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第821行：
第821行： − + + − 无生命的物理系统 第829行：
第829行： − + 第839行：
第839行： − 紧急属性不必比生成它的底层非紧急属性更复杂。例如，热力学定律是非常简单的，即使支配组分粒子之间相互作用的法则是复杂的。因此，物理学中的涌现一词不是用来表示复杂性，而是用来区分哪些定律和概念适用于宏观尺度，哪些定律和概念适用于微观尺度。+ 第849行：
第849行： − 然而，另一种，也许更广泛适用的方式来设想涌现的分水岭涉及到一定程度的复杂性，因为计算的可行性从微观到宏观的性质告诉出现的力量。考虑到以下来自物理学的涌现的定义，这一点可以更好地理解:+ 第859行：
第859行： − 物理系统的突现行为是一种定性的性质，只有在微观成分的数量趋于无穷大的极限下才能发生+ 第869行：
第869行： − 因为在现实世界中实际上并不存在无限的系统，所以在一个系统的组成部分的属性和突现的整体的属性之间，并不存在明显的自然产生的难以区分的概念。正如下面所讨论的，经典力学被认为是从量子力学中涌现出来的，尽管在原则上，量子动力学完全描述了在经典水平上发生的一切。然而，需要一台比宇宙大的计算机，其计算时间比宇宙的生命时间更长，才能根据电子的位置来描述一个落下的苹果的运动，因此我们可以把这看作是一个“强烈的”涌现分水岭。+ 第912行：
第912行： − 温度有时被用来作为一个突发的宏观行为的例子。在经典动力学中，对处于平衡状态的大量粒子瞬时动量的快照足以求出每个自由度的平均动能与温度成正比。对于少数粒子，在给定时间内的瞬时动量在统计学上不足以确定系统的温度。然而，使用遍历假设，温度仍然可以通过在足够长的时间内进一步平均动量而得到任意精度。+ 第922行：
第922行： − 液体或气体中的对流是另一个突发宏观行为的例子，只有在考虑温差时才有意义。对流细胞，特别是 b. nard 细胞，是一个自组织系统(更具体地说，是一个 Dissipative system)的例子，其结构既由系统的约束和随机扰动决定: 细胞的形状和大小的可能实现取决于温度梯度以及流体的性质和容器的形状，但实际上实现的配置是由于随机扰动(因此这些系统呈现一种对称性破缺形式)。+ 第932行：
第932行： − 在一些粒子物理学理论中，甚至像质量、空间和时间这样的基本结构都被视为涌现的现象，这些涌现的现象来自于更基本的概念，比如希格斯玻色子或者弦。在某些量子力学诠释中，对所有物体都具有确定的位置、动量等等的确定性实在的感知，实际上是一种涌现的现象，物质的真实状态被一个不需要单一位置或动量的波函数所描述。+ 第938行：
第938行： − + 第948行：
第948行： − 劳克林(2005)认为，对于许多粒子系统来说，从微观方程中无法精确地计算出任何东西，而宏观系统的特征是对称性破缺: 由于相变，微观方程中存在的对称性在宏观系统中并不存在。因此，这些宏观系统用它们自己的术语来描述，并且具有不依赖于许多微观细节的性质。这并不意味着微观相互作用是无关的，只是你不再看到它们了ーー你只看到它们的重整化效应。劳克林是一个务实的理论物理学家: 如果你不能，可能永远，从微观方程计算出对称性破缺的宏观性质，那么谈论可还原性还有什么意义？+ − − − − −
→Nonliving, physical systems： 翻译1 粗看有漏掉的英文未有彩云小译
===Nonliving, physical systems===
===Nonliving, physical systems 无生命的物理系统===
In [[physics]], emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Philip W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HhQDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Basic Notions Of Condensed Matter Physics|date=2018-03-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-429-97374-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Girvin|first=Steven M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ESIDwAAQBAJ&hl=en|title=Modern Condensed Matter Physics|last2=Yang|first2=Kun|date=2019-02-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-57347-4|language=en}}</ref>
In [[physics]], emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=Philip W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HhQDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Basic Notions Of Condensed Matter Physics|date=2018-03-09|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-429-97374-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Girvin|first=Steven M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ESIDwAAQBAJ&hl=en|title=Modern Condensed Matter Physics|last2=Yang|first2=Kun|date=2019-02-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-57347-4|language=en}}</ref>
In physics, emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.
In physics, emergence is used to describe a property, law, or phenomenon which occurs at macroscopic scales (in space or time) but not at microscopic scales, despite the fact that a macroscopic system can be viewed as a very large ensemble of microscopic systems.
在物理学中，涌现被用来描述在宏观尺度(空间或时间)而不是在微观尺度上发生的性质、规律或现象，尽管事实上一个宏观系统可以被看作是一个非常庞大的微观系统的集合。
在物理学中，涌现被用来描述在宏观尺度(空间或时间)上的性质、规律或现象，尽管一个宏观系统可以被看作是一个非常庞大的微观系统的集合。
An emergent property need not be more complicated than the underlying non-emergent properties which generate it. For instance, the laws of thermodynamics are remarkably simple, even if the laws which govern the interactions between component particles are complex. The term emergence in physics is thus used not to signify complexity, but rather to distinguish which laws and concepts apply to macroscopic scales, and which ones apply to microscopic scales.
An emergent property need not be more complicated than the underlying non-emergent properties which generate it. For instance, the laws of thermodynamics are remarkably simple, even if the laws which govern the interactions between component particles are complex. The term emergence in physics is thus used not to signify complexity, but rather to distinguish which laws and concepts apply to macroscopic scales, and which ones apply to microscopic scales.
涌现属性不必比生成它的底层非涌现属性更复杂。例如，热力学定律是非常简单的，即使粒子之间相互作用的法则是复杂的。因此，物理学中的涌现一词不是用来表示复杂性，而是用来区分哪些定律和概念适用于宏观尺度，哪些定律和概念适用于微观尺度。
However, another, perhaps more broadly applicable way to conceive of the emergent divide does involve a dose of complexity insofar as the computational feasibility of going from the microscopic to the macroscopic property tells the 'strength' of the emergence. This is better understood given the following definition of emergence that comes from physics:
However, another, perhaps more broadly applicable way to conceive of the emergent divide does involve a dose of complexity insofar as the computational feasibility of going from the microscopic to the macroscopic property tells the 'strength' of the emergence. This is better understood given the following definition of emergence that comes from physics:
然而，另一种也许更广泛适用的方式来设想涌现的方法涉及到一定程度的复杂性，因为从微观到宏观上，计算的可行性告诉我们涌现的力量。如果考虑到以下来自物理学的涌现的定义，这一点可以更好地理解:
"An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity."
"An emergent behavior of a physical system is a qualitative property that can only occur in the limit that the number of microscopic constituents tends to infinity."
物理系统的涌现是一种定性性质，只有在微观成分的数量趋于无穷大的情况下才能发生。
Since there are no actually infinite systems in the real world, there is no obvious naturally occurring notion of a hard separation between the properties of the constituents of a system and those of the emergent whole. As discussed below, classical mechanics is thought to be emergent from quantum mechanics, though in principle, quantum dynamics fully describes everything happening at a classical level. However, it would take a computer larger than the size of the universe with more computing time than life time of the universe to describe the motion of a falling apple in terms of the locations of its electrons ; thus we can take this to be a "strong" emergent divide.
Since there are no actually infinite systems in the real world, there is no obvious naturally occurring notion of a hard separation between the properties of the constituents of a system and those of the emergent whole. As discussed below, classical mechanics is thought to be emergent from quantum mechanics, though in principle, quantum dynamics fully describes everything happening at a classical level. However, it would take a computer larger than the size of the universe with more computing time than life time of the universe to describe the motion of a falling apple in terms of the locations of its electrons ; thus we can take this to be a "strong" emergent divide.
因为在现实世界中不存在无限的系统，所以一个系统的组成部分的属性和涌现的整体的属性之间，并不存在自然产生的明显的区分。正如下面所讨论的，经典力学被认为是从量子力学中涌现出来的，尽管在原则上，量子力学完全描述了在经典水平上发生的一切。然而，需要一台比宇宙更大的计算机，计算比宇宙的生命时间更长的时间，才能根据电子的位置来描述一个下落的苹果的运动，因此我们可以把这看作一个“强的”涌现在宏观和微观世界的区分。
Temperature is sometimes used as an example of an emergent macroscopic behaviour. In classical dynamics, a snapshot of the instantaneous momenta of a large number of particles at equilibrium is sufficient to find the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom which is proportional to the temperature. For a small number of particles the instantaneous momenta at a given time are not statistically sufficient to determine the temperature of the system. However, using the ergodic hypothesis, the temperature can still be obtained to arbitrary precision by further averaging the momenta over a long enough time.
Temperature is sometimes used as an example of an emergent macroscopic behaviour. In classical dynamics, a snapshot of the instantaneous momenta of a large number of particles at equilibrium is sufficient to find the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom which is proportional to the temperature. For a small number of particles the instantaneous momenta at a given time are not statistically sufficient to determine the temperature of the system. However, using the ergodic hypothesis, the temperature can still be obtained to arbitrary precision by further averaging the momenta over a long enough time.
温度有时被用来作为一个涌现的宏观行为的例子。在经典动力学中，对处于平衡状态的大量粒子的瞬时动量足以求出每个自由度的平均动能，而平均动能与温度成正比。对于少数粒子，在给定时间的瞬时动量不足以计算出系统的温度。然而，使用'''遍历假设 Ergodic Hypothesis'''，任意精度的温度仍然可以通过在足够长的时间内进行动量的平均而得到。
Convection in a liquid or gas is another example of emergent macroscopic behaviour that makes sense only when considering differentials of temperature. Convection cells, particularly Bénard cells, are an example of a self-organizing system (more specifically, a dissipative system) whose structure is determined both by the constraints of the system and by random perturbations: the possible realizations of the shape and size of the cells depends on the temperature gradient as well as the nature of the fluid and shape of the container, but which configurations are actually realized is due to random perturbations (thus these systems exhibit a form of symmetry breaking).
Convection in a liquid or gas is another example of emergent macroscopic behaviour that makes sense only when considering differentials of temperature. Convection cells, particularly Bénard cells, are an example of a self-organizing system (more specifically, a dissipative system) whose structure is determined both by the constraints of the system and by random perturbations: the possible realizations of the shape and size of the cells depends on the temperature gradient as well as the nature of the fluid and shape of the container, but which configurations are actually realized is due to random perturbations (thus these systems exhibit a form of symmetry breaking).
液体或气体中的'''对流 Convection'''是另一个涌现宏观行为的例子，只有在考虑温差时才有意义。'''对流细胞 Convection Cells'''，特别是 Bénard 细胞，是一个自组织系统(更具体地说，是一个'''耗散系统 Dissipative System''')的例子，其结构既由系统的约束和随机扰动决定: 细胞的形状和大小的可能实现取决于温度梯度以及流体的性质和容器的形状，但实际上实现的配置是由于随机扰动(因此这些系统呈现一种'''对称破缺 Symmetry Breaking'''形式)。
In some theories of particle physics, even such basic structures as mass, space, and time are viewed as emergent phenomena, arising from more fundamental concepts such as the Higgs boson or strings. In some interpretations of quantum mechanics, the perception of a deterministic reality, in which all objects have a definite position, momentum, and so forth, is actually an emergent phenomenon, with the true state of matter being described instead by a wavefunction which need not have a single position or momentum.
In some theories of particle physics, even such basic structures as mass, space, and time are viewed as emergent phenomena, arising from more fundamental concepts such as the Higgs boson or strings. In some interpretations of quantum mechanics, the perception of a deterministic reality, in which all objects have a definite position, momentum, and so forth, is actually an emergent phenomenon, with the true state of matter being described instead by a wavefunction which need not have a single position or momentum.
在一些粒子物理学理论中，甚至像质量、空间和时间这样的基本结构都被视为来自于更基本的概念（比如'''希格斯玻色子Higgs Boson'''或者'''弦 Strings'''）的涌现现象。在某些量子力学诠释中，对所有物体都具有确定的位置、动量等等的确定性的感知，实际上是一种涌现现象，因为物质的真实状态是被不需要单一位置或动量的波函数所描述的。
Most of the laws of [[physics]] themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe{{According to whom|date=September 2016}} and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. [[Chemistry]] can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. [[Biology]] (including biological [[evolution]]) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, [[psychology]] could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand [[economy]] as an emergent feature of psychology.
Most of the laws of [[physics]] themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe{{According to whom|date=September 2016}} and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. [[Chemistry]] can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. [[Biology]] (including biological [[evolution]]) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, [[psychology]] could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand [[economy]] as an emergent feature of psychology.
Most of the laws of physics themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. Chemistry can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. Biology (including biological evolution) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, psychology could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand economy as an emergent feature of psychology.
Most of the laws of physics themselves as we experience them today appear to have emerged during the course of time making emergence the most fundamental principle in the universe and raising the question of what might be the most fundamental law of physics from which all others emerged. Chemistry can in turn be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of physics. Biology (including biological evolution) can be viewed as an emergent property of the laws of chemistry. Similarly, psychology could be understood as an emergent property of neurobiological laws. Finally, free-market theories understand economy as an emergent feature of psychology.
我们今天所经历的大多数物理定律，似乎都是在时间的推移中出现的，这使得涌现成为宇宙中最基本的定律，并提出了一个问题: 什么可能是物理学中最基本的定律，而其他所有定律都是从这个定律出现的。反过来，化学又可以被看作是物理定律的一种突现性质。生物学(包括生物进化)可以看作是化学定律的突现性质。同样，心理学也可以被理解为神经生物学定律的一个新兴属性。最后，自由市场理论把经济理解为心理学的一个突现特征。
我们今天所经历的大多数物理定律，似乎都是在时间的推移中出现的，这使得涌现成为宇宙中最基本的定律，并提出了一个问题: 什么可能是物理学中最基本的定律，而其他所有定律都是从这个定律中涌现而来的。化学可以被看作是物理定律的一种涌现。生物学(包括生物进化)可以看作是化学定律的涌现。同样，心理学也可以被理解为神经生物学定律的一种涌现。最后，经济学中的自由市场理论是心理学的一个涌现。
According to Laughlin (2005), for many particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details. This does not mean that the microscopic interactions are irrelevant, but simply that you do not see them anymore — you only see a renormalized effect of them. Laughlin is a pragmatic theoretical physicist: if you cannot, possibly ever, calculate the broken symmetry macroscopic properties from the microscopic equations, then what is the point of talking about reducibility?
According to Laughlin (2005), for many particle systems, nothing can be calculated exactly from the microscopic equations, and macroscopic systems are characterised by broken symmetry: the symmetry present in the microscopic equations is not present in the macroscopic system, due to phase transitions. As a result, these macroscopic systems are described in their own terminology, and have properties that do not depend on many microscopic details. This does not mean that the microscopic interactions are irrelevant, but simply that you do not see them anymore — you only see a renormalized effect of them. Laughlin is a pragmatic theoretical physicist: if you cannot, possibly ever, calculate the broken symmetry macroscopic properties from the microscopic equations, then what is the point of talking about reducibility?
Laughlin(2005)认为，对于许多粒子系统来说，从微观方程中无法精确地计算出任何东西，而宏观系统的特征是破缺的对称性: 由于相变，微观方程中存在的对称性无法在宏观系统中存在。因此，这些宏观系统需要用它们自己的术语来描述，并且具有许多不依赖微观细节的性质。这并不意味着宏观性质和微观的相互作用无关，只是你不再看到它们了，你只看到它们的'''重整化效应 Renormalized Effect'''。Laughlin是一个务实的理论物理学家: 如果你不能从微观尺度的方程中计算出对称性破缺的宏观性质，那么谈论'''还原性 Reducibility'''还有什么意义？
===Living, biological systems===
===Living, biological systems===