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第60行： − + − During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Forrester and a team of graduate students moved the emerging field of system dynamics from the hand-simulation stage to the formal computer modeling stage. Richard Bennett created the first system dynamics computer modeling language called SIMPLE (Simulation of Industrial Management Problems with Lots of Equations) in the spring of 1958. In 1959, Phyllis Fox and Alexander Pugh wrote the first version of − 在20世纪50年代末和60年代初，Forrester 和一个研究生团队将系统动力学的新兴领域从手工仿真阶段转移到正式的计算机建模阶段。1958年春天，Richard Bennett 创造了第一个系统动力学计算机建模语言，叫做 SIMPLE (用大量方程模拟工业管理问题)。1959年，菲利斯 · 福克斯和亚历山大 · 普撰写了第一个版本的+ − [[DYNAMO (programming language)|DYNAMO]] (DYNAmic MOdels), an improved version of SIMPLE, and the system dynamics language became the industry standard for over thirty years. Forrester published the first, and still classic, book in the field titled ''Industrial Dynamics'' in 1961.<ref name ="UDE"/> − − DYNAMO (DYNAmic MOdels), an improved version of SIMPLE, and the system dynamics language became the industry standard for over thirty years. Forrester published the first, and still classic, book in the field titled Industrial Dynamics in 1961. − − Dynamo (DYNAmic MOdels)是 SIMPLE 的改进版本，系统动力学语言成为行业标准已有三十多年。1961年，弗雷斯特出版了第一本至今仍然是经典的著作《工业动力学》。 + 第90行：
第85行： − 系统动力学的第二个主要的非公司应用紧随第一个之后。1970年，Jay Forrester 应罗马俱乐部的邀请参加了在瑞士伯尔尼举行的一次会议。罗马俱乐部是一个致力于解决其成员所描述的”人类困境”的组织，即今后某个时候可能出现的全球危机，因为世界人口呈指数增长，对地球的承载能力(可再生和不可再生资源的来源及其处理污染物的汇)提出了要求。在伯尔尼会议上，Forrester 被问及是否可以用系统动力学来解决人类的困境。当然，他的回答是可以。在从伯尔尼会议回来的飞机上，弗雷斯特创建了世界社会经济系统系统动力学模型的初稿。他把这个模型叫做 WORLD1。回到美国后，弗雷斯特精炼了 WORLD1，为罗马俱乐部成员访问麻省理工学院做准备。称这个模型为 WORLD2的改进版本。在一本名为《世界动力学》的书中出版了 WORLD2。+
→历史 History
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Forrester and a team of graduate students moved the emerging field of system dynamics from the hand-simulation stage to the formal [[computer modeling]] stage. [[Richard Bennett (computer scientist)|Richard Bennett]] created the first system dynamics computer modeling language called SIMPLE (Simulation of Industrial Management Problems with Lots of Equations) in the spring of 1958. In 1959, [[Phyllis Fox]] and [[Alexander Pugh]] wrote the first version of
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Forrester and a team of graduate students moved the emerging field of system dynamics from the hand-simulation stage to the formal [[computer modeling]] stage. [[Richard Bennett (computer scientist)|Richard Bennett]] created the first system dynamics computer modeling language called SIMPLE (Simulation of Industrial Management Problems with Lots of Equations) in the spring of 1958. In 1959, [[Phyllis Fox]] and [[Alexander Pugh]] wrote the first version of [[DYNAMO (programming language)|DYNAMO]] (DYNAmic MOdels), an improved version of SIMPLE, and the system dynamics language became the industry standard for over thirty years. Forrester published the first, and still classic, book in the field titled ''Industrial Dynamics'' in 1961.<ref name ="UDE"/>
During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Forrester and a team of graduate students moved the emerging field of system dynamics from the hand-simulation stage to the formal computer modeling stage. Richard Bennett created the first system dynamics computer modeling language called SIMPLE (Simulation of Industrial Management Problems with Lots of Equations) in the spring of 1958. In 1959, Phyllis Fox and Alexander Pugh wrote the first version of DYNAMO (DYNAmic MOdels), an improved version of SIMPLE, and the system dynamics language became the industry standard for over thirty years. Forrester published the first, and still classic, book in the field titled Industrial Dynamics in 1961.
在20世纪50年代末和60年代初，Forrester 和一个研究生团队将系统动力学的新兴领域从手工仿真阶段转移到正式的计算机建模阶段。1958年春天，Richard Bennett 创造了第一个用于系统动力学建模的计算机语言，叫做 SIMPLE （用大量方程模拟工业管理问题）。1959年，菲利斯 · 福克斯和亚历山大 · 普撰写了第一个版本的Dynamo 。DYNAmic MOdels是 SIMPLE 的改进版本，系统动力学语言成为行业标准已有三十多年。1961年，弗雷斯特出版了第一本书《工业动力学》，该书至今仍然是经典的著作。
The second major noncorporate application of system dynamics came shortly after the first. In 1970, Jay Forrester was invited by the Club of Rome to a meeting in Bern, Switzerland. The Club of Rome is an organization devoted to solving what its members describe as the "predicament of mankind"—that is, the global crisis that may appear sometime in the future, due to the demands being placed on the Earth's carrying capacity (its sources of renewable and nonrenewable resources and its sinks for the disposal of pollutants) by the world's exponentially growing population. At the Bern meeting, Forrester was asked if system dynamics could be used to address the predicament of mankind. His answer, of course, was that it could. On the plane back from the Bern meeting, Forrester created the first draft of a system dynamics model of the world's socioeconomic system. He called this model WORLD1. Upon his return to the United States, Forrester refined WORLD1 in preparation for a visit to MIT by members of the Club of Rome. Forrester called the refined version of the model WORLD2. Forrester published WORLD2 in a book titled World Dynamics.
The second major noncorporate application of system dynamics came shortly after the first. In 1970, Jay Forrester was invited by the Club of Rome to a meeting in Bern, Switzerland. The Club of Rome is an organization devoted to solving what its members describe as the "predicament of mankind"—that is, the global crisis that may appear sometime in the future, due to the demands being placed on the Earth's carrying capacity (its sources of renewable and nonrenewable resources and its sinks for the disposal of pollutants) by the world's exponentially growing population. At the Bern meeting, Forrester was asked if system dynamics could be used to address the predicament of mankind. His answer, of course, was that it could. On the plane back from the Bern meeting, Forrester created the first draft of a system dynamics model of the world's socioeconomic system. He called this model WORLD1. Upon his return to the United States, Forrester refined WORLD1 in preparation for a visit to MIT by members of the Club of Rome. Forrester called the refined version of the model WORLD2. Forrester published WORLD2 in a book titled World Dynamics.
系统动力学的第一个非公司领域的应用出现之后，紧随其后出现了第二个主要的非公司应用。1970年，Jay Forrester 应罗马俱乐部的邀请参加了在瑞士伯尔尼举行的一次会议。罗马俱乐部是一个致力于解决其成员所描述的”人类困境”的组织，即今后某个时候可能出现的全球危机，因为世界人口呈指数增长，对地球的承载能力（可再生和不可再生资源的来源及其处理污染物的汇）提出了要求。在伯尔尼会议上，Forrester 被问及是否可以用系统动力学来解决人类的困境。当然，他的回答是可以。在从伯尔尼会议回来的飞机上，弗雷斯特创建了世界社会经济系统系统动力学模型的初稿。他把这个模型叫做 WORLD1。回到美国后，弗雷斯特精炼了 WORLD1，为罗马俱乐部成员访问麻省理工学院做准备。称这个模型为 WORLD2的改进版本。在一本名为《世界动力学》的书中出版了 WORLD2。
==Topics in systems dynamics==
==Topics in systems dynamics==