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A complex adaptive system is a system in which a perfect understanding of the individual parts does not automatically convey a perfect understanding of the whole system's behavior. In complex adaptive systems, the whole is more complex than its parts, and more complicated and meaningful than the aggregate of its parts. The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of nonlinear dynamical systems, is highly interdisciplinary and blends insights from the natural and social sciences to develop system-level models and insights that allow for heterogeneous agents, phase transition, and emergent behavior.  

A complex adaptive system is a system in which a perfect understanding of the individual parts does not automatically convey a perfect understanding of the whole system's behavior. In complex adaptive systems, the whole is more complex than its parts, and more complicated and meaningful than the aggregate of its parts. The study of complex adaptive systems, a subset of nonlinear dynamical systems, is highly interdisciplinary and blends insights from the natural and social sciences to develop system-level models and insights that allow for heterogeneous agents, phase transition, and emergent behavior.  

'''复杂适应性系统 Complex adaptive system '''是一种系统，在这种系统中，对系统部分行为的理解并不能完美解释系统的整体行为<ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page">{{Cite book|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400835522|location=|pages=|oclc=760073369}}</ref>。在复杂适应系统中，系统的整体比其单独某个组成部分<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref>或部分的加和都更加复杂、更有意义。复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref>，其研究是高度跨学科的，融合了自然科学和社会科学的知识开发出了系统级的模型和见解，从而使得系统可以实现'''[[异构代理]] Heterogeneous agents'''、'''[[相变]] Phase transition '''和'''[[涌现行为]] Emergent behavior'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> 。

'''复杂适应系统 Complex adaptive system '''是一种系统，在这种系统中，对系统单个组成单元的理解并不能完美解释系统的整体行为<ref name="Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page">{{Cite book|title=Complex adaptive systems : an introduction to computational models of social life|last=Miller, John H., and Scott E. Page|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400835522|location=|pages=|oclc=760073369}}</ref>。在复杂适应系统中，系统的整体比其单独某个部分<ref>Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Helix Books.</ref>或部分之和都更加复杂、更有意义。复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集<ref name="Lansing 2003 pp. 183–204">{{cite journal | last=Lansing | first=J. Stephen | title=Complex Adaptive Systems | journal=Annual Review of Anthropology | publisher=Annual Reviews | volume=32 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0084-6570 | doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093440 | pages=183–204}}</ref>，其研究高度跨学科，融合了自然科学和社会科学的知识开发出了系统级的模型和见解，从而使得系统可以实现'''[[异构代理]] Heterogeneous agents'''、'''[[相变]] Phase transition '''和'''[[涌现行为]] Emergent behavior'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2016/01/a_crude_look_at_the_whole_looks_at_complexity_theory_which_wants_to_understand.html|title=The Theory of Everything and Then Some|last=Auerbach|first=David|date=2016-01-19|work=Slate|access-date=2017-03-07|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> 。

   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集  复杂适应系统类属于非线性动力系统

   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）复杂适应系统是[[非线性动力系统]]的子集  复杂适应系统类属于非线性动力系统

The term complex adaptive systems, or complexity science, is often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems.  Complexity science is not a single theory&mdash;it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about living, adaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches . Hard theories use formal language that is precise, tend to see agents as having tangible properties, and usually see objects in a behavioral system that can be manipulated in some way. Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, and agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Examples of hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and Viability Theory, and a class of softer theory is Viable System Theory. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS.

The term complex adaptive systems, or complexity science, is often used to describe the loosely organized academic field that has grown up around the study of such systems.  Complexity science is not a single theory&mdash;it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about living, adaptable, changeable systems. Complex adaptive systems may adopt hard or softer approaches . Hard theories use formal language that is precise, tend to see agents as having tangible properties, and usually see objects in a behavioral system that can be manipulated in some way. Softer theories use natural language and narratives that may be imprecise, and agents are subjects having both tangible and intangible properties. Examples of hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and Viability Theory, and a class of softer theory is Viable System Theory. Many of the propositional consideration made in hard theory are also of relevance to softer theory. From here on, interest will now center on CAS.

复杂适应系统这个术语，或者'''[[复杂性科学]] Complexity science'''，经常被用来描述围绕此类系统研究而成长起来的''松散组织的（这里”松散组织的“个人认为可以意译为”相关的“即可）''学术领域。复杂性科学不是一个单一的理论——它包含不止一个理论框架，并且是高度跨学科的，目标是寻求一些关于活的、可适应的、可变的系统的基本问题的答案。针对复杂适应系统的研究可以采用硬方法或软方法：硬性理论使用精确的形式语言，倾向于认为主题本身具有有形的属性，并且通常认为行为系统中的物体可以以某种方式被操纵；而软理论则使用自然语言和可能不精确的叙述，而主体是同时具有有形和无形属性的主体。硬复杂性理论包括复杂适应系统理论和生存理论，其中一类较为软性的理论是生存系统理论。硬理论中提出的许多命题考虑也与软理论有关。自此之后，人们的研究兴趣将集中在'''复杂适应系统 CAS，Complex adaptive systems'''上。

复杂适应系统这个术语，或者'''[[复杂性科学]] Complexity science'''，经常被用来描述围绕此类系统研究而成长起来的''松散组织的（这里”松散组织的“个人认为可以意译为”相关的“即可）''学术领域。复杂性科学不是一个单一的理论——它包含不止一个理论框架，并且是高度跨学科的，目标是寻求一些关于活的、可适应的、可变的系统的基本问题的答案。针对复杂适应系统的研究可以采用硬方法或软方法：硬性理论使用精确的形式语言，倾向于认为主体本身具有有形的属性，并且通常认为行为系统中的物体可以以某种方式被操纵；而软理论则使用自然语言和可能不精确的叙述，而主体是同时具有有形和无形属性。硬复杂性理论包括复杂适应系统理论和生存理论，其中一类较为软性的理论是生存系统理论。硬理论中提出的许多命题也与软理论有关。自此之后，人们的研究兴趣将集中在'''复杂适应系统 CAS，Complex adaptive systems'''上。

The study of CAS focuses on complex, emergent and macroscopic properties of the system.

The study of CAS focuses on complex, emergent and macroscopic properties of the system.

Typical examples of complex adaptive systems include: climate; cities; firms; markets; governments; industries; ecosystems; social networks; power grids; animal swarms; traffic flows; social insect (e.g. ant) colonies; The internet and cyberspace—composed, collaborated, and managed by a complex mix of human–computer interactions, is also regarded as a complex adaptive system.

Typical examples of complex adaptive systems include: climate; cities; firms; markets; governments; industries; ecosystems; social networks; power grids; animal swarms; traffic flows; social insect (e.g. ant) colonies; The internet and cyberspace—composed, collaborated, and managed by a complex mix of human–computer interactions, is also regarded as a complex adaptive system.

复杂适应系统的典型例子包括: 气候、城市、企业、市场、政府、工业、生态系统、社交网络、电网、动物群落、交通流量、社会昆虫群体（例如：蚁群）等。除此之外，互联网和网络空间等由复杂的人机交互组成、协作和管理的网络系统也被视为复杂适应性系统。

复杂适应系统的典型例子包括: 气候、城市、企业、市场、政府、工业、生态系统、社交网络、电网、动物群落、交通流、社会昆虫群体（例如：蚁群）等。除此之外，互联网和网络空间等由复杂的人机交互组成、协作和管理的网络系统也被视为复杂适应性系统。

What distinguishes a CAS from a pure multi-agent system (MAS) is the focus on top-level properties and features like self-similarity, complexity, emergence and self-organization. A MAS is defined as a system composed of multiple interacting agents; whereas in CAS, the agents as well as the system are adaptive and the system is self-similar. A CAS is a complex, self-similar collectivity of interacting, adaptive agents.  Complex Adaptive Systems are characterized by a high degree of adaptive capacity, giving them resilience in the face of perturbation.

What distinguishes a CAS from a pure multi-agent system (MAS) is the focus on top-level properties and features like self-similarity, complexity, emergence and self-organization. A MAS is defined as a system composed of multiple interacting agents; whereas in CAS, the agents as well as the system are adaptive and the system is self-similar. A CAS is a complex, self-similar collectivity of interacting, adaptive agents.  Complex Adaptive Systems are characterized by a high degree of adaptive capacity, giving them resilience in the face of perturbation.

'''复杂适应系统 CAS'''与'''纯多智能体系统 MAS，Multi-agent system'''的区别在于，CAS更关注顶级属性和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、涌现性和自我组织。并且，多智能体系统是由多个相互作用的组件组成的系统，而在 CAS 系统中，组件与系统之间是自适应的，系统是自相似的。CAS是一个复杂的、自相似的、相互作用的自适应组件的集合。其特点就是具有高度的自适应能力，能够使其在面对干扰时具有一定的弹性。

'''复杂适应系统 CAS'''与'''纯多智能体系统 MAS，Multi-agent system'''的区别在于，CAS更关注顶级属性和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、涌现性和自我组织。并且，多智能体系统是由多个相互作用的组件组成的系统，而在 CAS 系统中，组件与系统之间是自适应的，系统是自相似的。CAS是一个复杂的、自相似的、相互作用的自适应组件的集合。其特点就是具有高度的自适应能力，能够使其在面对干扰时具有一定的恢复能力。

Other important properties are adaptation (or homeostasis), communication, cooperation, specialization, spatial and temporal organization, and reproduction. They can be found on all levels: cells specialize,  adapt and reproduce themselves just like larger organisms do. Communication and cooperation take place on all levels, from the agent to the system level. The forces driving co-operation between agents in such a system, in some cases, can be analyzed with game theory.

Other important properties are adaptation (or homeostasis), communication, cooperation, specialization, spatial and temporal organization, and reproduction. They can be found on all levels: cells specialize,  adapt and reproduce themselves just like larger organisms do. Communication and cooperation take place on all levels, from the agent to the system level. The forces driving co-operation between agents in such a system, in some cases, can be analyzed with game theory.

其他重要的属性分别是适应（或者说是'''内稳态 Homeostasis'''）、沟通、合作、专业化、时空组织和繁殖。这些特点可以在各个层面上被发现: 细胞分化、适应和繁殖，就像大型生物一样；沟通和合作也发生在各个层面，从代理到系统层面。在某些情况下，可以用'''博弈论 Game theory'''分析这种系统中主体之间合作的驱动力。

复杂适应系统其他重要的属性分别是适应（或者说是'''内稳态 Homeostasis'''）、沟通、合作、专业化、时空组织和繁殖。这些特点可以在各个层面上被发现: 细胞分化、适应和繁殖，就像大型生物一样；沟通和合作也发生在各个层面，从代理到系统层面。在某些情况下，可以用'''博弈论 Game theory'''分析这种系统中主体之间合作的驱动力。

=== 特点 Characteristics ===

=== 特点 Characteristics ===

* Complex systems operate under [[Non-equilibrium thermodynamics|far from equilibrium]] conditions. There has to be a constant flow of energy to maintain the organization of the system

* Complex systems operate under [[Non-equilibrium thermodynamics|far from equilibrium]] conditions. There has to be a constant flow of energy to maintain the organization of the system

* 复杂系统在远非平衡的条件下运行，必须要有恒定的能量流来维持系统的组织；

* 复杂系统在非平衡态（远离平衡态）的条件下运行，必须要有恒定的能量流来维持系统的组织；

* Complex systems have a history. They evolve and their past is co-responsible for their present behaviour

* Complex systems have a history. They evolve and their past is co-responsible for their present behaviour

Living organisms are complex adaptive systems. Although complexity is hard to quantify in biology, evolution has produced some remarkably complex organisms. This observation has led to the common misconception of evolution being progressive and leading towards what are viewed as "higher organisms".

Living organisms are complex adaptive systems. Although complexity is hard to quantify in biology, evolution has produced some remarkably complex organisms. This observation has led to the common misconception of evolution being progressive and leading towards what are viewed as "higher organisms".

活生物体是复杂的适应系统。 尽管很难在生物学中量化复杂性，但进化确实产生了一些非常复杂的生物。这种现象导致对进化的普遍误解是”进化是渐进的，并产生了所谓的’高级生物‘“。

生命体是复杂的适应系统。 尽管很难在生物学中量化复杂性，但进化确实产生了一些非常复杂的生物。这种现象导致对进化的普遍误解是”进化是渐进的，并产生了所谓的’高级生物‘“。