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第278行： + + + + + + + + + + 第299行：
第309行： − + − − </ref> − − </ref> − − / 参考 − − * dependability and fault-tolerance − − * robotics,<ref>{{citation|last1=Ahmed |first1=S. |pages=459 |last2=Karsiti |first2=M.N. |url=http://eprints.utp.edu.my/320/|title=2007 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology |year=2007|doi=10.1109/EIT.2007.4374547|contribution=A testbed for control schemes using multi agent nonholonomic robots |isbn=978-1-4244-0940-2 }}</ref> multi-robot systems (MRS), robotic clusters 第325行：
第325行： − 已经出现了实现共同标准的框架(例如 FIPA 和 OMG MASIF 标准)。这些框架包括。玉，节省时间，有助于 MAS 开发的标准化。+ 第333行：
第333行： − + + + − == Applications ==<!-- Although MAS is still strictly a research topic, many graphic computer games today are developed using MAS algorithms and MAS frameworks. --> − == Applications ==<!-- Although MAS is still strictly a research topic, many graphic computer games today are developed using MAS algorithms and MAS frameworks. -->+ − 应用程序！ ——尽管 MAS 仍然是一个严格的研究课题，但今天许多图形化的电脑游戏都是使用 MAS 算法和 MAS 框架开发的。-->+ 第347行：
第348行： − 多智能体系统不仅应用于学术研究，而且还应用于工业领域。Mas 在现实世界中应用于图形应用程序，如电脑游戏。代理系统已经在电影中使用。它被广泛应用于网络和移动技术，以实现自动和动态的负载平衡、高可扩展性和自愈网络。它们被用于协调防御系统。+ 第355行：
第356行： − 其他应用包括运输、物流、制图、制造、电力系统、智能电网和 GIS。+ 第363行：
第364行： − 此外，多智能体系统人工智能(MAAI)被用于模拟社会，其目的是有助于在气候，能源，流行病学，冲突管理，儿童虐待，..。一些致力于使用多智能体系统模型的组织包括社会系统建模中心、社会模拟研究中心、政策建模中心、国际建模与模拟学会。+ − + 第435行：
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无编辑摘要
* scientific communities (e.g., on biological flocking, language evolution, and economics)<ref>{{ cite journal | last =Cucker | first =Felipe | authorlink = | author2=Steve Smale | year =2007 | title =The Mathematics of Emergence | journal = Japanese Journal of Mathematics | volume = 2| issue = | pages = 197–227| id = | url =http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~smale/papers/math-of-emergence.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-09 | quote =| doi =10.1007/s11537-007-0647-x | author2-link =Stephen Smale }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last =Shen | first =Jackie (Jianhong) | authorlink = | year =2008 | title =Cucker–Smale Flocking under Hierarchical Leadership | journal =SIAM J. Appl. Math. | volume =68 | issue =3 | pages = 694–719| id = | url =http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=SMJMAP000068000003000694000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes | accessdate = 2008-06-09 | quote =| doi =10.1137/060673254 | arxiv =q-bio/0610048}}
* scientific communities (e.g., on biological flocking, language evolution, and economics)<ref>{{ cite journal | last =Cucker | first =Felipe | authorlink = | author2=Steve Smale | year =2007 | title =The Mathematics of Emergence | journal = Japanese Journal of Mathematics | volume = 2| issue = | pages = 197–227| id = | url =http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~smale/papers/math-of-emergence.pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-09 | quote =| doi =10.1007/s11537-007-0647-x | author2-link =Stephen Smale }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last =Shen | first =Jackie (Jianhong) | authorlink = | year =2008 | title =Cucker–Smale Flocking under Hierarchical Leadership | journal =SIAM J. Appl. Math. | volume =68 | issue =3 | pages = 694–719| id = | url =http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=SMJMAP000068000003000694000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes | accessdate = 2008-06-09 | quote =| doi =10.1137/060673254 | arxiv =q-bio/0610048}}
</ref>
</ref>
/ 参考
* dependability and fault-tolerance
* robotics,<ref>{{citation|last1=Ahmed |first1=S. |pages=459 |last2=Karsiti |first2=M.N. |url=http://eprints.utp.edu.my/320/|title=2007 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology |year=2007|doi=10.1109/EIT.2007.4374547|contribution=A testbed for control schemes using multi agent nonholonomic robots |isbn=978-1-4244-0940-2 }}</ref> multi-robot systems (MRS), robotic clusters
* 以主体为导向的软件工程
* 以主体为导向的软件工程
* [[主体挖掘]]
* [[主体挖掘]]
* 科学社群（比如生物的群体、语言的进化和经济体）--~~~这个原文似乎也就不准确
* 科学社群（比如生物的群体、语言的进化和经济体）--[[用户:绝不会|绝不会]]（[[用户讨论:绝不会|讨论]]）这个原文似乎也就不准确
* 依赖性和容错
* 依赖性和容错
Frameworks have emerged that implement common standards (such as the FIPA and OMG MASIF standards). These frameworks e.g. JADE, save time and aid in the standardization of MAS development.
Frameworks have emerged that implement common standards (such as the FIPA and OMG MASIF standards). These frameworks e.g. JADE, save time and aid in the standardization of MAS development.
一些贯彻共同标准的框架已经出现了（例如 FIPA 和 OMG MASIF 标准）。JADE等框架可以为标准化的多主体系统开发节省时间和精力。
Currently though, no standard is actively maintained from FIPA or OMG. Efforts for further development of software agents in industrial context are carried out in IEEE IES technical committee on Industrial Agents.
Currently though, no standard is actively maintained from FIPA or OMG. Efforts for further development of software agents in industrial context are carried out in IEEE IES technical committee on Industrial Agents.
不过目前，FIPA 或 OMG 还没有主动维护任何标准。在工业环境中进一步开发软件代理的努力是在 IEEE 工业代理技术委员会进行的。
不过目前，FIPA 或 OMG 还没有主动维护任何标准。在工业领域中进一步开发软件主体的努力主要来自 IEEE 工业电子协会的工业主体技术委员会。
== 应用 ==<!-- Although MAS is still strictly a research topic, many graphic computer games today are developed using MAS algorithms and MAS frameworks. -->
<!-- Although MAS is still strictly a research topic, many graphic computer games today are developed using MAS algorithms and MAS frameworks. -->
尽管多主体系统还仍然是一个严格的学术话题，但今天许多图形化的电脑游戏都是使用多主体系统的算法框架开发的。
MAS have not only been applied in academic research, but also in industry.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Industrial agents : emerging applications of software agents in industry|others=Leitão, Paulo,, Karnouskos, Stamatis|isbn=978-0128003411|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|oclc=905853947|last1 = Leitão|first1 = Paulo|last2 = Karnouskos|first2 = Stamatis|date = 2015-03-26}}</ref> MAS are applied in the real world to graphical applications such as computer games. Agent systems have been used in films.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Massive (software)|MASSIVE]] |url=http://www.massivesoftware.com/film.html |title=Film showcase|accessdate=28 April 2012}}</ref> It is widely advocated for use in networking and mobile technologies, to achieve automatic and dynamic load balancing, high scalability and self-healing networks. They are being used for coordinated defence systems.
MAS have not only been applied in academic research, but also in industry.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Industrial agents : emerging applications of software agents in industry|others=Leitão, Paulo,, Karnouskos, Stamatis|isbn=978-0128003411|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|oclc=905853947|last1 = Leitão|first1 = Paulo|last2 = Karnouskos|first2 = Stamatis|date = 2015-03-26}}</ref> MAS are applied in the real world to graphical applications such as computer games. Agent systems have been used in films.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Massive (software)|MASSIVE]] |url=http://www.massivesoftware.com/film.html |title=Film showcase|accessdate=28 April 2012}}</ref> It is widely advocated for use in networking and mobile technologies, to achieve automatic and dynamic load balancing, high scalability and self-healing networks. They are being used for coordinated defence systems.
MAS have not only been applied in academic research, but also in industry. MAS are applied in the real world to graphical applications such as computer games. Agent systems have been used in films. It is widely advocated for use in networking and mobile technologies, to achieve automatic and dynamic load balancing, high scalability and self-healing networks. They are being used for coordinated defence systems.
MAS have not only been applied in academic research, but also in industry. MAS are applied in the real world to graphical applications such as computer games. Agent systems have been used in films. It is widely advocated for use in networking and mobile technologies, to achieve automatic and dynamic load balancing, high scalability and self-healing networks. They are being used for coordinated defence systems.
除了学术研究之外，多主体系统在工业中也有应用。它在现实世界中不仅被用于电脑游戏等图形应用程序，还已经延伸到了电影中。它在网络和移动技术中实现自动和动态的负载平衡、高可扩展性和自愈网络的作用广为流传。除此之外，多主体系统还被用于协同防御体系中。
Other applications include transportation, logistics, graphics, manufacturing, power system, smartgrids and GIS.
Other applications include transportation, logistics, graphics, manufacturing, power system, smartgrids and GIS.
其他应用包括运输、物流、制图、制造、电力系统、智能电网和地理信息系统。
Also, Multi-agent Systems Artificial Intelligence (MAAI) are used for simulating societies, the purpose thereof being helpful in the fields of climate, energy, epidemiology, conflict management, child abuse, .... Some organisations working on using multi-agent system models include Center for Modelling Social Systems, Centre for Research in Social Simulation, Centre for Policy Modelling, Society for Modelling and Simulation International.
Also, Multi-agent Systems Artificial Intelligence (MAAI) are used for simulating societies, the purpose thereof being helpful in the fields of climate, energy, epidemiology, conflict management, child abuse, .... Some organisations working on using multi-agent system models include Center for Modelling Social Systems, Centre for Research in Social Simulation, Centre for Policy Modelling, Society for Modelling and Simulation International.
此外，多主体系统人工智能(MAAI)被用于模拟社会，以助力气候，能源，流行病学，冲突管理，儿童虐待等方面的工作。一些致力于使用多主体系统模型的组织包括社会系统建模中心(Center for Modelling Social Systems)、社会模拟研究中心(Centre for Research in Social Simulation)、政策建模中心(Centre for Policy Modelling)以及国际建模与模拟学会(Society for Modelling and Simulation International)。
== See also ==
== 参见 ==
== References ==
== 参考文献 ==
== Further reading ==
== 延伸阅读 ==
==External links==
== 外部链接 ==
* [http://www.b-squared.org.ua/static/research/example/BZ.html Random Agent-Based Simulations by Borys Biletskyy]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Random agent-base simulations for multi-robot system and Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. Java applets available.
* [http://www.b-squared.org.ua/static/research/example/BZ.html Random Agent-Based Simulations by Borys Biletskyy]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Random agent-base simulations for multi-robot system and Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. Java applets available.