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'''基于主体的模型Agent-based Models'''对计算社会学有着历史性的影响。这些模型最早出现在20世纪60年代，用于仿真模拟组织、城市等系统的控制和反馈过程。在20世纪70年代，应用程序引入个体作为主要的分析单元，并使用自下而上的策略来对行为建模。最后一波浪潮发生在20世纪80年代。那时，模型仍然是自下而上的; 唯一的区别是主体之间具有互相依赖和相互作用。

'''基于主体的模型Agent-based Models'''对计算社会学有着历史性的影响。这些模型最早出现在20世纪60年代，用于仿真模拟组织、城市等系统的控制和反馈过程。在20世纪70年代，应用程序引入个体作为主要的分析单元，并使用自下而上的策略来对行为建模。最后一波浪潮发生在20世纪80年代。那时，模型仍然是自下而上的; 唯一的区别是主体之间具有互相依赖和相互作用。

===Systems theory and structural functionalism===

===Systems theory and structural functionalism 系统理论和结构功能主义===

{{main|Systems theory|Structural functionalism}}

{{main|Systems theory|Structural functionalism}}

In the post-war era, Vannevar Bush's differential analyser, John von Neumann's cellular automata, Norbert Wiener's cybernetics, and Claude Shannon's information theory became influential paradigms for modeling and understanding complexity in technical systems. In response, scientists in disciplines such as physics, biology, electronics, and economics began to articulate a general theory of systems in which all natural and physical phenomena are manifestations of interrelated elements in a system that has common patterns and properties. Following Émile Durkheim's call to analyze complex modern society sui generis, post-war structural functionalist sociologists such as Talcott Parsons seized upon these theories of systematic and hierarchical interaction among constituent components to attempt to generate grand unified sociological theories, such as the AGIL paradigm. Sociologists such as George Homans argued that sociological theories should be formalized into hierarchical structures of propositions and precise terminology from which other propositions and hypotheses could be derived and operationalized into empirical studies. Because computer algorithms and programs had been used as early as 1956 to test and validate mathematical theorems, such as the four color theorem, some scholars anticipated that similar computational approaches could "solve" and "prove" analogously formalized problems and theorems of social structures and dynamics.

In the post-war era, Vannevar Bush's differential analyser, John von Neumann's cellular automata, Norbert Wiener's cybernetics, and Claude Shannon's information theory became influential paradigms for modeling and understanding complexity in technical systems. In response, scientists in disciplines such as physics, biology, electronics, and economics began to articulate a general theory of systems in which all natural and physical phenomena are manifestations of interrelated elements in a system that has common patterns and properties. Following Émile Durkheim's call to analyze complex modern society sui generis, post-war structural functionalist sociologists such as Talcott Parsons seized upon these theories of systematic and hierarchical interaction among constituent components to attempt to generate grand unified sociological theories, such as the AGIL paradigm. Sociologists such as George Homans argued that sociological theories should be formalized into hierarchical structures of propositions and precise terminology from which other propositions and hypotheses could be derived and operationalized into empirical studies. Because computer algorithms and programs had been used as early as 1956 to test and validate mathematical theorems, such as the four color theorem, some scholars anticipated that similar computational approaches could "solve" and "prove" analogously formalized problems and theorems of social structures and dynamics.

战后时期，Vannevar Bush 的微分分析仪、约翰·冯·诺伊曼的细胞自动机、 Norbert Wiener 的控制论和 Claude Shannon 的信息论成为技术系统中建模和理解复杂性的有影响力的范式。作为回应，物理学、生物学、电子学和经济学等学科的科学家开始阐述系统的一般理论，其中所有自然和物理现象都是具有共同模式和属性的系统中相互关联的元素的表现。战后结构功能主义社会学家，如塔尔科特 · 帕森斯(Talcott Parsons) ，继涂尔干(Durkheim)呼吁分析自成一格的复杂现代社会之后，抓住这些组成部分之间系统和层级相互作用的理论，试图产生大统一的社会学理论，如 AGIL 范式。乔治 · 霍曼斯等社会学家认为，社会学理论应该形式化为命题的等级结构和精确的术语，从中可以衍生出其他命题和假设，并将其运用到实证研究中。由于早在1956年计算机算法和程序就已经被用来测试和验证数学定理，如四色定理，一些学者预计类似的计算方法可以“解决”和“证明”类比的社会结构和动态的形式化问题和定理。

战后时期，范内瓦·布什（Vannevar Bush）的'''微分分析机 Differential Analyser''' 、冯·诺伊曼（John von Neumann）的'''元胞自动机 Cellular Automata'''、 维纳（Norbert Wiener）的'''控制论 Cybernetics'''和克劳德·香农（Claude Shannon）的'''信息论 Information Theory'''成为技术系统中建模和理解复杂性的重要范式。物理学、生物学、电子学和经济学等学科的科学家开始阐述系统的一般理论，即所有自然和物理现象都是具有共同模式和属性的系统中相互关联的元素的表现。按照涂尔干（Émile Durkheim）分析特定的复杂现代社会（--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]）Following Émile Durkheim's call to analyze complex modern society sui generis）的要求，战后结构功能主义社会学家如帕森斯（Talcott Parsons）利用这些组成部分之间系统和等级相互作用的理论，试图产生大统一的社会学理论，如 AGIL 范式。霍曼斯（George Homans）等社会学家认为，社会学理论应该被构建为具有命题和精确术语的等级结构的，并且从中可以得出能够在实证研究中被操作化的其他命题和假设。由于早在1956年计算机算法和程序就已经被用来测试和验证数学定理（如'''四色定理Four Color Theorem'''），一些学者预计相似的计算方法可以“解决”和“证明”类似的社会结构和动态的问题和定理。

 

 

===Macrosimulation and microsimulation===

===Macrosimulation and microsimulation===