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第196行：
第196行： − + − + − + + + + + 第214行：
第218行： − 动力的产生不是由于蒸汽机实际消耗的热量，而是由于它从一个温暖的物体运输到一个寒冷的物体..。+ 第224行：
第228行： − 热的动力与实现热的媒介无关，热的数量完全取决于两个物体之间的温度，最后是热量的传递。+ − 第238行：
第241行： − 用现代术语来说，卡诺的原则可能更为准确:+ 第248行：
第251行： − 准静态或可逆卡诺循环的效率只取决于两个热源的温度，而且无论工作物质是什么，效率是相同的。以这种方式运行的卡诺发动机是使用这两种温度的最有效的热机。+ − + − 第261行：
第263行： − + + 第267行：
第270行： − 热量不可能从一个较冷的物体传递到一个较热的物体，除非同时发生一些其他的变化。 / blockquote+ − − 第277行：
第278行： − 克劳修斯的陈述使用了“热量通道”的概念。正如通常在热力学的讨论，这意味着“能量作为热量的净转移” ，并没有提到促成转移的一种方式和其他。+ + 第287行：
第289行： − 如果不对系统进行外部功，热就不能自发地从冷区流向热区，这一点从制冷的普通经验中可以看出。在冰箱中，热量从冷到热，但只有在外部介质——制冷系统的强制作用下才会发生变化。+ 第293行：
第295行： − + 第301行：
第303行： − 开尔文勋爵用几个字表达了第二定律。+ 第311行：
第313行： − 没有任何外部机构的帮助，自动机器是不可能把热量从一个物体传递到另一个物体的较高温度。+ 第321行：
第323行： − 通过无生命物质的作用，把物质冷却到周围最冷的物体的温度以下，从物质的任何部分获得机械效应是不可能的。+ + 第327行：
第330行： + − ===Equivalence of the Clausius and the Kelvin statements克劳修斯和开尔文陈述的等价性=== + + − [[Image:Deriving Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement.svg|thumb|Derive Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement]] − Derive Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement − 从克劳修斯陈述推导出开尔文陈述 − + − − 假设有一个引擎违反了开尔文定理: 也就是说，这个引擎以循环的方式吸收热量并将其转化为功，没有任何其他结果。现在配对与反向卡诺发动机如图所示。普通热机的效率为，反向热机的效率为1 / 。这对组合发动机的净效应和唯一效应是将热量从较冷的贮存器转移到较热的贮存器，这违反了克劳修斯的说法。(这是能量守恒定律的结果，因为系统的总能量保持不变，数学文本{输入} + 文本{输出}0暗示 q-frac { eta }-qc / math，所以数学 qc 向左(frac { eta-1 right) / math)。因此，违反开尔文陈述意味着违反克劳修斯陈述，即。克劳修斯的说法暗示了凯尔文的说法。我们可以用类似的方式证明开尔文陈述暗示了克劳修斯陈述，因此两者是等价的。 + + 第362行：
第364行： − 普朗克提出了直接来自经验的如下命题。这有时被认为是他对第二定律的陈述，但他认为这是第二定律推导的起点。+
→Various statements of the law热力学第二定律的不同表述
热力学第二定律的历史起源源于卡诺原理。不可逆热机的效率总是低于在同样两个热源间工作的可逆热机的效率，在两个热源间工作的一切可逆热机都具有相同的效率。它指的是一个卡诺热机周期，虚拟地以被称为准静态的极慢极限模式运行，因此热量和功量在子系统之间传递，这些子系统始终处于它们自己的内部热力学平衡状态。卡诺发动机是热机效率工程师特别感兴趣的理想设备。卡诺认识到卡诺原理的时候，正是热量热理论被认真考虑的时候，正是能量守恒定律理论被认识之前，正是熵概念的数学表达之前。根据第一定律的解释，它在物理上等同于热力学第二定律，并且在今天仍然有效。卡诺最初的论点是从卡路里理论的观点提出的，直到能量守恒定律的发现。以下是他书中的一些例子:
热力学第二定律的历史起源源于卡诺原理。不可逆热机的效率总是低于在同样两个热源间工作的可逆热机的效率，在两个热源间工作的一切可逆热机都具有相同的效率。它指的是一个卡诺热机周期，虚拟地以被称为准静态的极慢极限模式运行，因此热量和功量在子系统之间传递，这些子系统始终处于它们自己的内部热力学平衡状态。卡诺发动机是热机效率工程师特别感兴趣的理想设备。卡诺认识到卡诺原理的时候，正是热量热理论被认真考虑的时候，正是能量守恒定律理论被认识之前，正是熵概念的数学表达之前。根据第一定律的解释，它在物理上等同于热力学第二定律，并且在今天仍然有效。卡诺最初的论点是从卡路里理论的观点提出的，直到能量守恒定律的发现。以下是他书中的一些例子:
热力学第二定律的历史起源是卡诺原理。
它指的是卡诺热机的一个循环，它以准静态的极限慢速运转，因此热量和功在子系统之间进行传递，故子系统总是处于它们自己内部的热力学平衡状态。
卡诺热机是研究热机效率的工程师特别感兴趣的理想装置。
当卡诺发现卡诺原理时，热量理论还没有得到重视，热力学第一定律还没有得到承认，熵的概念还没有数学表达。
根据第一定律的解释，它在物理上等同于热力学第二定律，并沿用至今。
在热力学第一定律被发现之前，卡诺最初的论点是从热量理论的观点出发的。
下面是他书中的一些例子：
::...''wherever there exists a difference of temperature, motive power can be produced.''<ref>Carnot, S. (1824/1986), p. 51.</ref>
::...''wherever there exists a difference of temperature, motive power can be produced.''<ref>Carnot, S. (1824/1986), p. 51.</ref>
The production of motive power is then due in steam engines not to an actual consumption of caloric, but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body ...
The production of motive power is then due in steam engines not to an actual consumption of caloric, but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body ...
动力的产生不是由于蒸汽机实际消耗的热量，而是由于它从一个较热的物体运输到一个较冷的物体..。
The motive power of heat is independent of the agents employed to realize it; its quantity is fixed solely by the temperatures of the bodies between which is effected, finally, the transfer of caloric.
The motive power of heat is independent of the agents employed to realize it; its quantity is fixed solely by the temperatures of the bodies between which is effected, finally, the transfer of caloric.
热量的原动力与实现热的媒介无关，热量的数量完全取决于两个物体之间的温度，最后是热量的传递。
In modern terms, Carnot's principle may be stated more precisely:
In modern terms, Carnot's principle may be stated more precisely:
用现代术语来说，卡诺原理可能更为准确:
The efficiency of a quasi-static or reversible Carnot cycle depends only on the temperatures of the two heat reservoirs, and is the same, whatever the working substance. A Carnot engine operated in this way is the most efficient possible heat engine using those two temperatures.
The efficiency of a quasi-static or reversible Carnot cycle depends only on the temperatures of the two heat reservoirs, and is the same, whatever the working substance. A Carnot engine operated in this way is the most efficient possible heat engine using those two temperatures.
准静态卡诺循环或可逆卡诺循环的效率只取决于两种热源的温度，而且无论工作物质是什么，效率是相同的。只有两个热源与工作物质交换热源（一个高温热源温度<math>T_1</math>和一个低温热源温度<math>T_2</math>)的卡诺热机是最有效的热机。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）最后一句进行了补充 意译
The German scientist Rudolf Clausius laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by examining the relation between heat transfer and work. His formulation of the second law, which was published in German in 1854, is known as the Clausius statement:
The German scientist Rudolf Clausius laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by examining the relation between heat transfer and work. His formulation of the second law, which was published in German in 1854, is known as the Clausius statement:
1850年，德国科学家 Rudolf Clausius 通过研究热传递和功之间的关系，为热力学第二定律实验室奠定了基础。他在1854年用德语发表的第二定律的提法被称为克劳修斯声明:
1850年，德国科学家'''鲁道夫·克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius''' 通过研究热传递和功之间的关系，为热力学第二定律实验室奠定了基础。他在1854年用德语发表的论文中所提及的热力学第二定律定义被称为克劳修斯表述:
<blockquote>Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time.{{sfnp|Clausius|1854|p=86}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time.{{sfnp|Clausius|1854|p=86}}</blockquote>
<blockquote>Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time.</blockquote>
<blockquote>Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change, connected therewith, occurring at the same time.</blockquote>
不可能把热量从低温物体传递到高温物体而不产生其他影响。 / blockquote
The statement by Clausius uses the concept of 'passage of heat'. As is usual in thermodynamic discussions, this means 'net transfer of energy as heat', and does not refer to contributory transfers one way and the other.
The statement by Clausius uses the concept of 'passage of heat'. As is usual in thermodynamic discussions, this means 'net transfer of energy as heat', and does not refer to contributory transfers one way and the other.
克劳修斯的表述使用了“热量通道”的概念。正如通常在热力学的讨论，这意味着“能量作为热量的净转移” ，而不是另一种形式上的"分摊转账"或其他。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）不太理解分摊转账contributory transfers
Heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold regions to hot regions without external work being performed on the system, which is evident from ordinary experience of refrigeration, for example. In a refrigerator, heat flows from cold to hot, but only when forced by an external agent, the refrigeration system.
Heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold regions to hot regions without external work being performed on the system, which is evident from ordinary experience of refrigeration, for example. In a refrigerator, heat flows from cold to hot, but only when forced by an external agent, the refrigeration system.
如果不对系统进行外部功，热量就不能自发地从冷区流向热区，这一点从制冷的普通经验中可以看出。在冰箱中，热量从冷到热，但只有在外部媒介——制冷系统的强制作用下才会发生变化。
===Kelvin statements开尔文描述===
===Kelvin statements开尔文表述===
Lord Kelvin expressed the second law in several wordings.
Lord Kelvin expressed the second law in several wordings.
'''开尔文勋爵 Lord Kelvin''' 用几个字表达了热力学第二定律。
It is impossible for a self-acting machine, unaided by any external agency, to convey heat from one body to another at a higher temperature.
It is impossible for a self-acting machine, unaided by any external agency, to convey heat from one body to another at a higher temperature.
无法从单一热源取热使其完全转化为有用功而不对环境产生影响。。
It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.
It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.
通过无生命物质的作用，不可能通过将物质的任何部分冷却到低于周围物体最冷的温度来产生机械效应。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）无生命物质可以意译为机器吗
===Equivalence of the Clausius and the Kelvin statements克劳修斯和开尔文表述的等价性===
[[Image:Deriving Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement.svg|thumb|Derive Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement从克劳修斯表述推导出开尔文表述]]
Suppose there is an engine violating the Kelvin statement: i.e., one that drains heat and converts it completely into work in a cyclic fashion without any other result. Now pair it with a reversed [[Carnot engine]] as shown by the figure. The [[Heat engine#Efficiency|efficiency]] of a normal heat engine is η and so the efficiency of the reversed heat engine is 1/η. The net and sole effect of the combined pair of engines is to transfer heat <math>\Delta Q=Q\left(\frac{1}{\eta}-1\right)</math> from the cooler reservoir to the hotter one, which violates the Clausius statement. (This is a consequence of the [[first law of thermodynamics]], as for the total system's energy to remain the same, <math> \text{Input}+\text{Output}=0 \implies Q-\frac{Q}{\eta} = -Q_c </math>, so therefore <math> Q_c=Q\left( \frac{1}{\eta}-1\right) </math> ). Thus a violation of the Kelvin statement implies a violation of the Clausius statement, i.e. the Clausius statement implies the Kelvin statement. We can prove in a similar manner that the Kelvin statement implies the Clausius statement, and hence the two are equivalent.
Suppose there is an engine violating the Kelvin statement: i.e., one that drains heat and converts it completely into work in a cyclic fashion without any other result. Now pair it with a reversed [[Carnot engine]] as shown by the figure. The [[Heat engine#Efficiency|efficiency]] of a normal heat engine is η and so the efficiency of the reversed heat engine is 1/η. The net and sole effect of the combined pair of engines is to transfer heat <math>\Delta Q=Q\left(\frac{1}{\eta}-1\right)</math> from the cooler reservoir to the hotter one, which violates the Clausius statement. (This is a consequence of the [[first law of thermodynamics]], as for the total system's energy to remain the same, <math> \text{Input}+\text{Output}=0 \implies Q-\frac{Q}{\eta} = -Q_c </math>, so therefore <math> Q_c=Q\left( \frac{1}{\eta}-1\right) </math> ). Thus a violation of the Kelvin statement implies a violation of the Clausius statement, i.e. the Clausius statement implies the Kelvin statement. We can prove in a similar manner that the Kelvin statement implies the Clausius statement, and hence the two are equivalent.
Suppose there is an engine violating the Kelvin statement: i.e., one that drains heat and converts it completely into work in a cyclic fashion without any other result. Now pair it with a reversed Carnot engine as shown by the figure. The efficiency of a normal heat engine is η and so the efficiency of the reversed heat engine is 1/η. The net and sole effect of the combined pair of engines is to transfer heat <math>\Delta Q=Q\left(\frac{1}{\eta}-1\right)</math> from the cooler reservoir to the hotter one, which violates the Clausius statement. (This is a consequence of the first law of thermodynamics, as for the total system's energy to remain the same, <math> \text{Input}+\text{Output}=0 \implies Q-\frac{Q}{\eta} = -Q_c </math>, so therefore <math> Q_c=Q\left( \frac{1}{\eta}-1\right) </math> ). Thus a violation of the Kelvin statement implies a violation of the Clausius statement, i.e. the Clausius statement implies the Kelvin statement. We can prove in a similar manner that the Kelvin statement implies the Clausius statement, and hence the two are equivalent.
Suppose there is an engine violating the Kelvin statement: i.e., one that drains heat and converts it completely into work in a cyclic fashion without any other result. Now pair it with a reversed Carnot engine as shown by the figure. The efficiency of a normal heat engine is η and so the efficiency of the reversed heat engine is 1/η. The net and sole effect of the combined pair of engines is to transfer heat from <math>\Delta Q=Q\left(\frac{1}{\eta}-1\right)</math> the cooler reservoir to the hotter one, which violates the Clausius statement. (This is a consequence of the first law of thermodynamics, as for the total system's energy to remain the same, <math> \text{Input}+\text{Output}=0 \implies Q-\frac{Q}{\eta} = -Q_c </math>, so therefore <math> Q_c=Q\left( \frac{1}{\eta}-1\right) </math> ). Thus a violation of the Kelvin statement implies a violation of the Clausius statement, i.e. the Clausius statement implies the Kelvin statement. We can prove in a similar manner that the Kelvin statement implies the Clausius statement, and hence the two are equivalent.
假设有一个热机违反了开尔文定理: 也就是说，这个热机以循环的方式吸收热量并将其转化为功，而不产生任何影响。现与反向卡诺发动机相对应，如图所示。
普通热机的效率为η，反向热机的效率为1/η。这对热机的联合作用<math>\Delta Q=Q\left(\frac{1}{\eta}-1\right)</math> 为将热量从较冷热源到较热热源，这违反了克劳修斯表述。(这是能量守恒定律的结果，因为系统的总能量保持不变，所以<math> Q_c=Q\left( \frac{1}{\eta}-1\right) </math>。因此，违反开尔文表述意味着违反克劳修斯表述，即克劳修斯表述暗示了开尔文表述。我们可以用类似的方式证明开尔文表述暗示了克劳修斯表述，因此两者是等价的。
Planck offered the following proposition as derived directly from experience. This is sometimes regarded as his statement of the second law, but he regarded it as a starting point for the derivation of the second law.
Planck offered the following proposition as derived directly from experience. This is sometimes regarded as his statement of the second law, but he regarded it as a starting point for the derivation of the second law.
普朗克提出了直接来自经验的如下命题。这有时被认为是他对热力学第二定律的表述，但他认为这是热力学第二定律推导的起点。