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第33行：
第33行： − 灵长类动物学家指出，由于灵长类动物具有高度的社会性，它们必须通过社交梳理来保持与社交团体其他成员的个人关系。由此形成的社会群体可以看作是具有防卫集团的作用，灵长类动物就生存在这样的防卫集团中。灵长类动物可以追踪到的社交团体成员的数量，似乎受到新皮层体积的限制。这表明，有一个特定的社会群体规模指数，可以根据该物种的平均新皮层体积进行计算。+ 第40行：
第40行： − 1992年，邓巴利用观察到的非人灵长类动物的相关数据来预测人类的社会群体大小。利用38个灵长类属的数据回归方程，邓巴预测人类的“平均群体大小”为148(通常四舍五入到150) ，由于误差很大(95% 的置信区间为100到230)，他认为这个结果是可探索的。+ 第68行：
第68行： − 邓巴在《修辞，蜚语及语言进化 Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language》一书中进一步提出，语言可能作为社交梳理的“廉价”手段而出现，从而使早期人类能够有效地保持社交凝聚力。邓巴推测，如果没有语言，人类将不得不花费近一半的时间进行社交梳理，这将使富有成效的合作努力几乎成为不可能。语言可以使社会保持凝聚力，同时减少对身体和社会亲密感的需求。社会大脑假说的数学表述证实了这一结果，该理论表明，如果没有语言所允许的那种复杂交流，仅增加大脑的尺寸是不可能导致庞大的群体的形成。+
→Research background 研究背景
Primatologists have noted that, due to their highly social nature, primates must maintain personal contact with the other members of their social group, usually through social grooming. Such social groups function as protective cliques within the physical groups in which the primates live. The number of social group members a primate can track appears to be limited by the volume of the neocortex. This suggests that there is a species-specific index of the social group size, computable from the species' mean neocortical volume.
Primatologists have noted that, due to their highly social nature, primates must maintain personal contact with the other members of their social group, usually through social grooming. Such social groups function as protective cliques within the physical groups in which the primates live. The number of social group members a primate can track appears to be limited by the volume of the neocortex. This suggests that there is a species-specific index of the social group size, computable from the species' mean neocortical volume.
灵长类动物学家注意到，由于灵长类动物具有高度的社会性，它们必须通过社会化理毛来保持与社交团体中其他成员的个人联系。这些社交团体在灵长类动物生存的物理群体中起保护作用。灵长类动物可以追踪到的社交团体成员的数量，似乎受到新皮层体积的限制。这表明，社会群体的规模有一个特定于物种的指数，可以根据该物种的平均新皮层体积来计算。
In 1992, Dunbar used the correlation observed for non-human primates to predict a social group size for humans. Using a regression equation on data for 38 primate genera, Dunbar predicted a human "mean group size" of 148 (casually rounded to 150), a result he considered exploratory due to the large error measure (a 95% confidence interval of 100 to 230).
In 1992, Dunbar used the correlation observed for non-human primates to predict a social group size for humans. Using a regression equation on data for 38 primate genera, Dunbar predicted a human "mean group size" of 148 (casually rounded to 150), a result he considered exploratory due to the large error measure (a 95% confidence interval of 100 to 230).
1992年，邓巴利用观察到的非人灵长类动物的相关数据来预测人类的社会群体规模。利用38个灵长类属的数据回归方程，邓巴预测人类的“平均群体大小”为148人(四舍五入为150人) ，由于误差较大(95% 置信区间为100到230)，邓巴认为这是一个探索性的结果。
Dunbar, in Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language, proposes furthermore that language may have arisen as a "cheap" means of social grooming, allowing early humans to maintain social cohesion efficiently. Without language, Dunbar speculates, humans would have to expend nearly half their time on social grooming, which would have made productive, cooperative effort nearly impossible. Language may have allowed societies to remain cohesive, while reducing the need for physical and social intimacy. This result is confirmed by the mathematical formulation of the social brain hypothesis, that showed that it is unlikely that increased brain size would have led to large groups without the kind of complex communication that only language allows.
Dunbar, in Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language, proposes furthermore that language may have arisen as a "cheap" means of social grooming, allowing early humans to maintain social cohesion efficiently. Without language, Dunbar speculates, humans would have to expend nearly half their time on social grooming, which would have made productive, cooperative effort nearly impossible. Language may have allowed societies to remain cohesive, while reducing the need for physical and social intimacy. This result is confirmed by the mathematical formulation of the social brain hypothesis, that showed that it is unlikely that increased brain size would have led to large groups without the kind of complex communication that only language allows.
邓巴在《梳毛、八卦及语言的进化 Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language》一书中进一步提出，语言可能作为社交梳理的“廉价”手段而出现，从而使早期人类能够有效地保持社交凝聚力。邓巴推测，如果没有语言，人类将不得不花费近一半的时间进行社交梳理，这将使富有成效的合作努力几乎成为不可能。语言可以使社会保持凝聚力，同时减少对身体和社会亲密感的需求。社会大脑假说的数学表述证实了这一结果，该理论表明，如果没有语言所允许的那种复杂交流，仅增加大脑的尺寸是不可能导致庞大的群体的形成。
== Applications 应用 ==
== Applications 应用 ==