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Carnot's theorem (1824) is a principle that limits the maximum efficiency for any possible engine. The efficiency solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs. Carnot's theorem states:
Carnot's theorem (1824) is a principle that limits the maximum efficiency for any possible engine. The efficiency solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs. Carnot's theorem states:
'''卡诺定理 Carnot's theorem'''（1824）是一条限制任何可能的发动机的最大效率的原理。效率完全取决于热库和冷库之间的温差。卡诺定理指出:
'''卡诺定理 Carnot's Theorem'''（1824）是一条限制任何可能的发动机的最大效率的原理。效率完全取决于热库和冷库之间的温差。卡诺定理指出:
*All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a [[Carnot engine]] operating between the same reservoirs.
*All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a [[Carnot engine]] operating between the same reservoirs.
* 所有不可逆热机的效率低于在两相同热源之间工作的'''卡诺机 Carnot engine'''。
* 所有不可逆热机的效率低于在两相同热源之间工作的'''卡诺机 Carnot Engine'''。
* 所有可逆热机的效率与在两相同热源之间工作的卡诺机相等。
* 所有可逆热机的效率与在两相同热源之间工作的卡诺机相等。
In his ideal model, the heat of caloric converted into work could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle, a concept subsequently known as thermodynamic reversibility. Carnot, however, further postulated that some caloric is lost, not being converted to mechanical work. Hence, no real heat engine could realise the Carnot cycle's reversibility and was condemned to be less efficient.
In his ideal model, the heat of caloric converted into work could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle, a concept subsequently known as thermodynamic reversibility. Carnot, however, further postulated that some caloric is lost, not being converted to mechanical work. Hence, no real heat engine could realise the Carnot cycle's reversibility and was condemned to be less efficient.
在他的理想模型中，热转换成功可以通过逆转循环的运动而恢复，这个概念后来被称为'''热力学可逆性 Thermodynamic Reversibility'''。然而，卡诺进一步假定，一些热量损失了，并没有转化为机械功。因此，没有一个真实的热机能够实现'''卡诺循环 Carnot cycle'''的可逆性，并且被认为效率较低。
在他的理想模型中，热转换成功可以通过逆转循环的运动而恢复，这个概念后来被称为'''热力学可逆性 Thermodynamic Reversibility'''。然而，卡诺进一步假定，一些热量损失了，并没有转化为机械功。因此，没有一个真实的热机能够实现'''卡诺循环 Carnot Cycle'''的可逆性，并且被认为效率较低。
The Clausius theorem (1854) states that in a cyclic process
The Clausius theorem (1854) states that in a cyclic process
'''克劳修斯定理 Clausius theorem'''（1854）指出，在一个循环的过程中
'''克劳修斯定理 Clausius Theorem'''（1854）指出，在一个循环的过程中