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===信息和电脑科学方面 In information and computer science===

===信息和电脑科学方面 In information and computer science===

在[[计算机科学]]和[[信息科学]]中，“系统”是以[[组件]]为结构，以可观察的[[进程间通信]]为活动的硬件系统、[[软件系统]]或组合。再举一些例子: 计算系统（如[[罗马数字]]）、各种系统归档文件、分类目录、各种图书馆系统（例如[[杜威十进制图书分类法]]）。这仍然符合组件组合连接的定义(以利信息流)。

在[[计算机科学 computer science]]和[[信息科学 information science]]中，“系统”是以[[组件（UML）Component (UML)|组件 components]]为结构，以可观察的[[进程间通信 inter-process communication]]为活动的硬件系统、[[软件系统 software system]]或组合。再举一些例子: 计算系统（如[[罗马数字 Roman numerals]]）、各种系统归档文件、分类目录、各种图书馆系统（例如[[杜威十进制图书分类法 Dewey Decimal Classification]]）。这仍然符合组件组合连接的定义(以利信息流)。

In [[computer science]] and [[information science]], '''system''' is a hardware system, [[software system]], or combination, which has [[Component (UML)|components]] as its structure and observable [[inter-process communication]]s as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with [[Roman numerals]], and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).

In [[computer science]] and [[information science]], '''system''' is a hardware system, [[software system]], or combination, which has [[Component (UML)|components]] as its structure and observable [[inter-process communication]]s as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with [[Roman numerals]], and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).

In computer science and information science, system is a hardware system, software system, or combination, which has components as its structure and observable inter-process communications as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with Roman numerals, and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the Dewey Decimal Classification is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).

In computer science and information science, system is a hardware system, software system, or combination, which has components as its structure and observable inter-process communications as its behavior. Again, an example will illustrate: There are systems of counting, as with Roman numerals, and various systems for filing papers, or catalogues, and various library systems, of which the Dewey Decimal Classification is an example. This still fits with the definition of components which are connected together (in this case to facilitate the flow of information).

系统也可以指一个框架，即[[平台]]，是设计用来允许软件程序运行的软件或硬件。组件或系统中的缺陷可能导致组件本身或整个系统无法执行其设计功能，例如错误的陈述或数据定义。

系统也可以指一个框架，即[[平台（计算） platform (computing)|平台 platform]]，是设计用来允许软件程序运行的软件或硬件。组件或系统中的缺陷可能导致组件本身或整个系统无法执行其设计功能，例如错误的[[陈述（计算机科学） Statement (computer science)|陈述 statement]]或[[数据定义语言 Data definition language|数据定义 data definition]]。

System can also refer to a framework, aka [[platform (computing)|platform]], be it software or hardware, designed to allow software programs to run. A flaw in a component or system can cause the component itself  or an entire system to fail to perform its required function, e.g., an incorrect [[Statement (computer science)|statement]] or [[Data definition language|data definition]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://glossar.german-testing-board.info/|title=ISTQB Standard glossary of terms used in Software Testing|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>

System can also refer to a framework, aka [[platform (computing)|platform]], be it software or hardware, designed to allow software programs to run. A flaw in a component or system can cause the component itself  or an entire system to fail to perform its required function, e.g., an incorrect [[Statement (computer science)|statement]] or [[Data definition language|data definition]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://glossar.german-testing-board.info/|title=ISTQB Standard glossary of terms used in Software Testing|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref>

===工程和物理方面 In engineering and physics===

===工程和物理方面 In engineering and physics===

在[[工程学]]和[[物理学]]中，物理系统描述正在被研究的宇宙的一部分(例如[[热力学系统]])。工程学也有系统的概念，涉及到复杂项目的所有部分和部分之间的交互。系统工程是工程学的一个分支，研究如何规划、设计、实现、构建和维护这类的系统。预期[[结果]]是指以规格、特定条件<ref name=":0" />下的部件或系统、或其他渠道所预期的系统活动。

在[[工程学 engineering]]和[[物理学 physics]]中，物理系统描述正在被研究的宇宙的一部分(例如[[热力学系统 thermodynamic system]])。工程学也有系统的概念，涉及到复杂项目的所有部分和部分之间的交互。系统工程是工程学的一个分支，研究如何规划、设计、实现、构建和维护这类的系统。预期[[结果 result]]是指以规格、特定条件<ref name=":0" />下的部件或系统、或其他渠道所预期的系统活动。

In [[engineering]] and [[physics]], a physical system is the portion of the universe that is being studied (of which a [[thermodynamic system]] is one major example). Engineering also has the concept of a system referring to all of the parts and interactions between parts of a complex project. [[Systems engineering]] is the branch of engineering that studies how this type of system should be planned, designed, implemented, built, and maintained. Expected [[result]] is the behavior predicted by the specification, or another source, of the component or system under specified conditions.<ref name=":0" />

In [[engineering]] and [[physics]], a physical system is the portion of the universe that is being studied (of which a [[thermodynamic system]] is one major example). Engineering also has the concept of a system referring to all of the parts and interactions between parts of a complex project. [[Systems engineering]] is the branch of engineering that studies how this type of system should be planned, designed, implemented, built, and maintained. Expected [[result]] is the behavior predicted by the specification, or another source, of the component or system under specified conditions.<ref name=":0" />

===社会科学、认知科学及管理研究方面 In social and cognitive sciences and management research===

===社会科学、认知科学及管理研究方面 In social and cognitive sciences and management research===

社会科学和[[认知科学]]识别人类模型和人类社会中的系统，主要有人类的大脑功能、心理过程，以及规范伦理学系统和社会/文化行为模式。

社会科学和[[认知科学 cognitive science]]识别人类模型和人类社会中的系统，主要有人类的大脑功能、心理过程，以及规范伦理学系统和社会/文化行为模式。

Social and cognitive sciences recognize systems in human person models and in human societies. They include human brain functions and mental processes as well as normative ethics systems and social/cultural behavioral patterns.

Social and cognitive sciences recognize systems in human person models and in human societies. They include human brain functions and mental processes as well as normative ethics systems and social/cultural behavioral patterns.

[[管理科学]]、[[运筹学]]和[[组织发展学]]（OD）把人类组织视为子系统或系统集合体等互动组件的'''系统'''(概念系统) ，该系统是众多复杂[[业务流程]]([[组织行为]])和组织结构的载体。组织发展理论家[[Peter Senge]]在他的《第五纪律》一书中提出了组织作为系统的概念。

[[管理科学 management science]]、[[运筹学 operations research]]和[[组织发展学 organizational development]]（OD）把人类组织视为子系统或系统集合体等互动组件的'''系统'''(概念系统) ，该系统是众多复杂[[业务流程 business processes]]([[组织行为 organizational behavior]])和组织结构的载体。组织发展理论家[[彼得·圣吉 Peter Senge]]在他的《第五纪律》一书中提出了组织作为系统的概念。

In [[management science]], [[operations research]] and [[organizational development]] (OD), human organizations are viewed as '''systems''' (conceptual systems) of interacting components such as subsystems or system aggregates, which are carriers of numerous complex [[business processes]] ([[organizational behavior]]s) and organizational structures. Organizational development theorist [[Peter Senge]] developed the notion of organizations as systems in his book ''The Fifth Discipline''.

In [[management science]], [[operations research]] and [[organizational development]] (OD), human organizations are viewed as '''systems''' (conceptual systems) of interacting components such as subsystems or system aggregates, which are carriers of numerous complex [[business processes]] ([[organizational behavior]]s) and organizational structures. Organizational development theorist [[Peter Senge]] developed the notion of organizations as systems in his book ''The Fifth Discipline''.

In management science, operations research and organizational development (OD), human organizations are viewed as systems (conceptual systems) of interacting components such as subsystems or system aggregates, which are carriers of numerous complex business processes (organizational behaviors) and organizational structures. Organizational development theorist Peter Senge developed the notion of organizations as systems in his book The Fifth Discipline.

In management science, operations research and organizational development (OD), human organizations are viewed as systems (conceptual systems) of interacting components such as subsystems or system aggregates, which are carriers of numerous complex business processes (organizational behaviors) and organizational structures. Organizational development theorist Peter Senge developed the notion of organizations as systems in his book The Fifth Discipline.

[[系统思考]]是一种思考/[[推理]]和解决问题的方式。它以识别给定问题中的系统属性为始。它可以是一种领导能力。有些人可以“放眼全球的同时，在当地采取行动”。这些人考虑他们的决定对大系统的其他部分的潜在后果。这也是心理学上系统辅导的基础。

[[系统思考 Systems thinking]]是一种思考/[[推理 reasoning]]和解决问题的方式，以识别问题的系统属性为始，可以是一种领导能力。有些人能在“放眼全球的同时，在当下采取行动”。他们会考虑其决定对大系统其他部分的潜在后果。这也是心理学上系统辅导的基础。

Systems thinking is a style of thinking/reasoning and problem solving. It starts from the recognition of system properties in a given problem. It can be a leadership competency. Some people can think globally while acting locally. Such people consider the potential consequences of their decisions on other parts of larger systems. This is also a basis of systemic coaching in psychology.

Systems thinking is a style of thinking/reasoning and problem solving. It starts from the recognition of system properties in a given problem. It can be a leadership competency. Some people can think globally while acting locally. Such people consider the potential consequences of their decisions on other parts of larger systems. This is also a basis of systemic coaching in psychology.

[[组织研究|组织理论家]]，如[[Margaret Wheatley]]，也描述了在新的隐喻背景下组织系统的工作，如[[量子物理学]]，[[混沌理论]]，[[自组织系统|系统的自组织]]。

[[组织研究 Organizational studies|组织理论家 Organizational theorists]]，如[[玛格丽特·惠特利 Margaret Wheatley]]，也描述了在新的隐喻背景下组织系统的工作，如[[量子物理学 quantum physics]]，[[混沌理论 [chaos theory]]，[[自组织系统 self-organizing systems|系统的自组织 self-organization of systems]]。

[[Organizational studies|Organizational theorists]] such as [[Margaret Wheatley]] have also described the workings of organizational systems in new metaphoric contexts, such as [[quantum physics]], [[chaos theory]], and the [[self-organizing systems|self-organization of systems]].

[[Organizational studies|Organizational theorists]] such as [[Margaret Wheatley]] have also described the workings of organizational systems in new metaphoric contexts, such as [[quantum physics]], [[chaos theory]], and the [[self-organizing systems|self-organization of systems]].

===纯粹逻辑系统 Pure logical systems===

===纯粹逻辑系统 Pure logical systems===

还有所谓逻辑系统。最显著的例子是[[Leibniz]]和[[Isaac Newton]]同时开发的微积分。另一个例子是[[George Boole]]的布尔运算符。其他的例子特别与哲学、生物学或认知科学有关。[[Maslow的需求层次理论]]以纯粹逻辑将心理学应用于生物学。许多心理学家，包括[[Carl Jung]]和[[Sigmund Freud]]，已经开发出一套系统，可以逻辑地组织心理学定义域，比如人格、动机、智力和欲望。这些定义域通常由一般范畴组成，这些范畴遵循一个[[推论]]，例如[[定理]]。逻辑应用于[[分类学]]、[[本体论]]、[[教育评估|评估]]和[[层次]]等类别。

还有所谓逻辑系统。最显著的例子是[[莱布尼兹 Leibniz]]和[[艾萨克・牛顿 Isaac Newton]]同时开发的微积分。另一个例子是[[乔治・布尔 George Boole]]的布尔运算符。其他的例子特别与哲学、生物学或认知科学有关。[[马斯洛的需求层次理论Maslow's hierarchy of needs ]]以纯粹逻辑将心理学应用于生物学。许多心理学家，包括[[卡尔・荣格 Carl Jung]]和[[西格蒙德·弗洛伊德 Sigmund Freud]]，已经开发出一套系统，可以逻辑地组织心理学定义域，比如人格、动机、智力和欲望。这些定义域通常由一般范畴组成，这些范畴遵循一个[[推论 corollary]]，例如[[定理 theorem]]。逻辑应用于[[一般分类学 taxonomy (general) |分类学 taxonomy]]、[[本体论 ontology]]、[[教育评估 educational assessment|评估 assessment]]和[[层次 hierarchies]]等类别。

===应用于战略思维 Applied to strategic thinking===

===应用于战略思维 Applied to strategic thinking===

1988年，军事战略家[[John A. Warden III]]在他的书《空军战役》中介绍了[[五环系统]]模型，认为任何复杂的系统都可以分解成五个同心环。每个环节——领导力、流程、基础设施、人口和行动单位——都可以用来隔离任何需要变革的系统中的关键元素。在[[第一次海湾战争]]中<ref>{{cite book |last=Warden |first=John A. III |title=The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat |publisher=National Defense University Press |location=Washington, D.C. |date=1988 |isbn=978-1-58348-100-4 |authorlink=John A. Warden III}}</ref>，空军计划人员对该模型进行了有效利用。< ref > { cite book | last = Warden | first = John a. III | date = September 1995

1988年，军事战略家[[约翰·A·沃登三世 John A. Warden III]]在他的书《空军战役》中介绍了[[沃登五环 Warden's Five Rings|五环系统 Five Ring System]]模型，认为任何复杂的系统都可分解为五个同心环。每个环节——领导力、流程、基础设施、人口和行动单位——都可用来在任何需要变革的系统中隔离关键元素。在[[第一次海湾战争 First Gulf War]]中<ref>{{cite book |last=Warden |first=John A. III |title=The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat |publisher=National Defense University Press |location=Washington, D.C. |date=1988 |isbn=978-1-58348-100-4 |authorlink=John A. Warden III}}</ref>，空军计划人员对该模型进行了有效利用。< ref > { cite book | last = Warden | first = John a. III | date = September 1995