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第410行：
第410行： − 警察、国民警卫队、军队甚至志愿者等应急小组都必须接受某种形式的人群控制培训。运用研究过的人类在群体中的行为原则，可以给灾难训练设计者提供更多的元素来创造真实的模拟灾难。在恐慌和非恐慌情况下可以观察到群体行为。当自然和非自然的事件将社会理想抛入扭曲的混乱局面，比如9 / 11和飓风卡特里娜事件，人类的社会能力就真正接受了考验。军事项目更倾向于模拟训练，包括应急反应，因为他们的成本效益高的技术，以及如何有效的学习可以转移到现实世界。许多事件一开始可能受到控制，但后来发展成为灾难性的情况，需要当场做出决定。正是在这些情况下，人群的动态理解将发挥重要作用，以减少潜在的无政府状态。+ 第418行：
第418行： − 群体的建模技术从整体或网络的方法，以了解个人或行为方面的每个主体不同。例如，社会力量模型描述了个体在社会互动和身体互动之间寻求平衡的需求。一种结合了这两个方面，并且能够根据情况进行调整的方法，将更好地描述自然的人类行为，总是包含一些不可预测性的措施。随着多智能体模型的使用，理解这些复杂的行为已经成为一个更容易理解的任务。使用这种类型的软件，系统现在可以在极端条件下进行测试，并在几秒钟内模拟长时间的条件。+ 第426行：
第426行： − 在某些情况下，非人类动物群体的行为可以作为群体行为的实验模型。人们发现，在有限的出口通道的密闭空间里，蚂蚁暴露在令人反感的化学物质中时的惊慌行为，与同等的人类行为既有相似之处，也有不同之处。+ − +
→here： 翻译1
Emergency response teams such as policemen, the National Guard, military and even volunteers must undergo some type of crowd control training. Using researched principles of human behavior in crowds can give disaster training designers more elements to incorporate to create realistic simulated disasters. Crowd behavior can be observed during panic and non-panic conditions. When natural and unnatural events toss social ideals into a twisting chaotic bind, such as the events of 9/11 and hurricane Katrina, humanity's social capabilities are truly put to the test. Military programs are looking more towards simulated training, involving emergency responses, due to their cost-effective technology as well as how effective the learning can be transferred to the real world. Many events that may start out controlled can have a twisting event that turns them into catastrophic situations, where decisions need to be made on the spot. It is these situations in which crowd dynamical understanding would play a vital role in reducing the potential for anarchy.
Emergency response teams such as policemen, the National Guard, military and even volunteers must undergo some type of crowd control training. Using researched principles of human behavior in crowds can give disaster training designers more elements to incorporate to create realistic simulated disasters. Crowd behavior can be observed during panic and non-panic conditions. When natural and unnatural events toss social ideals into a twisting chaotic bind, such as the events of 9/11 and hurricane Katrina, humanity's social capabilities are truly put to the test. Military programs are looking more towards simulated training, involving emergency responses, due to their cost-effective technology as well as how effective the learning can be transferred to the real world. Many events that may start out controlled can have a twisting event that turns them into catastrophic situations, where decisions need to be made on the spot. It is these situations in which crowd dynamical understanding would play a vital role in reducing the potential for anarchy.
警察、国民警卫队、军队甚至志愿者等应急反应小组都必须接受某种形式的人群控制培训。运用研究出的群体中人类的行为原则，灾难训练设计者可以有更多元素来创造更逼真的模拟灾难。在恐慌和非恐慌情况下可以观察到群体行为。当自然和非自然的事件将社会理想状况抛入到扭曲和混乱的局面，比如“911”和飓风卡特里娜事件时，人类的社会能力就在真正地接受考验。军事项目更倾向于以模拟形式进行的训练和应急反应，因为它们是成本低效益高的技术，并且能够有效地将所学转移到现实世界。许多事件一开始可能受到控制，但后来反转地发展成为灾难性情况，因此需要当场做出决定。正是在这些情况下，对人群的动态理解将发挥重要作用，以减少出现无组织状态出现的可能性。
Modeling techniques of crowds vary from holistic or network approaches to understanding individualistic or behavioral aspects of each agent. For example, the Social Force Model describes a need for individuals to find a balance between social interaction and physical interaction. An approach that incorporates both aspects, and is able to adapt depending on the situation, would better describe natural human behavior, always incorporating some measure of unpredictability. With the use of multi-agent models understanding these complex behaviors has become a much more comprehensible task. With the use of this type of software, systems can now be tested under extreme conditions, and simulate conditions over long periods of time in the matter of seconds.
Modeling techniques of crowds vary from holistic or network approaches to understanding individualistic or behavioral aspects of each agent. For example, the Social Force Model describes a need for individuals to find a balance between social interaction and physical interaction. An approach that incorporates both aspects, and is able to adapt depending on the situation, would better describe natural human behavior, always incorporating some measure of unpredictability. With the use of multi-agent models understanding these complex behaviors has become a much more comprehensible task. With the use of this type of software, systems can now be tested under extreme conditions, and simulate conditions over long periods of time in the matter of seconds.
群体的建模技术在层次上有所不同，包括理解整体或网络，也包括了解个人或行为方面的每个主体等。例如，'''社会力量模型 Social Force Model'''描述了个体在社会互动和物理互动之间寻求平衡的需求。一种结合了这两个方面，并且能够根据具体情境进行调整的方法，将更好地描述自然的人类行为，并总是包含一些对不可预测性的测量。随着多主体模型的使用，理解这些复杂的行为已经成为一个更容易理解的任务。利用这种类型的软件，现在研究人员可以在极端条件下测试系统，也可以在几秒钟内模拟长期的情况变化。
In some situations, the behavior of swarms of non-human animals can be used as an experimental model of crowd behavior. The panic behavior of ants when exposed to a repellent chemical in a confined space with limited exit routes has been found to have both similarities and differences to equivalent human behavior.
In some situations, the behavior of swarms of non-human animals can be used as an experimental model of crowd behavior. The panic behavior of ants when exposed to a repellent chemical in a confined space with limited exit routes has been found to have both similarities and differences to equivalent human behavior.
在某些情况下，非人类动物群体的行为可以作为群体行为的一个实验模型。人们发现，蚂蚁在出口有限且封闭的空间里暴露于令人反感的化学物质中时产生的惊慌行为，与同等情况的人类行为既有相似之处，也有不同之处。
=== Modeling individual behaviors ===
=== Modeling individual behaviors 个体行为建模===
Helbing proposed a model based on physics using a particle system and socio-psychological forces in order to describe human crowd behavior in panic situation, this is now called the Helbing Model. His work is based on how the average person would react in a certain situation. Although this is a good model, there are always different types of people present in the crowd and they each have their own individual characteristics as well as how they act in a group structure. For instance, one person may not react to a panic situation, while another may stops walking and interfere in the crowd dynamics as a whole. Furthermore, depending on the group structure, the individual action can change because the agent is part of a group, for example, returning to a dangerous place in order to rescue a member of that group. Helbing's model can be generalized incorporating individualism, as proposed by Braun, Musse, Oliveira and Bodmann.<ref name=":0" />
Helbing proposed a model based on physics using a particle system and socio-psychological forces in order to describe human crowd behavior in panic situation, this is now called the Helbing Model. His work is based on how the average person would react in a certain situation. Although this is a good model, there are always different types of people present in the crowd and they each have their own individual characteristics as well as how they act in a group structure. For instance, one person may not react to a panic situation, while another may stops walking and interfere in the crowd dynamics as a whole. Furthermore, depending on the group structure, the individual action can change because the agent is part of a group, for example, returning to a dangerous place in order to rescue a member of that group. Helbing's model can be generalized incorporating individualism, as proposed by Braun, Musse, Oliveira and Bodmann.<ref name=":0" />