市场经济

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文件:Pike Place Market, Economy Market arcade, 1968.jpg
Pike Place Market, Economy Market arcade, 1968

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A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand, where all suppliers and consumers are unimpeded by price controls or restrictions on contract freedom. The major characteristic of a market economy is the existence of factor markets that play a dominant role in the allocation of capital and the factors of production.[1][2]

A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand, where all suppliers and consumers are unimpeded by price controls or restrictions on contract freedom. The major characteristic of a market economy is the existence of factor markets that play a dominant role in the allocation of capital and the factors of production.

市场经济是一种经济制度，在这种制度中，关于投资、生产和向消费者分配的决定受供求力量产生的价格信号的指导，所有供应商和消费者都不受价格管制或对合同自由的限制。市场经济的主要特征是存在在资本配置和生产要素中起主导作用的要素市场。

Market economies range from minimally regulated free-market and laissez-faire systems where state activity is restricted to providing public goods and services and safeguarding private ownership,[3] to interventionist forms where the government plays an active role in serving special interests and promoting social welfare. State intervention can happen at the production, distribution, trade and consumption areas in the economy. The distribution of basic need services and goods like health care may be entirely regulated by an egalitarian public health care policy, while at the same time having the production provided by private enterprise, effectively eliminating the forces of supply and demand. These economies are not market economies and display market failure of a market economy for basic needs and anti-competitive practices with respect to individual private customers.

Market economies range from minimally regulated free-market and laissez-faire systems where state activity is restricted to providing public goods and services and safeguarding private ownership, to interventionist forms where the government plays an active role in serving special interests and promoting social welfare. State intervention can happen at the production, distribution, trade and consumption areas in the economy. The distribution of basic need services and goods like health care may be entirely regulated by an egalitarian public health care policy, while at the same time having the production provided by private enterprise, effectively eliminating the forces of supply and demand. These economies are not market economies and display market failure of a market economy for basic needs and anti-competitive practices with respect to individual private customers.

市场经济范围广泛，从监管最少的自由市场和自由放任制度，其中国家活动仅限于提供公共产品和服务以及保障私有制，到政府在服务特殊利益和促进社会福利方面发挥积极作用的干预形式。国家干预可以发生在经济的生产、分配、贸易和消费领域。基本需求服务和卫生保健等商品的分配可以完全由平等的公共卫生保健政策管理，同时由私营企业提供生产，有效地消除供求力量。这些经济体系并非市场经济体系，在满足个别私人客户的基本需要和反竞争行为方面，显示出市场经济的失灵。

State-directed or dirigist economies are those where the state plays a directive role in guiding the overall development of the market through industrial policies or indicative planning—which guides yet does not substitute the market for economic planning—a form sometimes referred to as a mixed economy.[4][5]

State-directed or dirigist economies are those where the state plays a directive role in guiding the overall development of the market through industrial policies or indicative planning—which guides yet does not substitute the market for economic planning—a form sometimes referred to as a mixed economy.Tucker, Irvin B., Macroeconomics for Today. West Publishing. p. 491

国家主导或国家统筹经济是指国家通过产业政策或指示性规划在指导市场的整体发展方面发挥指导作用的经济体，这些政策或指示性规划虽然指导市场，但并不能取代经济规划，这种形式有时被称为混合经济。塔克尔，欧文 B，《今日宏观经济学》。西部出版社。P. 491

Market economies are contrasted with planned economies where investment and production decisions are embodied in an integrated economy-wide economic plan. In a centrally planned economy, economic planning is the principal allocation mechanism between firms rather than markets, with the economy's means of production being owned and operated by a single organizational body.[6]模板:Better source needed

Market economies are contrasted with planned economies where investment and production decisions are embodied in an integrated economy-wide economic plan. In a centrally planned economy, economic planning is the principal allocation mechanism between firms rather than markets, with the economy's means of production being owned and operated by a single organizational body.

市场经济与计划经济形成鲜明对比，计划经济将投资和生产决策体现在整个经济的综合经济计划中。在中央计划经济体制下，经济计划是企业之间而非市场之间的主要分配机制，经济的生产资料由一个单一的组织机构拥有和经营。

Characteristics

Property rights

For market economies to function efficiently, governments must establish clearly defined and enforceable property rights for assets and capital goods. However, property rights does not specifically mean private property rights and market economies do not logically presuppose the existence of private ownership of the means of production. Market economies can and often do include various types of cooperatives or autonomous state-owned enterprises that acquire capital goods and raw materials in capital markets. These enterprises utilize a market-determined free price system to allocate capital goods and labor.[7] In addition, there are many variations of market socialism where the majority of capital assets are socially owned with markets allocating resources between socially owned firms. These models range from systems based on employee-owned enterprises based on self-management to a combination of public ownership of the means of production with factor markets.[8]

For market economies to function efficiently, governments must establish clearly defined and enforceable property rights for assets and capital goods. However, property rights does not specifically mean private property rights and market economies do not logically presuppose the existence of private ownership of the means of production. Market economies can and often do include various types of cooperatives or autonomous state-owned enterprises that acquire capital goods and raw materials in capital markets. These enterprises utilize a market-determined free price system to allocate capital goods and labor. In addition, there are many variations of market socialism where the majority of capital assets are socially owned with markets allocating resources between socially owned firms. These models range from systems based on employee-owned enterprises based on self-management to a combination of public ownership of the means of production with factor markets.

= = 特性 = = = = = = = 产权 = = = = = 为了让市场经济有效运转，政府必须为资产和资本货物建立明确界定和可执行的产权。然而，产权并不具体意味着私有产权，市场经济在逻辑上并不假定生产资料私有制的存在。市场经济可以而且经常包括各种类型的合作社或在资本市场上获取资本货物和原材料的自主国有企业。这些企业利用市场决定的自由价格体系来分配资本货物和劳动力。此外，市场社会主义还有许多不同的形式，其中大部分资本资产为社会所有，市场在社会所有企业之间分配资源。这些模式包括建立在基于自我管理的雇员所有制企业基础上的制度，以及生产资料的公有制与要素市场相结合的制度。

Supply and demand

Market economies rely upon a price system to signal market actors to adjust production and investment. Price formation relies on the interaction of supply and demand to reach or approximate an equilibrium where unit price for a particular good or service is at a point where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.

Market economies rely upon a price system to signal market actors to adjust production and investment. Price formation relies on the interaction of supply and demand to reach or approximate an equilibrium where unit price for a particular good or service is at a point where the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied.

= = 供求 = = = = 市场经济依靠价格体系向市场参与者发出调整生产和投资的信号。价格形成依赖于供给和需求的相互作用，以达到或接近某一特定商品或服务的单位价格处于需求量等于供给量的平衡点。

Governments can intervene by establishing price ceilings or price floors in specific markets (such as minimum wage laws in the labor market), or use fiscal policy to discourage certain consumer behavior or to address market externalities generated by certain transactions (Pigovian taxes). Different perspectives exist on the role of government in both regulating and guiding market economies and in addressing social inequalities produced by markets. Fundamentally, a market economy requires that a price system affected by supply and demand exists as the primary mechanism for allocating resources irrespective of the level of regulation.

Governments can intervene by establishing price ceilings or price floors in specific markets (such as minimum wage laws in the labor market), or use fiscal policy to discourage certain consumer behavior or to address market externalities generated by certain transactions (Pigovian taxes). Different perspectives exist on the role of government in both regulating and guiding market economies and in addressing social inequalities produced by markets. Fundamentally, a market economy requires that a price system affected by supply and demand exists as the primary mechanism for allocating resources irrespective of the level of regulation.

政府可以通过在特定市场(如劳动力市场的最低工资法)建立价格上限或价格下限来进行干预，或者利用财政政策来阻止某些消费者行为，或者解决某些交易(庇古税)产生的市场外部效应。关于政府在规范和指导市场经济以及解决市场造成的社会不平等方面的作用，存在着不同的观点。从根本上说，市场经济要求存在一个受供求影响的价格体系，作为分配资源的主要机制，而不论监管水平如何。

Capitalism

Main article: Capitalism

模板:Capitalism sidebar Capitalism is an economic system where the means of production are largely or entirely privately owned and operated for a profit, structured on the process of capital accumulation. In general, in capitalist systems investment, distribution, income and prices are determined by markets, whether regulated or unregulated.


Capitalism is an economic system where the means of production are largely or entirely privately owned and operated for a profit, structured on the process of capital accumulation. In general, in capitalist systems investment, distribution, income and prices are determined by markets, whether regulated or unregulated.

= = 资本主义 = = 资本主义是一种经济体系，在这种体系中，生产资料大部分或完全为私人所有，以营利为目的，以资本积累的过程为结构。一般而言，在资本主义制度下，投资、分配、收入和价格都是由市场决定的，无论市场是否受到监管。

There are different variations of capitalism with different relationships to markets. In laissez-faire and free-market variations of capitalism, markets are utilized most extensively with minimal or no state intervention and minimal or no regulation over prices and the supply of goods and services. In interventionist, welfare capitalism and mixed economies, markets continue to play a dominant role, but they are regulated to some extent by government in order to correct market failures or to promote social welfare. In state capitalist systems, markets are relied upon the least, with the state relying heavily on either indicative planning and/or state-owned enterprises to accumulate capital.

There are different variations of capitalism with different relationships to markets. In laissez-faire and free-market variations of capitalism, markets are utilized most extensively with minimal or no state intervention and minimal or no regulation over prices and the supply of goods and services. In interventionist, welfare capitalism and mixed economies, markets continue to play a dominant role, but they are regulated to some extent by government in order to correct market failures or to promote social welfare. In state capitalist systems, markets are relied upon the least, with the state relying heavily on either indicative planning and/or state-owned enterprises to accumulate capital.

资本主义有不同的变体，与市场的关系也不同。在资本主义的自由放任和自由市场变化中，市场得到最广泛的利用，国家干预最少或根本不干预，对价格和商品及服务供应的管制最少或根本不管制。在干预主义、福利资本主义和混合经济中，市场继续发挥主导作用，但在一定程度上由政府进行管制，以纠正市场失灵或促进社会福利。在国家资本主义制度中，对市场的依赖最少，国家严重依赖指示性计划和/或国有企业积累资本。

Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism. However, it is argued that the term mixed economies more precisely describes most contemporary economies due to their containing both private-owned and state-owned enterprises. In capitalism, prices determine the demand-supply scale. Higher demand for certain goods and services lead to higher prices and lower demand for certain goods lead to lower prices.

Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism. However, it is argued that the term mixed economies more precisely describes most contemporary economies due to their containing both private-owned and state-owned enterprises. In capitalism, prices determine the demand-supply scale. Higher demand for certain goods and services lead to higher prices and lower demand for certain goods lead to lower prices.

自封建制度终结以来，资本主义一直在西方世界占主导地位。然而，有人认为，混合经济这一术语更准确地描述了大多数当代经济，因为它们既包括私有企业，也包括国有企业。在资本主义制度下，价格决定供需规模。对某些商品和服务的需求增加导致价格上涨，对某些商品的需求减少导致价格下降。

Free-market capitalism

See also: Free market

A capitalist free-market economy is an economic system where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are expected by its supporters to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. It typically entails support for highly competitive markets, private ownership of productive enterprises. Laissez-faire is a more extensive form of free-market economy where the role of the state is limited to protecting property rights and enforcing contracts.


A capitalist free-market economy is an economic system where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are expected by its supporters to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. It typically entails support for highly competitive markets, private ownership of productive enterprises. Laissez-faire is a more extensive form of free-market economy where the role of the state is limited to protecting property rights and enforcing contracts.

自由市场资本主义资本主义自由市场经济是这样一种经济体系，在这种体系中，商品和服务的价格由供求双方的力量自由决定，其支持者期望在不受政府政策干预的情况下达到均衡点。它通常需要支持高度竞争的市场，生产性企业的私有制。自由放任是一种更为广泛的自由市场经济形式，国家的作用仅限于保护产权和执行合同。

Laissez-faire capitalism

Main article: Laissez-faire
See also: Economic liberalism

Laissez-faire is synonymous with what was referred to as strict capitalist free-market economy during the early and mid-19th century[citation needed] as a classical liberal ideal to achieve. It is generally understood that the necessary components for the functioning of an idealized free market include the complete absence of government regulation, subsidies, artificial price pressures and government-granted monopolies (usually classified as coercive monopoly by free market advocates) and no taxes or tariffs other than what is necessary for the government to provide protection from coercion and theft, maintaining peace and property rights and providing for basic public goods. Right-libertarian advocates of anarcho-capitalism see the state as morally illegitimate and economically unnecessary and destructive. Although laissez-faire has been commonly associated with capitalism, there is a similar left-wing laissez-faire system called free-market anarchism, also known as free-market anti-capitalism and free-market socialism to distinguish it from laissez-faire capitalism.[9][10][11] Thus, critics of laissez-faire as commonly understood argues that a truly laissez-faire system would be anti-capitalist and socialist.[12][13]


Laissez-faire is synonymous with what was referred to as strict capitalist free-market economy during the early and mid-19th century as a classical liberal ideal to achieve. It is generally understood that the necessary components for the functioning of an idealized free market include the complete absence of government regulation, subsidies, artificial price pressures and government-granted monopolies (usually classified as coercive monopoly by free market advocates) and no taxes or tariffs other than what is necessary for the government to provide protection from coercion and theft, maintaining peace and property rights and providing for basic public goods. Right-libertarian advocates of anarcho-capitalism see the state as morally illegitimate and economically unnecessary and destructive. Although laissez-faire has been commonly associated with capitalism, there is a similar left-wing laissez-faire system called free-market anarchism, also known as free-market anti-capitalism and free-market socialism to distinguish it from laissez-faire capitalism.Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia"It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism." Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. p. back cover."But there has always been a market-oriented strand of libertarian socialism that emphasizes voluntary cooperation between producers. And markets, properly understood, have always been about cooperation. As a commenter at Reason magazine's Hit&Run blog, remarking on Jesse Walker's link to the Kelly article, put it: "every trade is a cooperative act." In fact, it's a fairly common observation among market anarchists that genuinely free markets have the most legitimate claim to the label "socialism." "Socialism: A Perfectly Good Word Rehabilitated" by Kevin Carson at website of Center for a Stateless Society. Thus, critics of laissez-faire as commonly understood argues that a truly laissez-faire system would be anti-capitalist and socialist.Nick Manley, "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part One".Nick Manley, "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part Two".

自由放任资本主义是19世纪早期和中期被称为严格的资本主义自由市场经济的同义词，是古典自由主义理想的实现。人们普遍认为，理想化的自由市场运作的必要组成部分包括完全没有政府监管、补贴、人为的价格压力和政府授予的垄断(通常被自由市场倡导者归为强迫性垄断) ，除了政府必须提供保护以免遭受胁迫和盗窃、维护和平与财产权利以及提供基本公共产品之外，不征收任何税收或关税。右翼自由主义无政府资本主义认为国家在道德上是不合法的，在经济上是不必要的，而且具有破坏性。尽管自由放任主义通常与资本主义联系在一起，但也有一种类似的左翼自由放任主义体系，称为自由市场无政府主义，也被称为自由市场反资本主义和自由市场社会主义，以区别于自由放任资本主义。查蒂埃，加里; 约翰逊，查尔斯 W。市场而非资本主义: 反对老板、不平等、公司权力和结构性贫困的个人无政府主义。“它为激进的社会思想提供了一种开阔眼界的方法，同样植根于自由意志社会主义和市场无政府主义。”查蒂埃，加里; 约翰逊，查尔斯 W。市场而非资本主义: 反对老板、不平等、公司权力和结构性贫困的个人无政府主义。布鲁克林，纽约: 小作文/自媒体。P 封底。“但一直存在一种以市场为导向的自由意志社会主义，强调生产者之间的自愿合作。正确理解市场，市场一直是关于合作的。正如《理性》杂志热播博客的评论员在评论杰西 · 沃克的凯利文章链接时所说的那样: “每笔交易都是一种合作行为。”事实上，市场无政府主义者普遍认为，真正的自由市场拥有“社会主义”这个最合理的标签“社会主义: 一个完美的词语复兴”，凯文 · 卡森在无国籍社会中心网站上发表。因此，普遍理解的自由放任主义的批评者认为，真正的自由放任制度是反资本主义和社会主义的。尼克 · 曼利，“左翼自由放任主义经济理论简介: 第一部分”。尼克 · 曼利，“左翼自由放任主义经济理论简介: 第二部分”。

Welfare capitalism

Main article: Welfare capitalism

Welfare capitalism is a capitalist economy that includes public policies favoring extensive provisions for social welfare services. The economic mechanism involves a free market and the predominance of privately owned enterprises in the economy, but public provision of universal welfare services aimed at enhancing individual autonomy and maximizing equality. Examples of contemporary welfare capitalism include the Nordic model of capitalism predominant in Northern Europe.[14]


Welfare capitalism is a capitalist economy that includes public policies favoring extensive provisions for social welfare services. The economic mechanism involves a free market and the predominance of privately owned enterprises in the economy, but public provision of universal welfare services aimed at enhancing individual autonomy and maximizing equality. Examples of contemporary welfare capitalism include the Nordic model of capitalism predominant in Northern Europe.

福利资本主义是一种资本主义经济，其中包括有利于广泛提供社会福利服务的公共政策。经济机制涉及自由市场和私营企业在经济中的主导地位，但公共提供普遍福利服务的目的是加强个人自主权和最大限度地实现平等。当代福利资本主义的例子包括在北欧占主导地位的北欧资本主义模式。

Regional models

Anglo-Saxon model

Main article: Anglo-Saxon model

Anglo-Saxon capitalism is the form of capitalism predominant in Anglophone countries and typified by the economy of the United States. It is contrasted with European models of capitalism such as the continental social market model and the Nordic model. Anglo-Saxon capitalism refers to a macroeconomic policy regime and capital market structure common to the Anglophone economies. Among these characteristics are low rates of taxation, more open financial markets, lower labor market protections and a less generous welfare state eschewing collective bargaining schemes found in the continental and northern European models of capitalism.[15]


Anglo-Saxon capitalism is the form of capitalism predominant in Anglophone countries and typified by the economy of the United States. It is contrasted with European models of capitalism such as the continental social market model and the Nordic model. Anglo-Saxon capitalism refers to a macroeconomic policy regime and capital market structure common to the Anglophone economies. Among these characteristics are low rates of taxation, more open financial markets, lower labor market protections and a less generous welfare state eschewing collective bargaining schemes found in the continental and northern European models of capitalism.Anglo-Saxon capitalism, Business Dictionary on BusinessDictionary.com: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Anglo-Saxon-capitalism.html

地区模式盎格鲁-撒克逊模式盎格鲁-撒克逊资本主义是在英语国家占主导地位的以美国经济为代表的资本主义形式。它与欧洲的资本主义模式(如欧洲大陆的社会市场模式和北欧模式)形成对比。盎格鲁-撒克逊资本主义是指英语国家共同的宏观经济政策体制和资本市场结构。这些特点包括低税率、更加开放的金融市场、较低的劳动力市场保护以及不那么慷慨的福利国家，这些国家避开了欧洲大陆和北欧资本主义模式中的集体协商计划。盎格鲁-撒克逊资本主义， businessdictionary.com 商业词典: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Anglo-Saxon-capitalism.html

East Asian model

Main article: East Asian model

The East Asian model of capitalism involves a strong role for state investment and in some instances involves state-owned enterprises. The state takes an active role in promoting economic development through subsidies, the facilitation of "national champions" and an export-based model of growth. The actual practice of this model varies by country. This designation has been applied to the economies of China, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam.


The East Asian model of capitalism involves a strong role for state investment and in some instances involves state-owned enterprises. The state takes an active role in promoting economic development through subsidies, the facilitation of "national champions" and an export-based model of growth. The actual practice of this model varies by country. This designation has been applied to the economies of China, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam.

东亚资本主义模式涉及国家投资的重要作用，在某些情况下涉及国有企业。国家通过补贴、扶持“国家冠军企业”和以出口为基础的增长模式，在促进经济发展方面发挥积极作用。这种模式的实际做法因国家而异。这个名称已经应用于中国、日本、新加坡、韩国、台湾和越南等经济体。

A related concept in political science is the developmental state.

A related concept in political science is the developmental state.

政治学中的一个相关概念是发展型国家。

Social market economy

Main article: Social market economy

The social market economy was implemented by Alfred Müller-Armack and Ludwig Erhard after World War II in West Germany. The social market economic model, sometimes called Rhine capitalism, is based upon the idea of realizing the benefits of a free-market economy, especially economic performance and high supply of goods while avoiding disadvantages such as market failure, destructive competition, concentration of economic power and the socially harmful effects of market processes. The aim of the social market economy is to realize greatest prosperity combined with best possible social security. One difference from the free market economy is that the state is not passive, but instead takes active regulatory measures.[16] The social policy objectives include employment, housing and education policies, as well as a socio-politically motivated balancing of the distribution of income growth. Characteristics of social market economies are a strong competition policy and a contractionary monetary policy. The philosophical background is neoliberalism or ordoliberalism.[17]


The social market economy was implemented by Alfred Müller-Armack and Ludwig Erhard after World War II in West Germany. The social market economic model, sometimes called Rhine capitalism, is based upon the idea of realizing the benefits of a free-market economy, especially economic performance and high supply of goods while avoiding disadvantages such as market failure, destructive competition, concentration of economic power and the socially harmful effects of market processes. The aim of the social market economy is to realize greatest prosperity combined with best possible social security. One difference from the free market economy is that the state is not passive, but instead takes active regulatory measures.keyword "social market economy" = “Soziale Marktwirtschaft” Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z. Grundlagenwissen für Schule und Studium, Beruf und Alltag. 2. Aufl. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus 2004. Lizenzausgabe Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2004. The social policy objectives include employment, housing and education policies, as well as a socio-politically motivated balancing of the distribution of income growth. Characteristics of social market economies are a strong competition policy and a contractionary monetary policy. The philosophical background is neoliberalism or ordoliberalism.Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z. "Eintrag: keyword "social market economy" = Soziale Marktwirtschaft".

社会市场经济第二次世界大战后，阿尔弗雷德 · 穆勒-阿马克和路德维希 · 埃哈德在西德实行了社会市场经济。社会市场经济模式有时被称为莱茵资本主义，其基本思想是实现自由市场经济的好处，特别是经济效益和商品的高供应，同时避免市场失灵、破坏性竞争、经济权力集中和市场进程对社会的有害影响等不利因素。社会市场经济的目标是实现最大的繁荣和尽可能最好的社会保障。One difference from the free market economy is that the state is not passive, but instead takes active regulatory measures.keyword "social market economy" = “Soziale Marktwirtschaft” Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z. Grundlagenwissen für Schule und Studium, Beruf und Alltag.2.Aufl.Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut & F.A.布罗克豪斯2004年。Lizenzausgabe Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2004.社会政策目标包括就业、住房和教育政策，以及出于社会政治动机的收入增长分配平衡。社会市场经济的特点是强竞争政策和紧缩性货币政策。哲学背景是新自由主义或秩序自由主义。"Eintrag: keyword "social market economy" = Soziale Marktwirtschaft".

Socialism

Main article: Market socialism

Market socialism is a form of market economy where the means of production are socially owned. In a market socialist economy, firms operate according to the rules of supply and demand and operate to maximize profit; the principal difference between market socialism and capitalism being that the profits accrue to society as a whole as opposed to private owners.[18]


Market socialism is a form of market economy where the means of production are socially owned. In a market socialist economy, firms operate according to the rules of supply and demand and operate to maximize profit; the principal difference between market socialism and capitalism being that the profits accrue to society as a whole as opposed to private owners.Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, 2003, by Gregory and Stuart. . (p. 142): "It is an economic system that combines social ownership of capital with market allocation of capital...The state owns the means of production, and returns accrue to society at large."

市场社会主义是一种市场经济形式，生产资料为社会所有。在社会主义市场经济中，企业按照供求规则运作，并以利润最大化为目标; 市场社会主义和资本主义的主要区别在于，利润是由整个社会而不是私人所有者获得的。2003年格雷戈里和斯图尔特著《二十一世纪经济体系比较》。.(第142页) : “这是一个将资本的社会所有权与资本的市场配置相结合的经济体系... ... 国家拥有生产资料，并向整个社会产生回报。”

The distinguishing feature between non-market socialism and market socialism is the existence of a market for factors of production and the criteria of profitability for enterprises. Profits derived from publicly owned enterprises can variously be used to reinvest in further production, to directly finance government and social services, or be distributed to the public at large through a social dividend or basic income system.[19]

The distinguishing feature between non-market socialism and market socialism is the existence of a market for factors of production and the criteria of profitability for enterprises. Profits derived from publicly owned enterprises can variously be used to reinvest in further production, to directly finance government and social services, or be distributed to the public at large through a social dividend or basic income system.Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.

非市场社会主义与市场社会主义的区别在于生产要素市场的存在和企业盈利的标准。公有企业产生的利润可以用于对进一步生产进行再投资，直接为政府和社会服务提供资金，或者通过社会红利或基本收入制度向广大公众分配。市场社会主义中的社会红利与基本收入保障。2004年，《国际政治经济学杂志》 ，卷。34不。3,2004年秋季。

Advocates of market socialism such as Jaroslav Vaněk argue that genuinely free markets are not possible under conditions of private ownership of productive property. Instead, he contends that the class differences and inequalities in income and power that result from private ownership enable the interests of the dominant class to skew the market to their favor, either in the form of monopoly and market power, or by utilizing their wealth and resources to legislate government policies that benefit their specific business interests. Additionally, Vaněk states that workers in a socialist economy based on cooperative and self-managed enterprises have stronger incentives to maximize productivity because they would receive a share of the profits (based on the overall performance of their enterprise) in addition to receiving their fixed wage or salary. The stronger incentives to maximize productivity that he conceives as possible in a socialist economy based on cooperative and self-managed enterprises might be accomplished in a free-market economy if employee-owned companies were the norm as envisioned by various thinkers including Louis O. Kelso and James S. Albus.[20]

Advocates of market socialism such as Jaroslav Vaněk argue that genuinely free markets are not possible under conditions of private ownership of productive property. Instead, he contends that the class differences and inequalities in income and power that result from private ownership enable the interests of the dominant class to skew the market to their favor, either in the form of monopoly and market power, or by utilizing their wealth and resources to legislate government policies that benefit their specific business interests. Additionally, Vaněk states that workers in a socialist economy based on cooperative and self-managed enterprises have stronger incentives to maximize productivity because they would receive a share of the profits (based on the overall performance of their enterprise) in addition to receiving their fixed wage or salary. The stronger incentives to maximize productivity that he conceives as possible in a socialist economy based on cooperative and self-managed enterprises might be accomplished in a free-market economy if employee-owned companies were the norm as envisioned by various thinkers including Louis O. Kelso and James S. Albus."Cooperative Economics: An Interview with Jaroslav Vanek". Interview by Albert Perkins. Retrieved March 17, 2011.

雅罗斯拉夫 · 范克等市场社会主义拥护者认为，在私人拥有生产性财产的条件下，真正的自由市场是不可能的。相反，他认为，私人所有制造成的阶级差异和收入与权力的不平等，使得占支配地位的阶级的利益以垄断和市场力量的形式，或者利用他们的财富和资源来制定有利于他们特定商业利益的政府政策，从而使市场对他们有利。此外，Van k 指出，在基于合作社和自我管理企业的社会主义经济中，工人们有更强的动机去最大化生产力，因为他们除了获得固定的工资或薪水之外，还会获得一部分利润(基于他们企业的整体表现)。如果像路易斯 · 凯尔索(Louis O. Kelso)和詹姆斯 · S (James S)等多位思想家所设想的那样，员工拥有的公司是一种规范，那么在自由市场经济中，他所设想的基于合作社和自我管理企业的社会主义经济中尽可能最大限度地提高生产率的更强有力的激励措施可能会实现。阿不思。“合作经济学: 雅罗斯拉夫 · 瓦内克访谈录”。采访: Albert Perkins。2011年3月17日。

Models of market socialism

Market socialism traces its roots to classical economics and the works of Adam Smith, the Ricardian socialists and mutualist philosophers.[21]

Market socialism traces its roots to classical economics and the works of Adam Smith, the Ricardian socialists and mutualist philosophers.

市场社会主义的模式市场社会主义的根源可以追溯到古典经济学和亚当斯密的著作，李嘉图社会主义者和互惠主义哲学家。

In the 1930s, the economists Oskar Lange and Abba Lerner developed a model of socialism that posited that a public body (dubbed the Central Planning Board) could set prices through a trial-and-error approach until they equaled the marginal cost of production in order to achieve perfect competition and pareto optimality. In this model of socialism, firms would be state-owned and managed by their employees and the profits would be disbursed among the population in a social dividend. This model came to be referred to as market socialism because it involved the use of money, a price system and simulated capital markets, all of which were absent from traditional non-market socialism.

In the 1930s, the economists Oskar Lange and Abba Lerner developed a model of socialism that posited that a public body (dubbed the Central Planning Board) could set prices through a trial-and-error approach until they equaled the marginal cost of production in order to achieve perfect competition and pareto optimality. In this model of socialism, firms would be state-owned and managed by their employees and the profits would be disbursed among the population in a social dividend. This model came to be referred to as market socialism because it involved the use of money, a price system and simulated capital markets, all of which were absent from traditional non-market socialism.

20世纪30年代，经济学家奥斯卡•兰格(Oskar Lange)和阿巴•勒纳(Abba Lerner)提出了一种社会主义模式，假定公共机构(被称为中央计划委员会)可以通过试错法来确定价格，直到它们等同于边际生产成本，以实现完美的竞争和帕累托最优。在这种社会主义模式下，公司将由其雇员拥有和管理，利润将以社会红利的形式分配给人民。这种模式之所以被称为市场社会主义，是因为它涉及到货币的使用、价格体系和模拟资本市场，这些都是传统的非市场社会主义所缺乏的。

A more contemporary model of market socialism is that put forth by the American economist John Roemer, referred to as economic democracy. In this model, social ownership is achieved through public ownership of equity in a market economy. A Bureau of Public Ownership would own controlling shares in publicly listed firms, so that the profits generated would be used for public finance and the provision of a basic income.

A more contemporary model of market socialism is that put forth by the American economist John Roemer, referred to as economic democracy. In this model, social ownership is achieved through public ownership of equity in a market economy. A Bureau of Public Ownership would own controlling shares in publicly listed firms, so that the profits generated would be used for public finance and the provision of a basic income.

美国经济学家约翰•罗默(John Roemer)提出了一种更为现代的市场社会主义模式，称之为经济民主。在这种模式中，社会所有权是通过市场经济中的公有制实现的。公有制局将拥有公开上市公司的控股股份，以便所产生的利润用于公共财政和提供基本收入。

Some anarchists and libertarian socialists promote a form of market socialism in which enterprises are owned and managed cooperatively by their workforce so that the profits directly remunerate the employee-owners. These cooperative enterprises would compete with each other in the same way private companies compete with each other in a capitalist market. The first major elaboration of this type of market socialism was made by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and was called mutualism.

Some anarchists and libertarian socialists promote a form of market socialism in which enterprises are owned and managed cooperatively by their workforce so that the profits directly remunerate the employee-owners. These cooperative enterprises would compete with each other in the same way private companies compete with each other in a capitalist market. The first major elaboration of this type of market socialism was made by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and was called mutualism.

一些无政府主义者和自由意志主义社会主义者提倡一种市场社会主义形式，在这种形式中，企业由其劳动力共同拥有和管理，以便利润直接报酬雇员所有者。这些合作企业将以同样的方式相互竞争，就像私营公司在资本主义市场上相互竞争一样。对这种市场社会主义的第一次重大阐述是由皮埃尔-约瑟夫·普鲁东提出的，被称为互惠主义。

Self-managed market socialism was promoted in Yugoslavia by economists Branko Horvat and Jaroslav Vaněk. In the self-managed model of socialism, firms would be directly owned by their employees and the management board would be elected by employees. These cooperative firms would compete with each other in a market for both capital goods and for selling consumer goods.

Self-managed market socialism was promoted in Yugoslavia by economists Branko Horvat and Jaroslav Vaněk. In the self-managed model of socialism, firms would be directly owned by their employees and the management board would be elected by employees. These cooperative firms would compete with each other in a market for both capital goods and for selling consumer goods.

经济学家布兰科 · 霍瓦特和雅罗斯拉夫 · 范克在南斯拉夫倡导自我管理的市场社会主义。在社会主义自我管理模式下，公司由员工直接拥有，管理委员会由员工选举产生。这些合作公司将在资本货物和消费品市场上相互竞争。

Socialist market economy

Following the 1978 reforms, China developed what it calls a socialist market economy in which most of the economy is under state ownership, with the state enterprises organized as joint-stock companies with various government agencies owning controlling shares through a shareholder system. Prices are set by a largely free-price system and the state-owned enterprises are not subjected to micromanagement by a government planning agency. A similar system called socialist-oriented market economy has emerged in Vietnam following the Đổi Mới reforms in 1986. This system is frequently characterized as state capitalism instead of market socialism because there is no meaningful degree of employee self-management in firms, because the state enterprises retain their profits instead of distributing them to the workforce or government and because many function as de facto private enterprises. The profits neither finance a social dividend to benefit the population at large, nor do they accrue to their employees. In China, this economic model is presented as a preliminary stage of socialism to explain the dominance of capitalistic management practices and forms of enterprise organization in both the state and non-state sectors.

Following the 1978 reforms, China developed what it calls a socialist market economy in which most of the economy is under state ownership, with the state enterprises organized as joint-stock companies with various government agencies owning controlling shares through a shareholder system. Prices are set by a largely free-price system and the state-owned enterprises are not subjected to micromanagement by a government planning agency. A similar system called socialist-oriented market economy has emerged in Vietnam following the Đổi Mới reforms in 1986. This system is frequently characterized as state capitalism instead of market socialism because there is no meaningful degree of employee self-management in firms, because the state enterprises retain their profits instead of distributing them to the workforce or government and because many function as de facto private enterprises. The profits neither finance a social dividend to benefit the population at large, nor do they accrue to their employees. In China, this economic model is presented as a preliminary stage of socialism to explain the dominance of capitalistic management practices and forms of enterprise organization in both the state and non-state sectors.

社会主义市场经济1978年改革以后，中国发展了所谓的社会主义市场经济，其中大部分经济是国有的，国有企业是股份公司，各种政府机构通过股东制度控制股份。价格基本上由自由价格体系决定，国有企业不受政府规划机构的微观管理。在1986年的慈善社会主义导向的市场经济改革之后，越南也出现了一个类似的体系，称为信托基金制度。这种制度的特点往往是国家资本主义而不是市场社会主义，因为企业中没有有意义的雇员自我管理程度，因为国有企业保留利润而不是将利润分配给劳动力或政府，因为许多企业实际上是私营企业。这些利润既不能用于支付社会红利以惠及广大人民，也不能用于雇员。在中国，这种经济模式被描述为社会主义初级阶段，以解释资本主义管理实践和企业组织形式在国有和非国有部门中的主导地位。

In religion

A wide range of philosophers and theologians have linked market economies to concepts from monotheistic religions. Michael Novak described capitalism as being closely related to Catholicism, but Max Weber drew a connection between capitalism and Protestantism. The economist Jeffrey Sachs has stated that his work was inspired by the healing characteristics of Judaism. Chief Rabbi Lord Sacks of the United Synagogue draws a correlation between modern capitalism and the Jewish image of the Golden Calf.[22]

A wide range of philosophers and theologians have linked market economies to concepts from monotheistic religions. Michael Novak described capitalism as being closely related to Catholicism, but Max Weber drew a connection between capitalism and Protestantism. The economist Jeffrey Sachs has stated that his work was inspired by the healing characteristics of Judaism. Chief Rabbi Lord Sacks of the United Synagogue draws a correlation between modern capitalism and the Jewish image of the Golden Calf.Lord Sacks, "Rediscovering Religious Values in the Market Economy", HuffPost, February 11, 2012

许多哲学家和神学家把市场经济与一神论宗教的概念联系起来。迈克尔 · 诺瓦克将资本主义描述为与天主教密切相关，但马克斯 · 韦伯将资本主义与新教联系起来。经济学家杰弗里•萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs)曾表示，他的工作受到犹太教治愈特性的启发。联合犹太教堂的首席拉比大人萨克斯将现代资本主义与犹太人的金牛犊形象联系起来。萨克斯勋爵，《在市场经济中重新发现宗教价值》 ，赫芬顿邮报，2012年2月11日

Christianity

In the Christian faith, the liberation theology movement advocated involving the church in labor market capitalism. Many priests and nuns integrated themselves into labor organizations while others moved into the slums to live among the poor. The Holy Trinity was interpreted as a call for social equality and the elimination of poverty. However, the Pope was highly active in his criticism of liberation theology. He was particularly concerned about the increased fusion between Christianity and Marxism. He closed Catholic institutions that taught liberation theology and dismissed some of its activists from the church.[23]

In the Christian faith, the liberation theology movement advocated involving the church in labor market capitalism. Many priests and nuns integrated themselves into labor organizations while others moved into the slums to live among the poor. The Holy Trinity was interpreted as a call for social equality and the elimination of poverty. However, the Pope was highly active in his criticism of liberation theology. He was particularly concerned about the increased fusion between Christianity and Marxism. He closed Catholic institutions that taught liberation theology and dismissed some of its activists from the church."Liberation theology", BBC, July 18, 2011

= = 基督教 = = = = = 在基督教信仰中，解放神学运动主张让教会参与劳动力市场资本主义。许多牧师和修女加入了劳工组织，而其他人则搬到贫民窟与穷人一起生活。圣三位一体被解释为呼吁社会平等和消除贫困。然而，教皇在批评解放神学方面非常活跃。他特别关注基督教和马克思主义日益融合的问题。他关闭了教授解放神学的天主教机构，并将一些激进分子逐出教会。“解放神学”，英国广播公司，2011年7月18日

Buddhism

The Buddhist approach to the market economy was dealt with in E. F. Schumacher’s 1966 essay "Buddhist Economics". Schumacher asserted that a market economy guided by Buddhist principles would more successfully meet the needs of its people. He emphasized the importance or pursuing occupations that adhered to Buddhist teachings. The essay would later become required reading for a course that Clair Brown offered at University of California, Berkeley.[24]

The Buddhist approach to the market economy was dealt with in E. F. Schumacher’s 1966 essay "Buddhist Economics". Schumacher asserted that a market economy guided by Buddhist principles would more successfully meet the needs of its people. He emphasized the importance or pursuing occupations that adhered to Buddhist teachings. The essay would later become required reading for a course that Clair Brown offered at University of California, Berkeley.Kathleen Maclay, "Buddhist economics: oxymoron or idea whose time has come?", Berkeley News, March 13, 2014

佛教对市场经济的态度在恩斯特·弗里德里希·舒马赫1966年的文章《佛教经济学》中有所论述。舒马赫断言，以佛教原则为指导的市场经济将更成功地满足其人民的需要。他强调坚持佛教教义的重要性或从事的职业。这篇文章后来成为克莱尔 · 布朗在加州大学伯克利分校开设的一门课程的必读书目。Kathleen Maclay，“佛教经济学: 矛盾修饰法还是理念，谁的时代已经到来？伯克利新闻，2014年3月13日

Criticism

The economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that markets suffer from informational inefficiency and the presumed efficiency of markets stems from the faulty assumptions of neoclassical welfare economics, particularly the assumption of perfect and costless information and related incentive problems. Neoclassical economics assumes static equilibrium and efficient markets require that there be no non-convexities, even though nonconvexities are pervasive in modern economies. Stiglitz's critique applies to both existing models of capitalism and to hypothetical models of market socialism. However, Stiglitz does not advocate replacing markets, but instead states that there is a significant role for government intervention to boost the efficiency of markets and to address the pervasive market failures that exist in contemporary economies.[25] A fair market economy is in fact a martingale or a Brownian motion model and for a participant competitor in such a model there is no more than 50% of success chances at any given moment. Due to the fractal nature of any fair market and being market participants subject to the law of competition which impose reinvesting an increasing part of profits, the mean statistical chance of bankruptcy within the half life of any participant is also 50%[26] and 100% whether an infinite sample of time is considered.

The economist Joseph Stiglitz argues that markets suffer from informational inefficiency and the presumed efficiency of markets stems from the faulty assumptions of neoclassical welfare economics, particularly the assumption of perfect and costless information and related incentive problems. Neoclassical economics assumes static equilibrium and efficient markets require that there be no non-convexities, even though nonconvexities are pervasive in modern economies. Stiglitz's critique applies to both existing models of capitalism and to hypothetical models of market socialism. However, Stiglitz does not advocate replacing markets, but instead states that there is a significant role for government intervention to boost the efficiency of markets and to address the pervasive market failures that exist in contemporary economies. A fair market economy is in fact a martingale or a Brownian motion model and for a participant competitor in such a model there is no more than 50% of success chances at any given moment. Due to the fractal nature of any fair market and being market participants subject to the law of competition which impose reinvesting an increasing part of profits, the mean statistical chance of bankruptcy within the half life of any participant is also 50% and 100% whether an infinite sample of time is considered.

经济学家约瑟夫 · 斯蒂格利茨(Joseph Stiglitz)认为，市场受到信息无效率的影响，市场的假定效率源于新古典福利经济学的错误假设，特别是完美无成本信息的假设和相关的激励问题。新古典主义经济学假设静态均衡和有效市场要求不存在非凸性，即使非凸性在现代经济中普遍存在。斯蒂格利茨的批判既适用于现有的资本主义模式，也适用于假想的市场社会主义模式。然而，斯蒂格利茨并不主张取代市场，而是表示，政府干预在提高市场效率和解决当代经济中普遍存在的市场失灵方面发挥着重要作用。一个公平的市场经济实际上是一个鞅或布朗运动模型，对于这样一个模型中的参与竞争者，在任何给定的时刻都不会有超过50% 的成功机会。由于任何公平市场的分形性质，以及作为市场参与者受到竞争法则的约束，使得再投资的利润越来越大，因此，无论是否考虑无限时间样本，任何参与者在半衰期内破产的平均统计概率分别为50% 和100% 。

Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert claim that "markets inherently produce class division".[27] Albert states that even if everyone started out with a balanced job complex (doing a mix of roles of varying creativity, responsibility and empowerment) in a market economy, class divisions would arise, arguing:

Without taking the argument that far, it is evident that in a market system with uneven distribution of empowering work, such as Economic Democracy, some workers will be more able than others to capture the benefits of economic gain. For example, if one worker designs cars and another builds them, the designer will use his cognitive skills more frequently than the builder. In the long term, the designer will become more adept at conceptual work than the builder, giving the former greater bargaining power in a firm over the distribution of income. A conceptual worker who is not satisfied with his income can threaten to work for a company that will pay him more. The effect is a class division between conceptual and manual laborers, and ultimately managers and workers, and a de facto labor market for conceptual workers.[27]

Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert claim that "markets inherently produce class division". Albert states that even if everyone started out with a balanced job complex (doing a mix of roles of varying creativity, responsibility and empowerment) in a market economy, class divisions would arise, arguing: Without taking the argument that far, it is evident that in a market system with uneven distribution of empowering work, such as Economic Democracy, some workers will be more able than others to capture the benefits of economic gain. For example, if one worker designs cars and another builds them, the designer will use his cognitive skills more frequently than the builder. In the long term, the designer will become more adept at conceptual work than the builder, giving the former greater bargaining power in a firm over the distribution of income. A conceptual worker who is not satisfied with his income can threaten to work for a company that will pay him more. The effect is a class division between conceptual and manual laborers, and ultimately managers and workers, and a de facto labor market for conceptual workers.

罗宾•哈内尔(Robin Hahnel)和迈克尔•阿尔伯特(Michael Albert)声称，“市场本身就会产生阶级分化”。阿尔伯特指出，即使每个人在市场经济中一开始都有一个平衡的工作综合体(做不同的创造力、责任和赋权的混合角色) ，阶级分化也会出现。他认为: 如果不把这个论点推到那么远，很明显，在一个赋权工作分配不均的市场体系中，比如经济民主，一些工人会比其他人更有能力获得经济收益的好处。例如，如果一个工人设计汽车，另一个工人制造汽车，设计师会比制造商更频繁地使用他的认知技能。从长远来看，设计师将比建筑师更擅长概念性的工作，给予前者在公司收入分配上更大的讨价还价能力。一个对自己的收入不满意的概念工作者可能会威胁要为一家会给他更多报酬的公司工作。这种影响是概念性劳动者和体力劳动者之间的阶级划分，最终是管理者和劳动者之间的划分，是概念性劳动者事实上的劳动力市场。

David McNally argues in the Marxist tradition that the logic of the market inherently produces inequitable outcomes and leads to unequal exchanges, arguing that Adam Smith's moral intent and moral philosophy espousing equal exchange was undermined by the practice of the free markets he championed. The development of the market economy involved coercion, exploitation and violence that Smith's moral philosophy could not countenance. McNally also criticizes market socialists for believing in the possibility of fair markets based on equal exchanges to be achieved by purging parasitical elements from the market economy such as private ownership of the means of production. McNally argues that market socialism is an oxymoron when socialism is defined as an end to wage-based labor.[28]

David McNally argues in the Marxist tradition that the logic of the market inherently produces inequitable outcomes and leads to unequal exchanges, arguing that Adam Smith's moral intent and moral philosophy espousing equal exchange was undermined by the practice of the free markets he championed. The development of the market economy involved coercion, exploitation and violence that Smith's moral philosophy could not countenance. McNally also criticizes market socialists for believing in the possibility of fair markets based on equal exchanges to be achieved by purging parasitical elements from the market economy such as private ownership of the means of production. McNally argues that market socialism is an oxymoron when socialism is defined as an end to wage-based labor.

大卫 · 麦克纳利(David McNally)在马克思主义传统中认为，市场的逻辑本质上会产生不公平的结果，并导致不平等的交换。他认为，亚当 · 斯密(Adam Smith)支持平等交换的道德意图和道德哲学，被他所倡导的自由市场的实践所破坏。市场经济的发展涉及到强迫、剥削和暴力，这是斯密的道德哲学所不能容忍的。麦克纳利还批评市场社会主义者相信，通过从市场经济中清除诸如私人拥有生产资料等寄生因素，在平等交换的基础上实现公平市场的可能性。麦克纳利认为，当社会主义被定义为终结基于工资的劳动时，市场社会主义就是一个矛盾体。

See also

模板:Portal


  • Capitalism
  • Classical economics
  • Co-determination
  • Economic freedom
  • Economic liberalism
  • Free market
  • Free-market anarchism
  • Gift economy
  • Grey market
  • Keynesian economics
  • Laissez-faire
  • Market socialism
  • Market structure
  • Mixed economy
  • Neoclassical economics
  • Planned economy
  • Price system
  • Regulated market
  • Social market economy
  • Socialist market economy
  • Social ownership


经济自由

  • 共同决定
  • 经济自由主义
  • 自由市场
  • 无政府主义
  • 礼物经济
  • 灰色市场
  • 凯恩斯主义
  • 自由放任
  • 市场社会主义
  • 市场社会主义
  • 市场结构
  • 混合经济
  • 新古典主义经济学
  • 计划经济
  • 价格体系
  • 调节市场
  • 社会市场经济
  • 社会主义市场经济
  • 社会所有制

References

  1. ↑ Gregory and Stuart, Paul & Robert (2004). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century (7th ed.). George Hoffman. p. 538. ISBN 0618261818. "Market Economy: Economy in which fundamentals of supply and demand provide signals regarding resource utilization." 
  2. ↑ Altvater, E. (1993). The Future of the Market: An Essay on the Regulation of Money and Nature After the Collapse of "Actually Existing Socialism. Verso. p. 57. https://archive.org/details/futureofmarketes0000altv. 
  3. ↑ Yu-Shan Wu (1995). Comparative Economic Transformations: Mainland China, Hungary, the Soviet Union, and Taiwan. Stanford University Press. pp. 8. "In laissez-faire capitalism, the state restricts itself to providing public goods and services that the economy cannot generate by itself and to safeguarding private ownership and the smooth operation of the self-regulating market." 
  4. ↑ Altvater, E. (1993). The Future of the Market: An Essay on the Regulation of Money and Nature After the Collapse of "Actually Existing Socialism. Verso. pp. 237–238. https://archive.org/details/futureofmarketes0000altv. 
  5. ↑ Tucker, Irvin B., Macroeconomics for Today. West Publishing. p. 491模板:ISBN?
  6. ↑ Chappelow, Jim (29 January 2020). "Centrally Planned Economy". Investopedia. Scott, Gordon, rev. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  7. ↑ Paul M. Johnson (2005). "A Glossary of Political Economy Terms, Market economy". Auburn University. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  8. ↑ Bock man, Johanna (2011). Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804775663. 模板:Page?
  9. ↑ Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia模板:Page?
  10. ↑ "It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism." Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. p. back cover.
  11. ↑ "But there has always been a market-oriented strand of libertarian socialism that emphasizes voluntary cooperation between producers. And markets, properly understood, have always been about cooperation. As a commenter at Reason magazine's Hit&Run blog, remarking on Jesse Walker's link to the Kelly article, put it: "every trade is a cooperative act." In fact, it's a fairly common observation among market anarchists that genuinely free markets have the most legitimate claim to the label "socialism." "Socialism: A Perfectly Good Word Rehabilitated" by Kevin Carson at website of Center for a Stateless Society.
  12. ↑ Nick Manley, "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part One".
  13. ↑ Nick Manley, "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part Two".
  14. ↑ "The surprising ingredients of Swedish success – free markets and social cohesion" (PDF). Institute of Economic Affairs. June 25, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
  15. ↑ Anglo-Saxon capitalism, Business Dictionary on BusinessDictionary.com: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Anglo-Saxon-capitalism.html -{zh-cn:互联网档案馆; zh-tw:網際網路檔案館; zh-hk:互聯網檔案館;}-的存檔，存档日期2020-09-27.
  16. ↑ keyword "social market economy" = “Soziale Marktwirtschaft” Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z. Grundlagenwissen für Schule und Studium, Beruf und Alltag. 2. Aufl. Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus 2004. Lizenzausgabe Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2004.
  17. ↑ Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z. "Eintrag: keyword "social market economy" = Soziale Marktwirtschaft".
  18. ↑ Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century, 2003, by Gregory and Stuart.
    . (p. 142): "It is an economic system that combines social ownership of capital with market allocation of capital...The state owns the means of production, and returns accrue to society at large."
  19. ↑ Social Dividend versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism, by Marangos, John. 2004. International Journal of Political Economy, vol. 34, no. 3, Fall 2004.
  20. ↑ "Cooperative Economics: An Interview with Jaroslav Vanek". Interview by Albert Perkins. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
  21. ↑ McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique. Verso. p. 44. ISBN 978-0860916062. "...by the 1820s, 'Smithian' apologists for industrial capitalism confronted 'Smithian' socialists in a vigorous, and often venomous, debate over political economy." 
  22. ↑ Lord Sacks, "Rediscovering Religious Values in the Market Economy", HuffPost, February 11, 2012
  23. ↑ "Liberation theology", BBC, July 18, 2011
  24. ↑ Kathleen Maclay, "Buddhist economics: oxymoron or idea whose time has come?", Berkeley News, March 13, 2014
  25. ↑ Michie, Jonathan (2001). Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences. Routledge. p. 1012. ISBN 978-1579580919. "Stiglitz criticizes the first and second welfare theorems for being based on the assumptions of complete markets (including a full set of futures and risk markets) and perfect and costless information, which are simply not true. Incentives are dubious too. Thus, capitalist markets are also not efficient and there is some role for government intervention. The ability to decentralize using the price system requires that there be no nonconvexities, but nonconvexities are pervasive." 
  26. ↑ Podobnik, Boris; Horvatic, Davor; Petersen, Alexander M.; Urošević, Branko; Stanley, H. Eugene (2010-10-26). "Bankruptcy risk model and empirical tests". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (43): 18325–18330. arXiv:1011.2670. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10718325P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011942107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2972955. PMID 20937903.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Weiss, Adam (2005-05-04). "A Comparison of Economic Democracy and Participatory Economics". ZMag. Archived from the original on 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
  28. ↑ McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique. Verso. ISBN 978-0860916062. 模板:Page?

Further reading


  • Åslund, Anders. “The Rise of State Capitalism.” Russia’s Crony Capitalism: The Path from Market Economy to Kleptocracy, Yale University Press, 2019, pp. 97–131, .

= 延伸阅读 =

  • Åslund，Anders。《国家资本主义的兴起》 ，俄罗斯裙带资本主义: 从市场经济到盗贼统治的耶鲁大学出版社，2019年，第12-19页。97–131, .



  • Boushey, Heather. “Market Structure.” Unbound: How Inequality Constricts Our Economy and What We Can Do about It, Harvard University Press, 2019, pp. 114–138, .

Boushey Heather

  • .《市场结构》 ，《不受约束: 不平等如何约束我们的经济以及我们能做些什么》 ，哈佛大学出版社，2019年，第10页。114–138, .
  • Chari, Anusha. “The International Market for Corporate Control.” Global Goliaths: Multinational Corporations in the 21st Century Economy, edited by C. FRITZ FOLEY et al., Brookings Institution Press, 2021, pp. 129–182, 模板:Jstor.
  • Chari, Anusha. “The International Market for Corporate Control.” Global Goliaths: Multinational Corporations in the 21st Century Economy, edited by C. FRITZ FOLEY et al., Brookings Institution Press, 2021, pp. 129–182, .

查莉，阿努莎

  • 。“企业控制的国际市场”《全球巨人: 21世纪经济中的跨国公司》 ，C.FRITZ FOLEY 等人编辑，布鲁金斯学会出版社，2021年版，第10页。129–182, .
  • Cochoy, Franck. “Another Discipline for the Market Economy: Marketing as a Performative Knowledge and Know-How for Capitalism.” The Sociological Review 46, no. 1_suppl (May 1998): 194–221.


  • Cochoy, Franck.“市场经济的另一门学科: 市场营销作为资本主义的一种表现性知识和技能”，社会学评论46，不。1 _ Suppl (1998年5月) : 194-221。
  • Cordier, S., Pareschi, L. & Toscani, G. On a Kinetic Model for a Simple Market Economy. Journal of Statistical Physics 120, 253–277 (2005).


  • 科迪埃，s，Pareschi，L. & Toscani，g. 关于简单市场经济的动力学模型。统计物理学杂志120,253-277(2005)。
  • Corneo, Giacoma and Daniel Steuer. “Market Economy Plus Welfare State.” Is Capitalism Obsolete?: A Journey through Alternative Economic Systems, Harvard University Press, 2017, pp. 225–248, 模板:Jstor.
  • Corneo, Giacoma and Daniel Steuer. “Market Economy Plus Welfare State.” Is Capitalism Obsolete?: A Journey through Alternative Economic Systems, Harvard University Press, 2017, pp. 225–248, .


  • Corneo Giacoma 和 Daniel Steuer。“市场经济加上福利国家”资本主义过时了吗？翻译: A Journey through Alternative Economic Systems，Harvard University Press，2017，pp。225–248, .



  • Cronin, James E. “Market Rules and the International Economy.” Global Rules: America, Britain and a Disordered World, Yale University Press, 2014, pp. 121–147, 模板:Jstor.
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  • 《市场规则与国际经济》(Market Rules and the International Economy) ，詹姆斯 · E · 克罗宁(James E.)著《全球规则: 美国、英国和一个无序的世界》 ，耶鲁大学出版社，2014年，pp。121–147, .
  • Cyndecka, Małgorzata Agnieszka. “The Applicability and Application of the Market Economy Investor Principle: Lessons Learnt from the Financial Crisis.” European State Aid Law Quarterly, vol. 16, no. 4, Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2017, pp. 512–526, 模板:Jstor.
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  • Cyndecka, Małgorzata Agnieszka.市场经济投资者原则的适用性和应用: 金融危机的教训欧洲国家援助法律季刊，卷。16岁，不。4, Lexxion Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2017, pp.512–526, .


  • Ebner, Alexander. “Continuity and Change in Germany’s Social Market Economy: A Matter of Economic Style?” Contesting Deregulation: Debates, Practices and Developments in the West since the 1970s, edited by Knud Andresen and Stefan Müller, 1st ed., vol. 31, Berghahn Books, 2017, pp. 41–56, doi:10.2307/j.ctvw04gps.7.
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艾伯纳，亚历山大

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  • 芬恩，丹尼尔 K《全球经济中的消费伦理: 在这里购买如何导致不公平》 ，乔治城大学出版社，2019年，第12页。143–153, .


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  • Hirschfeld，Mary L. “走向人性化经济: 务实的方法”《阿奎那与市场: 走向人性化经济》 ，哈佛大学出版社，2018年，第10页。191–218, .




  • Kratz, Agatha, et al. Time's Up: China's Coming Battle for Market Economy Status. European Council on Foreign Relations, 2016, .


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昆德，梅格

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  • Leshem, Dotan. “From Ecclesiastical to Market Economy.” The Origins of Neoliberalism: Modeling the Economy from Jesus to Foucault, Columbia University Press, 2016, pp. 153–182, 模板:Jstor.
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  • Leshem，Dotan.“从教会到市场经济”《新自由主义的起源: 从耶稣到福柯的经济建模》 ，哥伦比亚大学出版社，2016年，第10页。153–182, .
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洛锡安，塔玛拉

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密特迈尔，卡尔和伊莎贝拉 · 密特迈尔

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不，维克多

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罗宾，罗恩

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External links

  • Market Systems at Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

= 外部链接 = =

  • 大英百科全书在线市场系统。

模板:Aspects of capitalism 模板:Economic liberalism 模板:Liberalism


Category:Capitalism Category:Classical liberalism Category:Economic ideologies Category:Economic liberalism Category:Economic systems Category:Market (economics) Category:Market socialism

类别: 资本主义类别: 古典自由主义类别: 经济意识形态类别: 经济自由主义类别: 经济系统类别: 市场(经济)类别: 市场社会主义


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