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近年来，通过博弈论(群体相互作用的分析)、进化中的反馈系统以及超材料(研究组成原子的牛顿性质以外的材料)等相关领域，人们对控制论、控制系统和涌现行为的关注引起了人们对这一越来越相关的领域的兴趣。<ref name="Kelly" />

近年来，通过博弈论(群体相互作用的分析)、进化中的反馈系统以及超材料(研究组成原子的牛顿性质以外的材料)等相关领域，人们对控制论、控制系统和涌现行为的关注引起了人们对这一越来越相关的领域的兴趣。<ref name="Kelly" />

===Cybernetics and economic systems===

===控制论与经济系统 Cybernetics and economic systems===

{{Economic systems sidebar | Coordination }}

{{Economic systems sidebar | Coordination }}

The design of self-regulating control systems for a real-time planned economy was explored by economist [[Oskar Lange]], cyberneticist [[Viktor Glushkov]], and others [[Soviet cyberneticists]] during the 1960s. By the time information technology was developed enough to enable feasible [[economic planning]] based on computers, the Soviet Union and eastern bloc countries began moving away from planning<ref>{{cite book |last = Feinstein |first = C.H. |title = Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb |url = https://archive.org/details/socialismcapital0000fein |url-access = registration |publisher = Cambridge University Press |date = September 1969 |isbn = 978-0521049870 |page = [https://archive.org/details/socialismcapital0000fein/page/175 175] |quote = At some future date it may appear as a joke of history that socialist countries learned at long last to overcome their prejudices and to dismantle clumsy planning mechanisms in favour of more effective market elements just at a time when the rise of computers and of cybernetics laid the foundation for greater opportunities in comprehensive planning.}}</ref> and eventually collapsed.

The design of self-regulating control systems for a real-time planned economy was explored by economist [[Oskar Lange]], cyberneticist [[Viktor Glushkov]], and others [[Soviet cyberneticists]] during the 1960s. By the time information technology was developed enough to enable feasible [[economic planning]] based on computers, the Soviet Union and eastern bloc countries began moving away from planning<ref>{{cite book |last = Feinstein |first = C.H. |title = Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth: Essays Presented to Maurice Dobb |url = https://archive.org/details/socialismcapital0000fein |url-access = registration |publisher = Cambridge University Press |date = September 1969 |isbn = 978-0521049870 |page = [https://archive.org/details/socialismcapital0000fein/page/175 175] |quote = At some future date it may appear as a joke of history that socialist countries learned at long last to overcome their prejudices and to dismantle clumsy planning mechanisms in favour of more effective market elements just at a time when the rise of computers and of cybernetics laid the foundation for greater opportunities in comprehensive planning.}}</ref> and eventually collapsed.

More recent proposals for socialism involve "New Socialism", outlined by the computer scientists [[Paul Cockshott]] and [[Allin Cottrell]], where computers determine and manage the flows and allocation of resources among socially owned enterprises.<ref>Allin Cottrell & W.Paul Cockshott, [http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/index.html ''Towards a new socialism''] (Nottingham, England: Spokesman, 1993). Retrieved: 17 March 2012.</ref>

More recent proposals for socialism involve "New Socialism", outlined by the computer scientists [[Paul Cockshott]] and [[Allin Cottrell]], where computers determine and manage the flows and allocation of resources among socially owned enterprises.<ref>Allin Cottrell & W.Paul Cockshott, [http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/index.html ''Towards a new socialism''] (Nottingham, England: Spokesman, 1993). Retrieved: 17 March 2012.</ref>

On the other hand, [[Friedrich Hayek]] also mentions cybernetics as a discipline that could help economists understand the "self-organizing or self-generating systems" called [[Market (economics)|markets]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty: Volume 1: Rules and Order|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=|location=London|pages=37}}</ref> Being "complex phenomena",<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1967|isbn=|location=London|pages=26}}</ref> the best way to examine market functions is by using the feedback mechanism, explained by cybernetic theorists. That way, economists could make "pattern predictions".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|date=Fall 2002|title=Competition as a discovery procedure|url=|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics|volume=5|pages=12|via=}}</ref>

On the other hand, [[Friedrich Hayek]] also mentions cybernetics as a discipline that could help economists understand the "self-organizing or self-generating systems" called [[Market (economics)|markets]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty: Volume 1: Rules and Order|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=|location=London|pages=37}}</ref> Being "complex phenomena",<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1967|isbn=|location=London|pages=26}}</ref> the best way to examine market functions is by using the feedback mechanism, explained by cybernetic theorists. That way, economists could make "pattern predictions".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|date=Fall 2002|title=Competition as a discovery procedure|url=|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics|volume=5|pages=12|via=}}</ref>

Therefore, the market for Hayek is a "communication system", an "efficient mechanism for digesting dispersed information".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=New studies in philosophy, politics, economics and the history of ideas|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1990|isbn=|location=London|pages=34}}</ref> The economist and a cyberneticist are like garderners who are "providing the appropriate environment".<ref name=":0" /> Hayek's definition of information is idiosyncratic and precedes the information theory used in cybernetics and the natural sciences.

Therefore, the market for Hayek is a "communication system", an "efficient mechanism for digesting dispersed information".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=New studies in philosophy, politics, economics and the history of ideas|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1990|isbn=|location=London|pages=34}}</ref> The economist and a cyberneticist are like garderners who are "providing the appropriate environment".<ref name=":0" /> Hayek's definition of information is idiosyncratic and precedes the information theory used in cybernetics and the natural sciences.

Finally, Hayek also considers [[Adam Smith]]'s idea of the [[invisible hand]] as an anticipation of the operation of the feedback mechanism in cybernetics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty: Volume 3: Political Order of a Free People|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=|location=London|pages=158}}</ref> In the same book, ''[[Law, Legislation and Liberty]]'', Hayek mentions, along with cybernetics, that economists should rely on the scientific findings of [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]] [[Systems theory|general systems theory]], along with information and [[communication theory]] and [[semiotics]].<ref name=":1" />

Finally, Hayek also considers [[Adam Smith]]'s idea of the [[invisible hand]] as an anticipation of the operation of the feedback mechanism in cybernetics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Law, Legislation and Liberty: Volume 3: Political Order of a Free People|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=|location=London|pages=158}}</ref> In the same book, ''[[Law, Legislation and Liberty]]'', Hayek mentions, along with cybernetics, that economists should rely on the scientific findings of [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]] [[Systems theory|general systems theory]], along with information and [[communication theory]] and [[semiotics]].<ref name=":1" />

==Subdivisions of the field==

==Subdivisions of the field==