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* 个体的数量足够大,以至于常规描述(如'''微分方程 Differential equation'''系统)不仅不切实际,而且不再有助于理解该系统。此外,系统个体之间发生动力学上的相互作用,并且这种相互作用既可以是物理的,也可以是信息的交换;
 
* 个体的数量足够大,以至于常规描述(如'''微分方程 Differential equation'''系统)不仅不切实际,而且不再有助于理解该系统。此外,系统个体之间发生动力学上的相互作用,并且这种相互作用既可以是物理的,也可以是信息的交换;
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* 这样的相互作用是丰富的,即系统中的任何个体或子系统都受到并影响其他的个体或子系统;
 
* 这样的相互作用是丰富的,即系统中的任何个体或子系统都受到并影响其他的个体或子系统;
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* 个体间相互作用是'''非线性 Non-linear'''的:系统输入、个体间的物理相互作用或刺激的微小变化都可能会导致较大的影响,或使得输出发生非常显著的变化;
 
* 个体间相互作用是'''非线性 Non-linear'''的:系统输入、个体间的物理相互作用或刺激的微小变化都可能会导致较大的影响,或使得输出发生非常显著的变化;
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* 相互作用以及受影响性质的调整主要但不仅限于其直接邻居;
 
* 相互作用以及受影响性质的调整主要但不仅限于其直接邻居;
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* 任何相互作用都可以直接或在多个干预阶段之后间接反馈到自身,此类反馈的质量可能会有所不同。这种现象称为'''重复发生 Recurrency''';
 
* 任何相互作用都可以直接或在多个干预阶段之后间接反馈到自身,此类反馈的质量可能会有所不同。这种现象称为'''重复发生 Recurrency''';
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* 系统的整体行为无法通过单个个体的行为来预测;
 
* 系统的整体行为无法通过单个个体的行为来预测;
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* 这样的系统可能是开放的,这使得我们很难或不可能定义系统的边界;
 
* 这样的系统可能是开放的,这使得我们很难或不可能定义系统的边界;
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* 复杂系统在非平衡态(远离平衡态)的条件下运行,必须要有恒定的能量流来维持系统的组织;
 
* 复杂系统在非平衡态(远离平衡态)的条件下运行,必须要有恒定的能量流来维持系统的组织;
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* 复杂系统具有历史信息,它们不断演化发展,其历史信息对现在的系统行为具有一定的影响;
 
* 复杂系统具有历史信息,它们不断演化发展,其历史信息对现在的系统行为具有一定的影响;
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* 系统中的个体可能并不了解整个系统的行为,因此仅会对局域的可用信息或物理刺激做出响应。
 
* 系统中的个体可能并不了解整个系统的行为,因此仅会对局域的可用信息或物理刺激做出响应。
       
从建模的角度来看,'''罗伯特·阿克塞尔罗德 Robert Axelrod'''和'''迈克尔·科恩 Michael D. Cohen'''<ref>Robert Axelrod & Michael D. Cohen, ''Harnessing Complexity''. Basic Books, 2001</ref> 还确定了一系列关键术语:
 
从建模的角度来看,'''罗伯特·阿克塞尔罗德 Robert Axelrod'''和'''迈克尔·科恩 Michael D. Cohen'''<ref>Robert Axelrod & Michael D. Cohen, ''Harnessing Complexity''. Basic Books, 2001</ref> 还确定了一系列关键术语:
      
* '''策略 Strategy''':一种有条件的行为模式,指示系统在什么情况下该做什么;
 
* '''策略 Strategy''':一种有条件的行为模式,指示系统在什么情况下该做什么;
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* '''工件 Artifact''' ''(这里的专有名词的翻译有待商榷)'':一种具有确定位置并可以响应个体行为的物质资源;
 
* '''工件 Artifact''' ''(这里的专有名词的翻译有待商榷)'':一种具有确定位置并可以响应个体行为的物质资源;
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* '''主体 Agent''':用于与工件和其他个体进行交互的属性,策略和功能的集合;
 
* '''主体 Agent''':用于与工件和其他个体进行交互的属性,策略和功能的集合;
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* '''种群 Population''':个体的集合,或在某些情况下,策略的集合;
 
* '''种群 Population''':个体的集合,或在某些情况下,策略的集合;
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* '''系统 System''':是一个较大的集合,包括一个或多个个体的群体,可能还包括工件 artifacts ;
 
* '''系统 System''':是一个较大的集合,包括一个或多个个体的群体,可能还包括工件 artifacts ;
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* '''类型 Type''':总体中具有某些共同特征的所有主体(或策略);
 
* '''类型 Type''':总体中具有某些共同特征的所有主体(或策略);
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* '''种类 Variety''':种群或系统中类型的多样性;
 
* '''种类 Variety''':种群或系统中类型的多样性;
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* '''交互模式 Interaction pattern''':系统内类型之间的重复接触规律;
 
* '''交互模式 Interaction pattern''':系统内类型之间的重复接触规律;
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* '''空间(物理) Space (physical)''':个体和工件在地理空间或时间中的位置;
 
* '''空间(物理) Space (physical)''':个体和工件在地理空间或时间中的位置;
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* '''空间(概念) Space (conceptual)''':“位置”在一组结构合理的类别中,以便“附近”的个体进行交互;
 
* '''空间(概念) Space (conceptual)''':“位置”在一组结构合理的类别中,以便“附近”的个体进行交互;
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* '''选择 Selection''':导致各种类型的个体或策略发生频率增加或减少的过程;
 
* '''选择 Selection''':导致各种类型的个体或策略发生频率增加或减少的过程;
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* '''成功标准 Success criteria''' 或 '''评价指标 Performance measures''':指评价个体或设计者在选择相对成功(或不成功)的策略或个体时的“分数”。
 
* '''成功标准 Success criteria''' 或 '''评价指标 Performance measures''':指评价个体或设计者在选择相对成功(或不成功)的策略或个体时的“分数”。
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* '''特纳 Turner'''和'''贝克 Baker'''<ref>Turner, J. R., & Baker, R. (in press). Just doing the do: A case study testing creativity and innovative processes as complex adaptive systems. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development.</ref>从文献中综合了复杂适应系统的特征,并在创造力和创新的背景下测试了这些特征。这八个特点中的每一个都显示出在创造性和创新过程中存在:
 
* '''特纳 Turner'''和'''贝克 Baker'''<ref>Turner, J. R., & Baker, R. (in press). Just doing the do: A case study testing creativity and innovative processes as complex adaptive systems. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development.</ref>从文献中综合了复杂适应系统的特征,并在创造力和创新的背景下测试了这些特征。这八个特点中的每一个都显示出在创造性和创新过程中存在:
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* '''路径依赖 Path dependent''':系统状态对初始条件敏感,相同的力在不同初始条件下可能会对系统产生不同的影响;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
 
* '''路径依赖 Path dependent''':系统状态对初始条件敏感,相同的力在不同初始条件下可能会对系统产生不同的影响;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
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* '''系统具有历史 Systems have a history''':系统的未来行为取决于其初始状态和后续的历史;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boal | first1 = K. B. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = P. L. | year = 2007 | title = Storytelling, time, and evolution: The role of strategic leadership in complex adaptive systems | url = | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 18 | issue = 4| pages = 411–428 | doi = 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.008 }}</ref>
 
* '''系统具有历史 Systems have a history''':系统的未来行为取决于其初始状态和后续的历史;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Boal | first1 = K. B. | last2 = Schultz | first2 = P. L. | year = 2007 | title = Storytelling, time, and evolution: The role of strategic leadership in complex adaptive systems | url = | journal = The Leadership Quarterly | volume = 18 | issue = 4| pages = 411–428 | doi = 10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.04.008 }}</ref>
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* '''非线性 Non-linearity''':对环境扰动的反应过大,结果与简单系统的结果不同;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luoma | first1 = M | year = 2006 | title = A play of four arenas - How complexity can serve management development | url = | journal = Management Learning | volume = 37 | issue = | pages = 101–123 | doi = 10.1177/1350507606058136 }}</ref>
 
* '''非线性 Non-linearity''':对环境扰动的反应过大,结果与简单系统的结果不同;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luoma | first1 = M | year = 2006 | title = A play of four arenas - How complexity can serve management development | url = | journal = Management Learning | volume = 37 | issue = | pages = 101–123 | doi = 10.1177/1350507606058136 }}</ref>
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* '''涌现 Emergence''':每个系统内部动力学影响其状态改变和改变能力的方式,可能与其他系统完全不同;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
 
* '''涌现 Emergence''':每个系统内部动力学影响其状态改变和改变能力的方式,可能与其他系统完全不同;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
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* '''不可还原 Irreducible''' :其过程转换是不可逆的,无法还原到其原始状态;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
 
* '''不可还原 Irreducible''' :其过程转换是不可逆的,无法还原到其原始状态;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
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* '''适应性/适应能力 Adaptive/Adaptability''':同时处于有序和无序状态的系统更具适应性和恢复力;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
 
* '''适应性/适应能力 Adaptive/Adaptability''':同时处于有序和无序状态的系统更具适应性和恢复力;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
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* '''在有序和混沌之间运行 Operates between order and chaos''':自适应张力是由系统与其所处环境之间的能量差产生的;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
 
* '''在有序和混沌之间运行 Operates between order and chaos''':自适应张力是由系统与其所处环境之间的能量差产生的;<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Borzillo | first1 = S. | last2 = Kaminska-Labbe | first2 = R. | year = 2011 | title = Unravelling the dynamics of knowledge creation in communities of practice through complexity theory lenses | url = | journal = Knowledge Management Research & Practice | volume = 9 | issue = | pages = 353–366 | doi = 10.1057/kmrp.2011.13 }}</ref>
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* '''自组织 Self-organizing''' :系统由相互依赖、相互作用的组成部分以及系统的多样性组成。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
 
* '''自组织 Self-organizing''' :系统由相互依赖、相互作用的组成部分以及系统的多样性组成。<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lindberg | first1 = C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = M. | year = 2013 | title = Combating infections at Maine Medical Center: Insights into complexity-informed leadership from positive deviance | url = | journal = Leadership | volume = 9 | issue = 2| pages = 229–253 | doi = 10.1177/1742715012468784 }}</ref>
  
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