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第173行： − + 第193行：
第193行： − − 热力学第二定律的历史起源源于卡诺原理。不可逆热机的效率总是低于在同样两个热源间工作的可逆热机的效率，在两个热源间工作的一切可逆热机都具有相同的效率。它指的是一个卡诺热机周期，虚拟地以被称为准静态的极慢极限模式运行，因此热量和功量在子系统之间传递，这些子系统始终处于它们自己的内部热力学平衡状态。卡诺发动机是热机效率工程师特别感兴趣的理想设备。卡诺认识到卡诺原理的时候，正是热量热理论被认真考虑的时候，正是能量守恒定律理论被认识之前，正是熵概念的数学表达之前。根据第一定律的解释，它在物理上等同于热力学第二定律，并且在今天仍然有效。卡诺最初的论点是从卡路里理论的观点提出的，直到能量守恒定律的发现。以下是他书中的一些例子: − 它指的是卡诺热机的一个循环，它以准静态的极限慢速运转，因此热量和功在子系统之间进行传递，故子系统总是处于它们自己内部的热力学平衡状态。+
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The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways, the most prominent classical statements being the statement by Rudolf Clausius (1854), the statement by Lord Kelvin (1851), and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory (1909). These statements cast the law in general physical terms citing the impossibility of certain processes. The Clausius and the Kelvin statements have been shown to be equivalent.
The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways, the most prominent classical statements being the statement by Rudolf Clausius (1854), the statement by Lord Kelvin (1851), and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory (1909). These statements cast the law in general physical terms citing the impossibility of certain processes. The Clausius and the Kelvin statements have been shown to be equivalent.
热力学第二定律可以用许多特定的方式来表达，最突出的经典陈述是 '''克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius''' (1854)陈述，'''开尔文 Kelvin''' (1851)陈述，以及康斯坦丁·卡拉西奥多里 Constantin Carathéodory(1909)在公理化热力学中的陈述。这些陈述用一般的物理术语描述法律，引用某些过程的不可能性。克劳修斯和开尔文陈述被证明是等价的。
热力学第二定律可以用许多特定的方式来表达，最突出的经典陈述是 '''克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius''' (1854)陈述，'''开尔文 Kelvin''' (1851)陈述，以及康斯坦丁·卡拉西奥多里 Constantin Carathéodory(1909)在公理化热力学中的陈述。这些陈述用一般的物理术语来描述定律，引用某些过程的不可能性。克劳修斯和开尔文表述被证明是等价的。
The historical origin of the second law of thermodynamics was in Carnot's principle. It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium. The Carnot engine is an idealized device of special interest to engineers who are concerned with the efficiency of heat engines. Carnot's principle was recognized by Carnot at a time when the caloric theory of heat was seriously considered, before the recognition of the first law of thermodynamics, and before the mathematical expression of the concept of entropy. Interpreted in the light of the first law, it is physically equivalent to the second law of thermodynamics, and remains valid today. Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics. Some samples from his book are:
The historical origin of the second law of thermodynamics was in Carnot's principle. It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium. The Carnot engine is an idealized device of special interest to engineers who are concerned with the efficiency of heat engines. Carnot's principle was recognized by Carnot at a time when the caloric theory of heat was seriously considered, before the recognition of the first law of thermodynamics, and before the mathematical expression of the concept of entropy. Interpreted in the light of the first law, it is physically equivalent to the second law of thermodynamics, and remains valid today. Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics. Some samples from his book are:
热力学第二定律的历史起源是卡诺原理。
热力学第二定律的历史起源是卡诺原理。
它指的是卡诺热机的一个循环，它以准静态的极限慢速运转，因此热量和功在子系统之间进行传递，子系统总是处于它们自己内部的热力学平衡状态。
卡诺热机是研究热机效率的工程师特别感兴趣的理想装置。
卡诺热机是研究热机效率的工程师特别感兴趣的理想装置。
当卡诺发现卡诺原理时，热量理论还没有得到重视，热力学第一定律还没有得到承认，熵的概念还没有数学表达。
当卡诺发现卡诺原理时，热量理论还没有得到重视，热力学第一定律还没有得到承认，熵的概念还没有数学表达。