainability as two additional pillars of sustainability. In infrastructure projects, for instance, one must ask whether sufficient financing capability for maintenance exists.

= = 拟议的其他层面 = = 一些可持续性专家和从业人员提出了更多层面的可持续性，如体制、文化和技术层面。一些人认为资源使用和财政可持续性是可持续性的另外两个支柱。例如，在基础设施项目中，人们必须问是否存在足够的维护融资能力。

Other frameworks bypass the compartmentalization of sustainability completely.

Other frameworks bypass the compartmentalization of sustainability completely.

其他框架则完全绕开了可持续性的防火分区。

Cultural sustainability

Some academics and institutions (such as Agenda 21 for culture and the United Cities and Local Governments) have pointed out that a fourth dimension should be added to the dimensions of sustainability since the triple-bottom-line dimensions of economic, environmental and social do not seem to be enough to reflect the complexity of contemporary society. This discussion points to the relation between culture and sustainable development through developing a solid cultural policy and advocating a cultural dimension in all public policies. Another example of this four-dimensional view was the Circles of Sustainability approach, which included cultural sustainability.

Some academics and institutions (such as Agenda 21 for culture and the United Cities and Local Governments) have pointed out that a fourth dimension should be added to the dimensions of sustainability since the triple-bottom-line dimensions of economic, environmental and social do not seem to be enough to reflect the complexity of contemporary society.United Cities and Local Governments, "Culture: Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development". This discussion points to the relation between culture and sustainable development through developing a solid cultural policy and advocating a cultural dimension in all public policies. Another example of this four-dimensional view was the Circles of Sustainability approach, which included cultural sustainability.

一些学者和机构(如文化21世纪议程和城市和地方政府联合会)指出，可持续性的各个层面应增加第四个层面，因为经济、环境和社会的三重底线层面似乎不足以反映当代社会的复杂性。城市和地方政府联合组织，“文化: 可持续发展的第四支柱”。本讨论指出了文化与可持续发展之间的关系，具体做法是制定坚实的文化政策，并在所有公共政策中倡导文化层面。这种四维视角的另一个例子是可持续发展循环方法，其中包括文化可持续性。

= 批判 =

Impossible to reach

The concepts of sustainability and sustainable development have been criticized from different angles. According to Dennis Meadows, one of the authors of the first report to the Club of Rome, called "The Limits to Growth", many people deceive themselves by using the Brundtland definition of sustainability. This is because the needs of the present generation are actually not met today, and the economic activities to meet present needs will substantially diminish the options of future generations. Another criticism is that the paradigm of sustainability is no longer suitable as a guide (or "road map") for transformation due to the fact that our societies are "socially and ecologically self-destructive consumer societies".

The concepts of sustainability and sustainable development have been criticized from different angles. According to Dennis Meadows, one of the authors of the first report to the Club of Rome, called "The Limits to Growth", many people deceive themselves by using the Brundtland definition of sustainability. This is because the needs of the present generation are actually not met today, and the economic activities to meet present needs will substantially diminish the options of future generations. Another criticism is that the paradigm of sustainability is no longer suitable as a guide (or "road map") for transformation due to the fact that our societies are "socially and ecologically self-destructive consumer societies".

可持续性和可持续发展的概念受到了不同角度的批评。向罗马俱乐部提交的第一份报告《增长的极限》(The Limits to Growth)的作者之一丹尼斯•梅多斯(Dennis Meadows)表示，许多人用布伦特兰(Brundtland)对可持续发展的定义来欺骗自己。这是因为今天这一代人的需要实际上没有得到满足，而满足当前需要的经济活动将大大减少后代人的选择。另一个批评是，可持续性的范式不再适合作为转型的指南(或“路线图”) ，因为我们的社会是“社会和生态上自我毁灭的消费社会”。

Some scholars have even proclaimed the end of the concept of sustainability due to "the realities of the Anthropocene": humans now have a significant impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems (for example causing unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss and climate change). It might become impossible to pursue a goal of sustainability when faced with these complex, radical and dynamic issues. Others have called sustainability a utopian ideal: "we need to keep sustainability as an ideal; an ideal which we might never reach, which might be utopian, but still a necessary one".

Some scholars have even proclaimed the end of the concept of sustainability due to "the realities of the Anthropocene": humans now have a significant impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems (for example causing unprecedented rates of biodiversity loss and climate change). It might become impossible to pursue a goal of sustainability when faced with these complex, radical and dynamic issues. Others have called sustainability a utopian ideal: "we need to keep sustainability as an ideal; an ideal which we might never reach, which might be utopian, but still a necessary one".

一些学者甚至宣称，由于“人类世的现实”，可持续发展的概念已经终结: 人类现在对地球的地质和生态系统产生了重大影响(例如导致了前所未有的生物多样性丧失和气候变化)。面对这些复杂、激进和动态的问题，可能无法实现可持续性的目标。其他人则将可持续性称为乌托邦式的理想: “我们需要将可持续性保持为一种理想; 一种我们可能永远无法实现的理想，这种理想可能是乌托邦式的，但仍然是一种必要的理想。”。

Vague and unclear

"Sustainability" has a reputation as a buzzword. On the other hand it has been said that "sustainability will be vague and contested but not meaningless". As sustainability is a concept that provides a normative structure (describing what human society regards as good or desirable), a specific definition may never be possible.

"Sustainability" has a reputation as a buzzword. On the other hand it has been said that "sustainability will be vague and contested but not meaningless". As sustainability is a concept that provides a normative structure (describing what human society regards as good or desirable), a specific definition may never be possible.

= = 含糊不清 = = = “可持续性”作为一个流行词而享有盛誉。另一方面，有人说“可持续性将是模糊和有争议的，但并非毫无意义”。由于可持续性是一个概念，提供了一个规范的结构(描述什么人类社会认为是好的或可取的) ，一个具体的定义可能永远不可能。

Barriers

The political goal of sustainability, as formulated in the "2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" (the 17 Sustainable Development Goals), is very comprehensive and ambitious. The declaration stated that "In these Goals and targets, we are setting out a supremely ambitious and transformational vision" and have called the SDGs to be “of unprecedented scope and significance”. Due to the high complexity of this goal, there are many reasons to explain why sustainability is so difficult to achieve. Such reasons are also called "sustainability barriers".

The political goal of sustainability, as formulated in the "2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" (the 17 Sustainable Development Goals), is very comprehensive and ambitious. The declaration stated that "In these Goals and targets, we are setting out a supremely ambitious and transformational vision" and have called the SDGs to be “of unprecedented scope and significance”. Due to the high complexity of this goal, there are many reasons to explain why sustainability is so difficult to achieve. Such reasons are also called "sustainability barriers".

《2030年可持续发展议程》(17项可持续发展目标)中提出的可持续发展的政治目标非常全面和雄心勃勃。宣言指出，“在这些目标和具体目标中，我们提出了一个极其雄心勃勃和具有变革意义的愿景”，并称可持续发展目标“具有前所未有的规模和意义”。由于这一目标的高度复杂性，有许多原因可以解释为什么可持续性如此难以实现。这些原因也被称为“可持续性障碍”。

Some sustainability barriers are rooted in nature and its complexity (everything is related). Other are rooted in the human condition called "value-action gap", meaning we often do not act according to our convictions. These barriers have been called "intrinsic" to the concept of sustainability as such.

Some sustainability barriers are rooted in nature and its complexity (everything is related). Other are rooted in the human condition called "value-action gap", meaning we often do not act according to our convictions. These barriers have been called "intrinsic" to the concept of sustainability as such.

一些可持续性障碍植根于自然及其复杂性(一切都是相关的)。另一些则根植于人类所谓的“价值-行动鸿沟”，意思是我们常常不按照自己的信念行事。这些障碍被称为可持续性概念本身的“内在”。

Other barriers are "extrinsic" to the concept of sustainability. This means they could in principle be overcome, for example by putting a price tag on the consumption of public goods. A number of extrinsic sustainability barriers are related to the dominant institutional frameworks where market mechanisms often fail for public goods. Also, legal frameworks rarely consider issues of intergenerational justice and future generations.

Other barriers are "extrinsic" to the concept of sustainability. This means they could in principle be overcome, for example by putting a price tag on the consumption of public goods. A number of extrinsic sustainability barriers are related to the dominant institutional frameworks where market mechanisms often fail for public goods. Also, legal frameworks rarely consider issues of intergenerational justice and future generations.

其他障碍是可持续性概念的“外在”。这意味着原则上可以克服这些障碍，例如对公共产品的消费贴上价格标签。一些外在的可持续性障碍与占主导地位的体制框架有关，在这些体制框架中，市场机制往往无法为公益服务。此外，法律框架很少考虑代际公正和子孙后代的问题。

Furthermore, there are several barriers related to the difficulties of implementing sustainability policies. There are trade-offs to be made between objectives of environmental policies (such as nature conservation) and those focused on economic development (such as poverty reduction). There are also trade-offs between short-term profit and long-term viability. For example the question might arise: "Is it more sustainable to invest in protecting the rainforest or to alleviate the hunger of people in need?".

Furthermore, there are several barriers related to the difficulties of implementing sustainability policies. There are trade-offs to be made between objectives of environmental policies (such as nature conservation) and those focused on economic development (such as poverty reduction). There are also trade-offs between short-term profit and long-term viability. For example the question might arise: "Is it more sustainable to invest in protecting the rainforest or to alleviate the hunger of people in need?".

此外，实施可持续发展政策存在一些障碍。在环境政策目标(如自然保护)和经济发展目标(如减贫)之间需要进行权衡。在短期利润和长期生存能力之间也存在权衡。例如，可能会出现这样的问题: “投资保护热带雨林或者减轻贫困人口的饥饿是否更可持续？".

Barriers working against sustainability can also be rooted in the Zeitgeist, such as consumerism and short-termism.

Barriers working against sustainability can also be rooted in the Zeitgeist, such as consumerism and short-termism.

阻碍可持续发展的障碍也可能根植于时代精神，如消费主义和短期主义。

Lack of effective governance for global issues

Questions of global concern are difficult to tackle because global issues call for global solutions. But the existing global organizations (UN, WTO and others) are not sufficiently equipped. They have hardly any sanctioning mechanisms to enforce existing global regulation. Furthermore, they are not always accepted by all nations (an example is the International Criminal Court), their agendas are not aligned (for example UNEP, UNDP and WTO), or they are being accused of nepotism and mismanagement. There are also challenges that multilateral international agreements, treaties and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) face and which result in barriers to sustainability: There is a dependence on voluntary commitments (for example Nationally Determined Contributions for climate action), existing national or international regulation not being effectively enforced, and there are regulatory white spaces and control deficits for international actors (including multi-national enterprises). Lastly, many international public organizations are lacking legitimacy and democracy. 

Questions of global concern are difficult to tackle because global issues call for global solutions. But the existing global organizations (UN, WTO and others) are not sufficiently equipped. They have hardly any sanctioning mechanisms to enforce existing global regulation. Furthermore, they are not always accepted by all nations (an example is the International Criminal Court), their agendas are not aligned (for example UNEP, UNDP and WTO), or they are being accused of nepotism and mismanagement. There are also challenges that multilateral international agreements, treaties and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) face and which result in barriers to sustainability: There is a dependence on voluntary commitments (for example Nationally Determined Contributions for climate action), existing national or international regulation not being effectively enforced, and there are regulatory white spaces and control deficits for international actors (including multi-national enterprises). Lastly, many international public organizations are lacking legitimacy and democracy. 

缺乏对全球问题的有效治理 = = = 全球关注的问题难以解决，因为全球问题需要全球解决办法。但现有的全球性组织(联合国、世界贸易组织和其他组织)装备不足。它们几乎没有任何制裁机制来执行现有的全球监管。此外，它们并不总是被所有国家接受(例如国际刑事法院) ，它们的议程不一致(例如联合国环境规划署、联合国开发计划署和世界贸易组织) ，或者它们被指责裙带关系和管理不善。多边国际协议、条约和政府间组织(IGO)也面临着挑战，这些挑战导致了可持续性的障碍: 依赖于自愿承诺(例如气候行动的国家自主贡献) ，现有的国家或国际法规没有得到有效执行，以及国际行为者(包括跨国企业)存在监管空白和控制赤字。最后，许多国际公共组织缺乏合法性和民主性。

Approaches by different stakeholders

模板:FurtherThere are four types of "action principles" that people and decision makers can follow to facilitate more sustainable societies:

There are four types of "action principles" that people and decision makers can follow to facilitate more sustainable societies:

= = 不同利益相关者的方法 = = 有四种“行动原则”，人们和决策者可以遵循，以促进更可持续的社会:

• Nature-related principles: Decarbonize; reduce human environmental impact by efficiency, sufficiency and consistency; be “net-positive” – build up environmental and societal capital; prefer local, seasonal, plant-based and labor-intensive; polluter-pays principle; precautionary principle; appreciate and celebrate the beauty of nature
• Personal principles: practice contemplation, apply policies cautiously, celebrate frugality
• Society-related principles: Grant the least privileged the greatest support; seek mutual understanding, trust and multiple wins; strengthen social cohesion and collaboration; engage the stakeholders; foster education – share knowledge and collaborate.
• Systems-related principles: Apply systems thinking, foster diversity, increase transparency of the publicly relevant, maintain or increase option diversity.

• Nature-related principles: Decarbonize; reduce human environmental impact by efficiency, sufficiency and consistency; be “net-positive” – build up environmental and societal capital; prefer local, seasonal, plant-based and labor-intensive; polluter-pays principle; precautionary principle; appreciate and celebrate the beauty of nature
• Personal principles: practice contemplation, apply policies cautiously, celebrate frugality
• Society-related principles: Grant the least privileged the greatest support; seek mutual understanding, trust and multiple wins; strengthen social cohesion and collaboration; engage the stakeholders; foster education – share knowledge and collaborate.
• Systems-related principles: Apply systems thinking, foster diversity, increase transparency of the publicly relevant, maintain or increase option diversity.

• 与自然有关的原则: 减少碳排放; 通过效率、充足和一致性减少对人类环境的影响; “净正面”——建立环境和社会资本; 偏好本地、季节性、植物性和劳动密集型; 污染者付费原则; 预防原则; 欣赏和赞美自然之美。
• 系统相关原则: 应用系统思维，促进多样性，增加公共相关的透明度，保持或增加选择多样性。

Government policies

A model to express human impact on the environment is called the "I = PAT formula" which was developed in the 1970s. This formulation attempts to explain human impact in terms of three components: population numbers (P), levels of consumption (which it terms A for "affluence"), and impact per unit of resource use (which is termed T for "technology", because this impact depends on the technology used). The equation states that environmental impact is proportional to population, affluence and technology.

A model to express human impact on the environment is called the "I = PAT formula" which was developed in the 1970s. This formulation attempts to explain human impact in terms of three components: population numbers (P), levels of consumption (which it terms A for "affluence"), and impact per unit of resource use (which is termed T for "technology", because this impact depends on the technology used). The equation states that environmental impact is proportional to population, affluence and technology.

政府政策表达人类对环境影响的一种模式被称为“ I = PAT 公式”，它是在20世纪70年代发展起来的。这个公式试图从三个方面来解释人类的影响: 人口数量(P) ，消费水平(A 代表“富裕”) ，以及每单位资源使用的影响(T 代表“技术”，因为这种影响取决于所使用的技术)。该方程表明，环境影响与人口、财富和技术成正比。

Government policies for reaching sustainability can be grouped into the following three categories (most governments and international organizations use all three approaches, though they may disagree on which deserves the most priority):

Government policies for reaching sustainability can be grouped into the following three categories (most governments and international organizations use all three approaches, though they may disagree on which deserves the most priority):

实现可持续性的政府政策可以分为以下三类(大多数政府和国际组织采用所有三种方法，尽管它们可能不同意哪一种方法最值得优先考虑) :

1. Population: Many think that the most effective means of achieving sustainability is population control, by improving access to birth control and education for girls.
2. Affluence: Many also believe that sustainability cannot be achieved without reducing consumption. This theory is represented in the idea of a steady-state economy, meaning an economy without growth. A method in this category includes increasing energy efficiency. In 2020, scientific research published by the World Economic Forum determined that affluence is the biggest threat to sustainability.
3. Technology: Still others hold that the most promising path to sustainability is new technology. This theory may be seen as a form of technological optimism. One example for this category is transitioning to renewable energy. Other methods to achieve sustainability that are associated with this category include climate engineering or genetic engineering.

1. Population: Many think that the most effective means of achieving sustainability is population control, by improving access to birth control and education for girls.
2. Affluence: Many also believe that sustainability cannot be achieved without reducing consumption. This theory is represented in the idea of a steady-state economy, meaning an economy without growth. A method in this category includes increasing energy efficiency. In 2020, scientific research published by the World Economic Forum determined that affluence is the biggest threat to sustainability.
3. Technology: Still others hold that the most promising path to sustainability is new technology. This theory may be seen as a form of technological optimism. One example for this category is transitioning to renewable energy. Other methods to achieve sustainability that are associated with this category include climate engineering or genetic engineering.

1. 人口: 许多人认为，实现可持续性的最有效手段是通过改善女童获得节育和教育的机会来控制人口。# 富裕: 许多人还认为，如果不减少消费，就不可能实现可持续性。这一理论体现在稳态经济的概念中，即经济没有增长。这类方法包括提高能源效率。2020年，世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum)发表的科学研究确定，富裕是对可持续发展的最大威胁。# 技术: 还有一些人认为，实现可持续发展的最有希望的途径是新技术。这个理论可以被看作是技术乐观主义的一种形式。这类能源的一个例子是向可再生能源的过渡。与这一类别有关的实现可持续性的其他方法包括气候工程或基因工程。

Businesses

文件:Fsc-zertifizierung.jpg

Today, the public primarily associates sustainable production with special seals of quality (here the FSC seal for wood products).

Sustainable business practices integrate ecological concerns with social and economic ones. The accounting framework for this approach is called the triple bottom line and uses the phrase "people, planet, and profit". Sustainability is a business opportunity now and has led to the formation of organizations such as the Sustainability Consortium of the Society for Organizational Learning, the Sustainable Business Institute, and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Supply chain sustainability refers to companies' efforts to consider the environmental and human impact of their products' journey through the supply chain, from raw materials sourcing to production, storage, delivery and every transportation link in between.

Sustainable business practices integrate ecological concerns with social and economic ones.Kinsley, M. and Lovins, L.H. (September 1997). "Paying for Growth, Prospering from Development." Retrieved 15 June 2009.Sustainable Shrinkage: Envisioning a Smaller, Stronger Economy. Thesolutionsjournal.com. Retrieved 13 March 2016. The accounting framework for this approach is called the triple bottom line and uses the phrase "people, planet, and profit". Sustainability is a business opportunity now and has led to the formation of organizations such as the Sustainability Consortium of the Society for Organizational Learning, the Sustainable Business Institute, and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Supply chain sustainability refers to companies' efforts to consider the environmental and human impact of their products' journey through the supply chain, from raw materials sourcing to production, storage, delivery and every transportation link in between.

= = 商业 = = = 可持续的商业实践将生态问题与社会和经济问题结合起来。(一九九七年九月)。“为增长买单，发展带来繁荣”2009年6月15日检索。可持续萎缩: 展望更小、更强的经济。Thesolutionsjournal.com.2016年3月13日检索。这种方法的会计框架被称为三重底线，并使用短语“人，地球，和利润”。可持续性现在是一个商业机会，促成了组织学习协会可持续性联合会、可持续商业研究所和世界可持续发展商业理事会等组织的成立。供应链可持续性是指企业努力考虑其产品在供应链中的环境和人类影响，从原材料采购到生产、储存、交付以及其间的每一个运输环节。

Problematic aspects of "sustainable business" initiatives include:

Problematic aspects of "sustainable business" initiatives include:

“可持续商业”举措存在的问题包括:

• Greenwashing - this is the practice of deceptive marketing by a company or organization so they appear more environmentally friendly (more natural, healthier, free of chemicals, recyclable, less wasteful of natural resources...) than they actually are. Investors are wary of this issue as it exposes them to risk.
• Ecolabelling - this is a voluntary method of environmental performance certification and labelling that is attached to food and consumer products. The reliability of eco-label is doubtful in some cases. The most credible eco-labels are those that are developed with close participation from all relevant stakeholders.

Religious communities

模板:Further Religious leaders have stressed the importance of caring for nature and environmental sustainability. In 2015 over 150 leaders from various faiths issued a joint statement to the UN Climate Summit in Paris 2015. They reiterated an earlier statement made in the Interfaith Summit in New York in 2014:

Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.

• Greenwashing - this is the practice of deceptive marketing by a company or organization so they appear more environmentally friendly (more natural, healthier, free of chemicals, recyclable, less wasteful of natural resources...) than they actually are. Investors are wary of this issue as it exposes them to risk.
• Ecolabelling - this is a voluntary method of environmental performance certification and labelling that is attached to food and consumer products. The reliability of eco-label is doubtful in some cases. The most credible eco-labels are those that are developed with close participation from all relevant stakeholders.

Religious leaders have stressed the importance of caring for nature and environmental sustainability. In 2015 over 150 leaders from various faiths issued a joint statement to the UN Climate Summit in Paris 2015."Statement of Faith and Spiritual Leaders on the upcoming United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP21 in Paris in December 2015" They reiterated an earlier statement made in the Interfaith Summit in New York in 2014:

• 绿色清洗——这是一家公司或组织欺骗性营销的做法，目的是让它们看起来比实际更有环境友善(更自然、更健康、不含化学物质、可回收利用、更少浪费自然资源... ...)。投资者对这个问题非常谨慎，因为它使他们面临风险。
• 环保标签-这是一种自愿性质的环保表现认证和标签方法，附加在食品和消费品上。在某些情况下，生态标签的可靠性值得怀疑。最可信的生态标签是在所有相关利益攸关方密切参与下制定的标签。宗教领袖强调了保护自然和环境可持续性的重要性。2015年，来自不同信仰的150多位领导人在巴黎联合国气候峰会上发表了一份联合声明。“关于即将于2015年12月在巴黎举行的联合国气候变化大会的信仰和精神领袖声明”他们重申了2014年在 Interfaith Summit 发表的声明:

Individuals

Individuals can change their lifestyles and practice ethical consumerism and embrace frugality if they want to live more sustainably. Sustainable living approaches can reduce environmental impacts by altering the built environment to make cities more sustainable. Such approaches can include for example sustainable transport, sustainable architecture and zero emission housing.

Individuals can change their lifestyles and practice ethical consumerism and embrace frugality if they want to live more sustainably. Sustainable living approaches can reduce environmental impacts by altering the built environment to make cities more sustainable. Such approaches can include for example sustainable transport, sustainable architecture and zero emission housing.

如果人们想要更可持续地生活，他们可以改变自己的生活方式，实践良知消费，拥抱节俭。可持续的生活方式可以通过改变建成的环境，使城市更具可持续性，从而减少环境影响。这些方法可以包括例如可持续交通、可持续建筑和零排放住房。

Etymology

The term sustainability is derived from the Latin word sustinere (tenere, to hold; sub, under). "To sustain" can mean to maintain, support, uphold or endure. It is therefore the ability to continue over a long period of time.

The term sustainability is derived from the Latin word sustinere (tenere, to hold; sub, under). "To sustain" can mean to maintain, support, uphold or endure. Onions, Charles, T. (ed) (1964). The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 2095. It is therefore the ability to continue over a long period of time.

= = 词源学 = = 词汇可持续性来源于拉丁文单词 sustinere (tenere，to hold; sub，under)。“维持”可以指维持、支持、维持或忍受。洋葱，查尔斯，T (编)(1964年)。简编牛津英语词典。牛津: 克拉伦登出版社。P. 2095.因此，它是一种能够持续很长一段时间的能力。

See also

• List of sustainability topics
• Outline of sustainability

• List of sustainability topics
• Outline of sustainability

• 可持续性议题清单
• 可持续性大纲

References

-->

-->

Category:Environmentalism Category:Economics of sustainability Category:Environmental social science concepts Category:Environmental terminology

类别: 环境保护主义类别: 可持续发展经济学类别: 环境社会科学概念类别: 环境术语

This page was moved from wikipedia:en:Sustainability. Its edit history can be viewed at 可持续性/edithistory