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第1,092行： − 群居生活的人，会由市场产生一种自发的秩序，任其自由地调节自己，在“看不见的手”的引导下自发地实现个人利益的极大化，而不是人们常常害怕的那种毫无意义的混乱。至少从中国古代的庄子以来，这种现象就已经存在于社会中了。人类是社会系统的基本要素，社会系统不断地相互作用：创造、维持或割断相互之间的社会联系。社会系统中的社会纽带随着其结构的不断重构而不断变化。一个经典的环形交叉路口也是一个很好的例子，十分有效的组织汽车进进出出，以至于一些现代城市已经开始用环形交叉路口的红绿灯取代在[交通圈 http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm]中的问题十字路口的红绿灯，并取得了更好的结果。+ 第1,106行：
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第1,116行： − + + − 经济学 第1,123行：
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第1,131行： − + + − 万维网与互联网 第1,138行：
第1,139行： − 万维网是一个分散式系统的流行例子，显示了突现的特性。没有一个中心组织定量分配链接的数量，然而指向每个页面的链接数量遵循幂法则，在幂法则中，几个页面被多次链接，大多数页面很少被链接到。万维网链接网络的一个相关特性是，几乎任何一对网页都可以通过一个相对较短的链接链相互连接。虽然现在相对比较知名，但这个属性最初在不受管制的网络中是意想不到的。它与许多其他类型的网络共享，称为小世界网络。 + 第1,148行：
第1,149行： − 互联网流量也可以表现出一些看似突发的特性。在拥塞控制 / 服务机制中，TCP 流可以在瓶颈处实现全局同步，在协调中同时增加和减少吞吐量。拥塞，被广泛认为是一种滋扰，它可能是在高流量情况下瓶颈在网络中扩散的一种突发特性，可以被认为是一种相变[参见文献中的相关研究综述]。 + + + 第1,158行：
第1,161行： − 在基于网络的系统中出现的另一个重要的例子是社会性书签分众分类法。在社会性书签系统中，用户将标签分配给与其他用户共享的资源，这就产生了一种从众包过程中产生的信息组织。最近的研究经验性地分析了这些系统的复动力学 / 功能，结果表明，即使在没有中央受控词表的情况下，关于稳定分布和一种简单的共享词汇的共识也确实出现了。一些人认为这可能是因为发布标签的用户都使用同一种语言，而且他们在选择词汇时共享相似的语义结构。因此，社交标签的趋同可以解释为具有相似语义解释的人协同索引在线信息的结构的出现，这一过程称为语义模仿。 参考文献{ Citation+ + + + + + 第1,164行：
第1,172行： − | 最后一个符 | 第一个伟达+ 第1,218行：
第1,226行： − 3 Kang+ 第1,236行：
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第1,328行： − + − 建筑与城市 − + + 第1,335行：
第1,342行： − 突现结构在许多不同层次的组织或自发秩序中出现。在没有任何规划或分区实体预先决定城市布局的城市中，紧急自我组织频繁出现。突现行为的跨学科研究一般不被认为是一个单一的领域，而是跨越其应用或问题领域进行分割。+ − − − 第1,345行：
第1,349行： − 建筑师可能不会设计一个建筑群的所有通道。相反，他们可能会让使用模式出现，然后在路径已经磨损的地方铺设人行道，比如欲望之路。+ − + − 第1,406行：
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→Spontaneous order 自发秩序
Groups of human beings, left free to each regulate themselves, tend to produce spontaneous order, rather than the meaningless chaos often feared. This has been observed in society at least since Chuang Tzu in ancient China. Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure. A classic traffic roundabout is also a good example, with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles [http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm], and getting better results. Open-source software and Wiki projects form an even more compelling illustration.
Groups of human beings, left free to each regulate themselves, tend to produce spontaneous order, rather than the meaningless chaos often feared. This has been observed in society at least since Chuang Tzu in ancient China. Human beings are the basic elements of social systems, which perpetually interact and create, maintain, or untangle mutual social bonds. Social bonds in social systems are perpetually changing in the sense of the ongoing reconfiguration of their structure. A classic traffic roundabout is also a good example, with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles [http://www.terrain.org/articles/2/siegman.htm], and getting better results. Open-source software and Wiki projects form an even more compelling illustration.
群居生活的人，会由市场产生一种自发的秩序，任其自由地调节自己，在“看不见的手”的引导下自发地实现个人利益的极大化，而不是人们常常害怕的那种毫无意义的混乱。至少从中国古代的庄子以来，这种现象就已经存在于社会中了。人类是社会系统的基本要素，社会系统不断地相互作用：创造、维持或割断相互之间的社会联系。社会系统中的社会纽带随着其结构的不断重构而不断变化。一个经典的环形交叉路口也是一个很好的例子，十分有效的组织汽车进进出出，以至于一些现代城市已经开始用环形交叉路口的红绿灯取代在交通圈中的问题十字路口的红绿灯，并取得了更好的结果。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles 没有搜到 problem intersections对应的专有名词 问题十字路口暂时直译；交通圈是指各种中心地的交通吸引范围。以各条交通线路上的交通流分界点所包围的范围来表示。无论客流、货流或车流等都具有向各种量级中心地汇集的特征，通过寻找各个交通线上下行方向发生明显变化的交通流变流点，将这些点相连所划定的范围即构成一级交通圈，圈内各条线路上的交通流共同指向一个中心地。 是不是可以换为“十字路口问题”？
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）with cars moving in and out with such effective organization that some modern cities have begun replacing stoplights at problem intersections with traffic circles 没有搜到 problem intersections对应的专有名词 问题十字路口暂时直译；交通圈是指各种中心地的交通吸引范围。以各条交通线路上的交通流分界点所包围的范围来表示。无论客流、货流或车流等都具有向各种量级中心地汇集的特征，通过寻找各个交通线上下行方向发生明显变化的交通流变流点，将这些点相连所划定的范围即构成一级交通圈，圈内各条线路上的交通流共同指向一个中心地。 是不是可以换为“十字路口问题”？
Emergent processes or behaviors can be seen in many other places, such as cities, cabal and market-dominant minority phenomena in economics, organizational phenomena in computer simulations and cellular automata. Whenever there is a multitude of individuals interacting, an order emerges from disorder; a pattern, a decision, a structure, or a change in direction occurs.
Emergent processes or behaviors can be seen in many other places, such as cities, cabal and market-dominant minority phenomena in economics, organizational phenomena in computer simulations and cellular automata. Whenever there is a multitude of individuals interacting, an order emerges from disorder; a pattern, a decision, a structure, or a change in direction occurs.
涌现过程或行为可以在许多其他地方看到，如城市、(政治)阴谋和市场占主导地位的少数民族现象市场，在经济学，组织现象在计算机模拟和元胞自动机。
涌现过程或行为可以在许多其他地方看到，如城市、(政治)阴谋和在经济学，组织现象、计算机模拟和元胞自动机中占市场主导地位的少数群体。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）两个in 是不是代表其有包含关系
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）两个in 是不是代表其有包含关系 该句不确定
无论何时，只要有大量的个体相互作用，一种秩序就会从混乱中产生（无序就会产生秩序;)一种模式、一种决定、一种结构或方向的改变就会发生。
无论何时，只要有大量的个体相互作用，一种秩序就会从混乱中产生（无序就会产生秩序;)一种模式、一种决定、一种结构或方向的改变就会发生。
====Economics====
====Economics经济学====
The [[stock market]] (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no [[Economic planning|central planning]] is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by [[technical analysis|technical analysts]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}.
The [[stock market]] (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no [[Economic planning|central planning]] is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by [[technical analysis|technical analysts]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}.
The stock market (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no central planning is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by technical analysts..
The stock market (or any market for that matter) is an example of emergence on a grand scale. As a whole it precisely regulates the relative security prices of companies across the world, yet it has no leader; when no central planning is in place, there is no one entity which controls the workings of the entire market. Agents, or investors, have knowledge of only a limited number of companies within their portfolio, and must follow the regulatory rules of the market and analyse the transactions individually or in large groupings. Trends and patterns emerge which are studied intensively by technical analysts..
股票市场(或任何市场)就是一个大规模涌现的例子。作为一个整体，它精确地调节着世界各地公司的相对安全价格，然而它没有领导者; 当没有中央计划的时候，就没有一个实体控制着整个市场的运作。代理人或投资者在其投资组合中只了解有限数量的公司，必须遵守市场的监管规则，分别或大组分析交易。趋势和模式的出现是由技术分析师深入研究的。
股票市场(或任何市场)就是一个大规模涌现的例子。作为一个整体，它精确地调节着世界上各地公司的相对安全价格，然而它没有领导者; 当没有中央计划的时候，就没有一个实体控制着整个市场的运作。经纪人或投资者只了解其投资组合中有限的几家公司，他们必须遵守市场的监管规则，对交易进行单独或大规模的分析。趋势和模式的出现则是由技术分析师深入研究的。
====World Wide Web and the Internet====
====World Wide Web and the Internet万维网与互联网====
The [[World Wide Web]] is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a [[power law]] in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A related property of the network of links in the World Wide Web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called [[small-world network]]s. {{Harv|Barabasi, Jeong, & Albert|1999|pp=130–31}}
The [[World Wide Web]] is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a [[power law]] in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A related property of the network of links in the World Wide Web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called [[small-world network]]s. {{Harv|Barabasi, Jeong, & Albert|1999|pp=130–31}}
The World Wide Web is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a power law in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A related property of the network of links in the World Wide Web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called small-world networks.
The World Wide Web is a popular example of a decentralized system exhibiting emergent properties. There is no central organization rationing the number of links, yet the number of links pointing to each page follows a power law in which a few pages are linked to many times and most pages are seldom linked to. A related property of the network of links in the World Wide Web is that almost any pair of pages can be connected to each other through a relatively short chain of links. Although relatively well known now, this property was initially unexpected in an unregulated network. It is shared with many other types of networks called small-world networks.
万维网是一个分散系统展示涌现属性的大众例子。没有中央组织限制链接的数量，但是指向每个页面的链接数量遵循幂律分布，即少数页面被多次链接，而大多数页面很少被链接。万维网链接网络的一个相关特性是，几乎任何一对页面都可以通过相对较短的链接链相互连接。虽然这个特性现在已经被大众所熟悉，但是这个特性最初在不受控制的网络中是意想不到的。它与许多其他类型的网络共享，称为小世界网络。
Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, TCP flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in ].
Internet traffic can also exhibit some seemingly emergent properties. In the congestion control mechanism, TCP flows can become globally synchronized at bottlenecks, simultaneously increasing and then decreasing throughput in coordination. Congestion, widely regarded as a nuisance, is possibly an emergent property of the spreading of bottlenecks across a network in high traffic flows which can be considered as a phase transition [see review of related research in ].
互联网流量也可以表现出一些看似涌现的特性。
在拥塞控制机制中，TCP 流可以在瓶颈处实现全局同步，在协调中同时增加和减少吞吐量
拥塞，被广泛认为是一种滋扰，可能是一个涌现的特性，在高流量的网络中传播的瓶颈可以被认为是一个阶段的转变(见相关研究的评论)。
Another important example of emergence in web-based systems is social bookmarking (also called collaborative tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Recent research which analyzes empirically the complex dynamics of such systems has shown that consensus on stable distributions and a simple form of shared vocabularies does indeed emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary. Some believe that this could be because users who contribute tags all use the same language, and they share similar semantic structures underlying the choice of words. The convergence in social tags may therefore be interpreted as the emergence of structures as people who have similar semantic interpretation collaboratively index online information, a process called semantic imitation.<ref>{{Citation
Another important example of emergence in web-based systems is social bookmarking (also called collaborative tagging). In social bookmarking systems, users assign tags to resources shared with other users, which gives rise to a type of information organisation that emerges from this crowdsourcing process. Recent research which analyzes empirically the complex dynamics of such systems has shown that consensus on stable distributions and a simple form of shared vocabularies does indeed emerge, even in the absence of a central controlled vocabulary. Some believe that this could be because users who contribute tags all use the same language, and they share similar semantic structures underlying the choice of words. The convergence in social tags may therefore be interpreted as the emergence of structures as people who have similar semantic interpretation collaboratively index online information, a process called semantic imitation.<ref>{{Citation
另一个出现在基于web系统中的重要例子是社会书签(也称为协作标签)。'''社会化书签 Social Bookmark'''是指用户可以将网站随时加入自己的网络书签中；用多个关键词标示和整理书签，并与人共享。
--~~~补充
在社会化书签系统中，用户为与其他用户共享的资源分配标签，这就产生了一种从众包过程中产生的信息组织。最近对这种系统的复杂动力学进行实证分析的研究表明，即使在缺乏中央控制词汇表的情况下，也确实可以出现对稳定分布和一种简单形式的共享词汇表的共识。
--~~~不太理解这句话
一些人认为，这可能是因为提供标签的用户都使用同一种语言，而且他们在选择词汇时具有相似的语义结构。因此，社交标签的趋同可以解释为具有相似语义解释的人协同索引在线信息的结构的出现，这一过程称为语义模仿
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| title = A Semantic Imitation Model of Social Tagging
| title = A Semantic Imitation Model of Social Tagging
| last3 = Kang
| last3 = Kang
| first3 = Ruogu
| first3 = Ruogu
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| last = Fu | first = Wai-Tat
| title = Semantic Imitation in Social Tagging
| title = Semantic Imitation in Social Tagging
| last3 = Kang
| last3 = Kang
| first3 = Ruogu
| first3 = Ruogu
| last4 = He
| last4 = He
| 最后4他
|
| first4 = Jibo
| first4 = Jibo
| first4 = Jibo
| first4 = Jibo
| first4 Jibo
|
| volume = 17
| volume = 17
| issue = 3
| issue = 3
| pages = 1–37 }}</ref>
| pages = 1–37 }}</ref>
====Architecture and cities====
====Architecture and cities建筑与城市====
[[File:Bangkok skytrain sunset.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}]]
[[File:Bangkok skytrain sunset.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]城市的交通模式可以看作是[[自发秩序]]的一个例子{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}]]
Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]
Traffic patterns in cities can be seen as an example of [[spontaneous order]]
Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application or problem domains.
Emergent structures appear at many different levels of organization or as spontaneous order. Emergent self-organization appears frequently in cities where no planning or zoning entity predetermines the layout of the city. The interdisciplinary study of emergent behaviors is not generally considered a homogeneous field, but divided across its application or problem domains.
涌现结构在许多不同层次的组织或自发秩序中出现。涌现性自组织经常出现在没有规划或分区实体预先决定城市布局的城市中。对于涌现行为的跨学科研究通常不被认为是一个单一的领域，而是被划分到跨其应用或问题的领域中。
Architects may not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they might let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn, such as a desire path.
Architects may not design all the pathways of a complex of buildings. Instead they might let usage patterns emerge and then place pavement where pathways have become worn, such as a desire path.
建筑师可能不会设计一个建筑群的所有通道。相反，他们可能会让“通路”自发涌现：让人们自由选择走出道路，然后在道路已经磨损的地方铺设路面，比如“心选小路”。'''心选小路 Desire Path'''，也叫牛道 Cow Path或者羊道 Goat Track ，指行人或自行车频繁经过而形成的一条小路。这种小路通常是往返于两地之间距离最短且最易找到的路。一般情况下，正式修建的道路绕远、路中间有沟，或者压根没有正式道路的地方就会出现“心选小路”。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]） usage patterns emerge 意译 添加补充
/ 参考
/ 参考
===Computer AI===
===Computer AI===