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→Applications
==Applications==
==Applications==
应用
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been successfully applied to describe biological processes such as [[protein folding]]/unfolding and [[membrane transport|transport through membranes]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kimizuka |first1=Hideo |last2=Kaibara |first2=Kozue |title=Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of ion transport through membranes |journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science |date=September 1975 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=516–525 |doi=10.1016/0021-9797(75)90276-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baranowski |first1=B. |title=Non-equilibrium thermodynamics as applied to membrane transport |journal=Journal of Membrane Science |date=April 1991 |volume=57 |issue=2–3 |pages=119–159 |doi=10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80675-4}}</ref>
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been successfully applied to describe biological processes such as [[protein folding]]/unfolding and [[membrane transport|transport through membranes]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kimizuka |first1=Hideo |last2=Kaibara |first2=Kozue |title=Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of ion transport through membranes |journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science |date=September 1975 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=516–525 |doi=10.1016/0021-9797(75)90276-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baranowski |first1=B. |title=Non-equilibrium thermodynamics as applied to membrane transport |journal=Journal of Membrane Science |date=April 1991 |volume=57 |issue=2–3 |pages=119–159 |doi=10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80675-4}}</ref>
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been successfully applied to describe biological processes such as protein folding/unfolding and transport through membranes.
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics has been successfully applied to describe biological processes such as protein folding/unfolding and transport through membranes.
非平衡态热力学已成功地应用于描述蛋白质折叠/去折叠和通过膜转运等生物学过程。
非平衡态热力学已成功地应用于描述蛋白质折叠/展开和膜转运等生物学过程。
It is also used to give a description of the dynamics of nanoparticles, which can be out of equilibrium in systems where catalysis and electrochemical conversion is involved.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bazant |first1=Martin Z. |title=Theory of Chemical Kinetics and Charge Transfer based on Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics |journal=Accounts of Chemical Research |date=22 March 2013 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=1144–1160 |doi=10.1021/ar300145c|pmid=23520980 |arxiv=1208.1587 }}</ref>
It is also used to give a description of the dynamics of nanoparticles, which can be out of equilibrium in systems where catalysis and electrochemical conversion is involved.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bazant |first1=Martin Z. |title=Theory of Chemical Kinetics and Charge Transfer based on Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics |journal=Accounts of Chemical Research |date=22 March 2013 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=1144–1160 |doi=10.1021/ar300145c|pmid=23520980 |arxiv=1208.1587 }}</ref>
It is also used to give a description of the dynamics of nanoparticles, which can be out of equilibrium in systems where catalysis and electrochemical conversion is involved.
It is also used to give a description of the dynamics of nanoparticles, which can be out of equilibrium in systems where catalysis and electrochemical conversion is involved.
它也被用来描述纳米颗粒的动力学，在涉及催化和电化学转化的系统中，纳米颗粒可以远离热力学平衡。
Also, ideas from non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the informatic theory of entropy have been adapted to describe general economic systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Econodynamics. The Theory of Social Production.|last = Pokrovskii|first = Vladimir|publisher = Springer, Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London-New York.|year = 2011|isbn = |location = https://www.springer.com/physics/complexity/book/978-94-007-2095-4|pages = }}</ref>
Also, ideas from non-equilibrium thermodynamics and the informatic theory of entropy have been adapted to describe general economic systems.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Econodynamics. The Theory of Social Production.|last = Pokrovskii|first = Vladimir|publisher = Springer, Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London-New York.|year = 2011|isbn = |location = https://www.springer.com/physics/complexity/book/978-94-007-2095-4|pages = }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Unity of Science and Economics: A New Foundation of Economic Theory|last = Chen|first = Jing|publisher = Springer|year = 2015|isbn = |location = https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781493934645|pages = }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Unity of Science and Economics: A New Foundation of Economic Theory|last = Chen|first = Jing|publisher = Springer|year = 2015|isbn = |location = https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781493934645|pages = }}</ref>
==See also==
==See also==