763
个编辑
更改
跳到导航
跳到搜索
第50行：
第50行： − + − Computational sociology, as with any field of study, faces a set of challenges.<ref name="MCSS">Conte, Rosaria, et al. "[https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140%252Fepjst%252Fe2012-01697-8.pdf Manifesto of computational social science]." The European Physical Journal Special Topics 214.1 (2012): 325-346.</ref> These challenges need to be handled meaningfully so as to make the maximum impact on society. − − Computational sociology, as with any field of study, faces a set of challenges. These challenges need to be handled meaningfully so as to make the maximum impact on society. − − 计算社会学和其他研究领域一样面临着一系列的挑战。必须有针对性地合理处理这些挑战，才能对社会产生最大的影响。 − Each society that is formed tends to be in one level or the other and there exists tendencies of interactions between and across these levels. Levels need not only be micro-level or macro-level in nature. There can be intermediate levels in which a society exists say - groups, networks, communities etc.<ref name="MCSS" />+ − Each society that is formed tends to be in one level or the other and there exists tendencies of interactions between and across these levels. Levels need not only be micro-level or macro-level in nature. There can be intermediate levels in which a society exists say - groups, networks, communities etc. − − 形成的每个社会都处于某种层次上，并且这些层次之间和跨层次间有相互作用的倾向。社会中的级别不仅可以分为微观或宏观的层次，还可以存在中间的层次，比如群体、网络、社区等。 − − − − The question however arises as to how to identify these levels and how they come into existence? And once they are in existence how do they interact within themselves and with other levels? − − The question however arises as to how to identify these levels and how they come into existence? And once they are in existence how do they interact within themselves and with other levels? + − If we view entities (agents) as nodes and the connections between them as the edges, we see the formation of networks. The connections in these networks do not come about based on just objective relationships between the entities, rather they are decided upon by factors chosen by the participating entities.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Egu´ıluz|first1=V. M.|last2=Zimmermann|first2=M. G.|last3=Cela-Conde|first3=C. J.|last4=San Miguel|first4=M.|title=American Journal of Sociology|issue=2005|pages=110, 977}}</ref> The challenge with this process is that, it is difficult to identify when a set of entities will form a network. These networks may be of trust networks, co-operation networks, dependence networks etc. There have been cases where heterogeneous set of entities have shown to form strong and meaningful networks among themselves.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sichman|first1=J. S.|last2=Conte|first2=R.|title=Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory|issue=2002|pages=8(2)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ehrhardt|first1=G.|last2=Marsili|first2=M.|last3=Vega-Redondo|first3=F.|title=Physical Review E|issue=2006|pages=74(3)}}</ref> − If we view entities (agents) as nodes and the connections between them as the edges, we see the formation of networks. The connections in these networks do not come about based on just objective relationships between the entities, rather they are decided upon by factors chosen by the participating entities. The challenge with this process is that, it is difficult to identify when a set of entities will form a network. These networks may be of trust networks, co-operation networks, dependence networks etc. There have been cases where heterogeneous set of entities have shown to form strong and meaningful networks among themselves.+ − 如果我们把'''实体 Entities'''（'''主体 Agents'''）看作节点，把它们之间的连接看作边，我们就看到了网络的形成。这些网络中的连接并非只是基于实体之间的客观关系，而是由实体选择的因素决定的。这个过程的困难之处在于，很难确定一组实体何时形成网络。这些网络可以是信任网络、合作网络、依赖网络等。在一些情况下，异质的实体集在它们之间形成了强大而有意义的网络。 − − − − As discussed previously, societies fall into levels and in one such level, the individual level, a micro-macro link<ref>Billari, Francesco C. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Tc8iL0b-OycC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22Agent-based+computational+modelling:+applications+in+demography,+social,+economic+and+environmental+sciences%22&ots=6MNVK7JP-e&sig=-o_iS9zCK3r-t1eHn3554UVadUs Agent-based computational modelling: applications in demography, social, economic and environmental sciences]. Taylor & Francis, 2006.</ref> refers to the interactions which create higher-levels. There are a set of questions that needs to be answered regarding these Micro-Macro links. How they are formed? When do they converge? What is the feedback pushed to the lower levels and how are they pushed? − − As discussed previously, societies fall into levels and in one such level, the individual level, a micro-macro link refers to the interactions which create higher-levels. There are a set of questions that needs to be answered regarding these Micro-Macro links. How they are formed? When do they converge? What is the feedback pushed to the lower levels and how are they pushed? − − 正如前面所讨论的，社会分为不同层次。在其中的一个层次：个体层次中，'''微观-宏观联系 Micro-macro Link'''指的是创造更高层次的相互作用。关于微观-宏观链接有一系列问题等待回答。它们是如何形成的？它们什么时候汇聚？什么反馈被推到了较低的层次，以及它们是如何被推到较低层次的？ − − − Another major challenge in this category concerns the validity of information and their sources. In recent years there has been a boom in information gathering and processing. However, little attention was paid to the spread of false information between the societies. Tracing back the sources and finding ownership of such information is difficult. − − Another major challenge in this category concerns the validity of information and their sources. In recent years there has been a boom in information gathering and processing. However, little attention was paid to the spread of false information between the societies. Tracing back the sources and finding ownership of such information is difficult. 第101行：
第73行： − The evolution of the networks and levels in the society brings about cultural diversity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Centola|first1=D.|last2=Gonz´alez-Avella|first2=J. C.|last3=Egu´ıluz|first3=V. M.|last4=San Miguel|first4=M.|title=Journal of Conflict Resolution|issue=2007|pages=51}}</ref> A thought which arises however is that, when people tend to interact and become more accepting of other cultures and beliefs, how is it that diversity still persists? Why is there no convergence? A major challenge is how to model these diversities. Are there external factors like mass media, locality of societies etc. which influence the evolution or persistence of cultural diversities?{{Citation needed|reason=Sounds just like personal thoughts|date=May 2017}}+ − − The evolution of the networks and levels in the society brings about cultural diversity. A thought which arises however is that, when people tend to interact and become more accepting of other cultures and beliefs, how is it that diversity still persists? Why is there no convergence? A major challenge is how to model these diversities. Are there external factors like mass media, locality of societies etc. which influence the evolution or persistence of cultural diversities? − − 社会网络和层次的演变带来了文化的多样性。然而人们会想，当人们倾向于相互作用，变得更能接受其他文化和信仰时，为什么多样性仍然存在？为什么人们没有趋同？一个主要的挑战是如何为这些多样性建立模型。是否存在大众传媒、社会地域性等外部因素，这些因素影响文化多样性的演化或保持？ − − − − Any study or modelling when combined with experimentation needs to be able to address the questions being asked. [[Computational social science]] deals with large scale data and the challenge becomes much more evident as the scale grows. How would one design informative simulations on a large scale? And even if a large scale simulation is brought up, how is the evaluation supposed to be performed? − − Any study or modelling when combined with experimentation needs to be able to address the questions being asked. Computational social science deals with large scale data and the challenge becomes much more evident as the scale grows. How would one design informative simulations on a large scale? And even if a large scale simulation is brought up, how is the evaluation supposed to be performed? − − − Another challenge is identifying the models that would best fit the data and the complexities of these models. These models would help us predict how societies might evolve over time and provide possible explanations on how things work.<ref>Weisberg, Michael. [http://www.academia.edu/download/30604870/lessmorefinal.pdf When less is more: Tradeoffs and idealization in model building]. Diss. Stanford University, 2003.</ref>+ − − Another challenge is identifying the models that would best fit the data and the complexities of these models. These models would help us predict how societies might evolve over time and provide possible explanations on how things work. − − 另一个挑战是确定最适合数据的模型，以及最合适的'''模型复杂性 Model Complexities'''。这些模型将帮助我们预测随着时间的推移社会将如何演变，并为事物如何运动和变化提供可能的解释。 第131行：
第87行： − + − − Generative models helps us to perform extensive qualitative analysis in a controlled fashion. A model proposed by Epstein, is the agent-based simulation, which talks about identifying an initial set of heterogeneous entities (agents) and observe their evolution and growth based on simple local rules. − − '''生成模型 Generative Models'''帮助我们以一种受控的方式进行广泛的定性分析。'''爱泼斯坦 Epstein'''提出的一个基于主体的模型，就是探讨如何识别异质实体(主体)的'''初始集 Initial Set'''，并观察它们基于简单的局部规则带来的演化和增长。 − − − − But what are these local rules? How does one identify them for a set of heterogeneous agents? Evaluation and impact of these rules state a whole new set of difficulties. − But what are these local rules? How does one identify them for a set of heterogeneous agents? Evaluation and impact of these rules state a whole new set of difficulties. 第148行：
第95行： − − Integrating simple models which perform better on individual tasks to form a Hybrid model is an approach that can be looked into{{Citation needed|reason=unsupported claims|date=May 2017}}. These models can offer better performance and understanding of the data. However the trade-off of identifying and having a deep understanding of the interactions between these simple models arises when one needs to come up with one combined, well performing model. Also, coming up with tools and applications to help analyse and visualize the data based on these hybrid models is another added challenge. − − Integrating simple models which perform better on individual tasks to form a Hybrid model is an approach that can be looked into. These models can offer better performance and understanding of the data. However the trade-off of identifying and having a deep understanding of the interactions between these simple models arises when one needs to come up with one combined, well performing model. Also, coming up with tools and applications to help analyse and visualize the data based on these hybrid models is another added challenge.
→挑战
==挑战==
==挑战==
计算社会学和其他研究领域一样面临着一系列的挑战。<ref name="MCSS">Conte, Rosaria, et al. "[https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140%252Fepjst%252Fe2012-01697-8.pdf Manifesto of computational social science]." The European Physical Journal Special Topics 214.1 (2012): 325-346.</ref> 必须有针对性地合理处理这些挑战，才能对社会产生最大的影响。
===层级和层级的交互关系===
===层级和层级的交互关系===
形成的每个社会都处于某种层次上，并且这些层次之间和跨层次间有相互作用的倾向。社会中的级别不仅可以分为微观或宏观的层次，还可以存在中间的层次，比如群体、网络、社区等。<ref name="MCSS" />
然而问题是，这些层次是如何确定的以及如何产生的？并且，一旦它们产生了，它们如何在自身内部以及与其他层次相互作用？
然而问题是，这些层次是如何确定的以及如何产生的？并且，一旦它们产生了，它们如何在自身内部以及与其他层次相互作用？
如果我们把'''实体 Entities'''（主体 Agents）看作节点，把它们之间的连接看作边，我们就看到了网络的形成。这些网络中的连接并非只是基于实体之间的客观关系，而是由实体选择的因素决定的。.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Egu´ıluz|first1=V. M.|last2=Zimmermann|first2=M. G.|last3=Cela-Conde|first3=C. J.|last4=San Miguel|first4=M.|title=American Journal of Sociology|issue=2005|pages=110, 977}}</ref>这个过程的困难之处在于，很难确定一组实体何时形成网络。这些网络可以是信任网络、合作网络、依赖网络等。在一些情况下，异质的实体集在它们之间形成了强大而有意义的网络。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sichman|first1=J. S.|last2=Conte|first2=R.|title=Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory|issue=2002|pages=8(2)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ehrhardt|first1=G.|last2=Marsili|first2=M.|last3=Vega-Redondo|first3=F.|title=Physical Review E|issue=2006|pages=74(3)}}</ref>
正如前面所讨论的，社会分为不同层次。在其中的一个层次：个体层次中，'''微观-宏观联系 Micro-macro Link'''<ref>Billari, Francesco C. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Tc8iL0b-OycC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=%22Agent-based+computational+modelling:+applications+in+demography,+social,+economic+and+environmental+sciences%22&ots=6MNVK7JP-e&sig=-o_iS9zCK3r-t1eHn3554UVadUs Agent-based computational modelling: applications in demography, social, economic and environmental sciences]. Taylor & Francis, 2006.</ref> 指的是创造更高层次的相互作用。关于微观-宏观链接有一系列问题等待回答。它们是如何形成的？它们什么时候汇聚？什么反馈被推到了较低的层次，以及它们是如何被推到较低层次的？
这一分类的另一个主要挑战涉及信息的有效性及其来源。近年来，信息收集和处理有着蓬勃的发展。但人们很少注意到社会之间虚假信息的传播。追溯资料来源并找到这些资料的所有者是很困难的。
这一分类的另一个主要挑战涉及信息的有效性及其来源。近年来，信息收集和处理有着蓬勃的发展。但人们很少注意到社会之间虚假信息的传播。追溯资料来源并找到这些资料的所有者是很困难的。
===文化建模===
===文化建模===
社会网络和层次的演变带来了文化的多样性。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Centola|first1=D.|last2=Gonz´alez-Avella|first2=J. C.|last3=Egu´ıluz|first3=V. M.|last4=San Miguel|first4=M.|title=Journal of Conflict Resolution|issue=2007|pages=51}}</ref> 然而人们会想，当人们倾向于相互作用，变得更能接受其他文化和信仰时，为什么多样性仍然存在？为什么人们没有趋同？一个主要的挑战是如何为这些多样性建立模型。是否存在大众传媒、社会地域性等外部因素，这些因素影响文化多样性的演化或保持？{Citation needed|reason=Sounds just like personal thoughts|date=May 2017}}
===实验和评估===
===实验和评估===
任何与实验结合的研究或建模都需要能够解决所提出的问题。计算社会科学处理大规模数据，并且数据规模越大建模的挑战就越明显。如何在一个大规模的数据集里设计信息仿真模型？并且，即使提出了一个大规模的仿真模型，应该如何对它进行评估？
任何与实验结合的研究或建模都需要能够解决所提出的问题。计算社会科学处理大规模数据，并且数据规模越大建模的挑战就越明显。如何在一个大规模的数据集里设计信息仿真模型？并且，即使提出了一个大规模的仿真模型，应该如何对它进行评估？
===模型选择和模型复杂性===
===模型选择和模型复杂性===
另一个挑战是确定最适合数据的模型，以及最合适的'''模型复杂性 Model Complexities'''。这些模型将帮助我们预测随着时间的推移社会将如何演变，并为事物如何运动和变化提供可能的解释。<ref>Weisberg, Michael. [http://www.academia.edu/download/30604870/lessmorefinal.pdf When less is more: Tradeoffs and idealization in model building]. Diss. Stanford University, 2003.</ref>
====生成模型====
====生成模型====
Generative models helps us to perform extensive qualitative analysis in a controlled fashion. A model proposed by Epstein, is the agent-based simulation, which talks about identifying an initial set of heterogeneous entities (agents) and observe their evolution and growth based on simple local rules.<ref>Epstein, Joshua M. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eric_Jones14/publication/283615593_Book_Review_-_Generative_Social_Science_Studies_in_Agent-Based_Computational_Modeling/links/5641398808aebaaea1f70216.pdf Generative social science: Studies in agent-based computational modeling]. Princeton University Press, 2006.</ref>
'''生成模型 Generative Models'''帮助我们以一种受控的方式进行广泛的定性分析。爱泼斯坦 Epstein提出的一个基于主体的模型，就是探讨如何识别异质实体(主体)的初始集 Initial Set，并观察它们基于简单的局部规则带来的演化和增长。<ref>Epstein, Joshua M. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eric_Jones14/publication/283615593_Book_Review_-_Generative_Social_Science_Studies_in_Agent-Based_Computational_Modeling/links/5641398808aebaaea1f70216.pdf Generative social science: Studies in agent-based computational modeling]. Princeton University Press, 2006.</ref>
但是这些局部规则是什么呢？如何识别一组异质实体？这些规则的评估和影响都是新出现的困难之处。
但是这些局部规则是什么呢？如何识别一组异质实体？这些规则的评估和影响都是新出现的困难之处。
====异质模型和组合模型====
====异质模型和组合模型====
集成在单个任务中表现良好的简单模型并形成'''混合模型 Hybrid model'''是一种可以继续考虑的方法。这些模型有更好的性能并可以对数据提供更好的理解。然而，当需要提出一个整合的、性能良好的模型时，识别简单模型和深入理解模型之间相互作用的权衡问题就出现了。此外，另一个挑战是开发工具和应用程序来帮助分析和可视化基于这些混合模型的数据。
集成在单个任务中表现良好的简单模型并形成'''混合模型 Hybrid model'''是一种可以继续考虑的方法。这些模型有更好的性能并可以对数据提供更好的理解。然而，当需要提出一个整合的、性能良好的模型时，识别简单模型和深入理解模型之间相互作用的权衡问题就出现了。此外，另一个挑战是开发工具和应用程序来帮助分析和可视化基于这些混合模型的数据。