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第95行： − + − 的要求，战后结构功能主义社会学家如帕森斯（Talcott Parsons）利用这些组成部分之间系统和等级相互作用的理论，试图产生大统一的社会学理论，如 AGIL 范式。霍曼斯（George Homans）等社会学家认为，社会学理论应该被构建为具有命题和精确术语的等级结构，并且从中可以得出能够在实证研究中被操作化的其他命题和假设。由于早在1956年计算机算法和程序就已经被用来测试和验证数学定理（如'''四色定理Four Color Theorem'''），一些学者预计相似的计算方法可以“解决”和“证明”类似的社会结构和动态的问题和定理。+
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While emergence has had a valuable and important role with the foundation of Computational Sociology, there are those who do not necessarily agree. One major leader in the field, Epstein, doubted the use because there were aspects that are unexplainable. Epstein put up a claim against emergentism, in which he says it "is precisely the generative sufficiency of the parts that constitutes the whole's explanation".
While emergence has had a valuable and important role with the foundation of Computational Sociology, there are those who do not necessarily agree. One major leader in the field, Epstein, doubted the use because there were aspects that are unexplainable. Epstein put up a claim against emergentism, in which he says it "is precisely the generative sufficiency of the parts that constitutes the whole's explanation".
虽然涌现在计算社会学的建立上发挥了宝贵而重要的作用，但也有人不太同意。该领域的一个主要人物爱泼斯坦 Epstein对这种<font color='red'>用法</font> <font color='blue'>概念</font>持怀疑态度，因为有些方面是这个<font color='red'>用法</font> <font color='blue'>概念</font>无法解释的。爱泼斯坦提出了一种反对“涌现主义”的观点，他表示:“正是这些部分的有生成意义的充分性构成了对整体的解释”。
虽然涌现在计算社会学的建立上发挥了宝贵而重要的作用，但也有人不太同意。该领域的一个主要人物爱泼斯坦 Epstein对这种<font color='red'>用法</font> <font color='blue'>概念</font>持怀疑态度，因为有些方面是这个<font color='red'>用法</font> <font color='blue'>概念</font>无法解释的。爱泼斯坦提出了一种反对“涌现主义”的观点，他表示:“<font color=='red'>正是这些部分的有生成意义的充分性构成了对整体的解释</font><font color='blue'> 正是这些部分所产生的充分性构成了对整体的解释</font>”。
In the post-war era, Vannevar Bush's differential analyser, John von Neumann's cellular automata, Norbert Wiener's cybernetics, and Claude Shannon's information theory became influential paradigms for modeling and understanding complexity in technical systems. In response, scientists in disciplines such as physics, biology, electronics, and economics began to articulate a general theory of systems in which all natural and physical phenomena are manifestations of interrelated elements in a system that has common patterns and properties. Following Émile Durkheim's call to analyze complex modern society sui generis, post-war structural functionalist sociologists such as Talcott Parsons seized upon these theories of systematic and hierarchical interaction among constituent components to attempt to generate grand unified sociological theories, such as the AGIL paradigm. Sociologists such as George Homans argued that sociological theories should be formalized into hierarchical structures of propositions and precise terminology from which other propositions and hypotheses could be derived and operationalized into empirical studies. Because computer algorithms and programs had been used as early as 1956 to test and validate mathematical theorems, such as the four color theorem, some scholars anticipated that similar computational approaches could "solve" and "prove" analogously formalized problems and theorems of social structures and dynamics.
In the post-war era, Vannevar Bush's differential analyser, John von Neumann's cellular automata, Norbert Wiener's cybernetics, and Claude Shannon's information theory became influential paradigms for modeling and understanding complexity in technical systems. In response, scientists in disciplines such as physics, biology, electronics, and economics began to articulate a general theory of systems in which all natural and physical phenomena are manifestations of interrelated elements in a system that has common patterns and properties. Following Émile Durkheim's call to analyze complex modern society sui generis, post-war structural functionalist sociologists such as Talcott Parsons seized upon these theories of systematic and hierarchical interaction among constituent components to attempt to generate grand unified sociological theories, such as the AGIL paradigm. Sociologists such as George Homans argued that sociological theories should be formalized into hierarchical structures of propositions and precise terminology from which other propositions and hypotheses could be derived and operationalized into empirical studies. Because computer algorithms and programs had been used as early as 1956 to test and validate mathematical theorems, such as the four color theorem, some scholars anticipated that similar computational approaches could "solve" and "prove" analogously formalized problems and theorems of social structures and dynamics.
战后时期，范内瓦·布什（Vannevar Bush）的'''微分分析机 Differential Analyser''' 、冯·诺伊曼（John von Neumann）的'''元胞自动机 Cellular Automata'''、 维纳（Norbert Wiener）的'''控制论 Cybernetics'''和克劳德·香农（Claude Shannon）的'''信息论 Information Theory'''成为技术系统中建模和理解复杂性的重要范式。物理学、生物学、电子学和经济学等学科的科学家开始阐述系统的一般理论，即所有自然和物理现象都是具有共同模式和属性的系统中相互关联的元素的表现。按照涂尔干（Émile Durkheim）分析特定的复杂现代社会
战后时期，范内瓦·布什（Vannevar Bush）的'''微分分析机 Differential Analyser''' 、冯·诺伊曼（John von Neumann）的'''元胞自动机 Cellular Automata'''、 维纳（Norbert Wiener）的'''控制论 Cybernetics'''和克劳德·香农（Claude Shannon）的'''信息论 Information Theory'''成为技术系统中建模和理解复杂性的重要范式。物理学、生物学、电子学和经济学等学科的科学家开始阐述系统的一般理论，即所有自然和物理现象都是具有共同模式和属性的系统中相互关联的元素的表现。<font color='red'>按照 </font><font color='blue'> 沿着</font>涂尔干（Émile Durkheim）分析特定的复杂现代社会
（--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]）Following Émile Durkheim's call to analyze complex modern society sui generis）
（--[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]（[[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]）Following Émile Durkheim's call to analyze complex modern society sui generis）
--~~克劳德·香农（Claude Shannon） 这些同样去括号
--~~克劳德·香农（Claude Shannon） 这些同样去括号
的<font color='red'>要求</font><font color='blue'> 思路</font>，战后结构功能主义社会学家如帕森斯（Talcott Parsons）利用这些组成部分之间系统<font color='blue'>化</font>和<font color='red'>等级</font><font color='blue'> 层次化</font>相互作用的理论，试图产生大统一的社会学理论，如 AGIL 范式。霍曼斯（George Homans）等社会学家认为，社会学理论应该被构建为具有<font color='blue'>逻辑</font>命题和精确术语的<font color='red'>等级</font><font color='blue'> 层次化</font>结构，并且从中可以得出能够在实证研究中被操作化的其他命题和假设。由于早在1956年计算机算法和程序就已经被用来测试和验证数学定理（如'''四色定理Four Color Theorem'''），一些学者预计相似的计算方法可以“解决”和“证明”类似的社会结构和<font color='red'>动态</font><font color='blue'> 演变</font>的<font color='blue'>形式化</font>问题和定理。
===Macrosimulation and microsimulation 宏观模拟和微观模拟===
===Macrosimulation and microsimulation 宏观模拟和微观模拟===