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Also it is assumed that the local entropy density is the same function of the other local intensive variables as in equilibrium; this is called the local thermodynamic equilibrium assumption (see also Keizer (1987)). Radiation is ignored because it is transfer of energy between regions, which can be remote from one another. In the classical irreversible thermodynamic approach, there is allowed very small spatial variation, from very small volume element to adjacent very small volume element, but it is assumed that the global entropy of the system can be found by simple spatial integration of the local entropy density; this means that spatial structure cannot contribute as it properly should to the global entropy assessment for the system. This approach assumes spatial and temporal continuity and even differentiability of locally defined intensive variables such as temperature and internal energy density. All of these are very stringent demands. Consequently, this approach can deal with only a very limited range of phenomena. This approach is nevertheless valuable because it can deal well with some macroscopically observable phenomena.

Also it is assumed that the local entropy density is the same function of the other local intensive variables as in equilibrium; this is called the local thermodynamic equilibrium assumption (see also Keizer (1987)). Radiation is ignored because it is transfer of energy between regions, which can be remote from one another. In the classical irreversible thermodynamic approach, there is allowed very small spatial variation, from very small volume element to adjacent very small volume element, but it is assumed that the global entropy of the system can be found by simple spatial integration of the local entropy density; this means that spatial structure cannot contribute as it properly should to the global entropy assessment for the system. This approach assumes spatial and temporal continuity and even differentiability of locally defined intensive variables such as temperature and internal energy density. All of these are very stringent demands. Consequently, this approach can deal with only a very limited range of phenomena. This approach is nevertheless valuable because it can deal well with some macroscopically observable phenomena.

同时假设局部熵密度与其他局部强度量的函数关系和平衡态相同，这被称为局部热力学平衡假设(参见 Keizer (1987))。辐射可以被忽略，因为它是能量在区域之间的转移，而区域之间可以相互远离。在经典的不可逆热力学方法中，允许从微小体积元到相邻的微小的体积元有非常小的空间变化，但是假定系统的总熵可以通过简单的局部熵密度的空间积分得到，这意味着空间结构不能对系统的总熵作出贡献。这种方法假设空间和时间的连续性，甚至假设局部定义的强度量是可微的，如温度和内部能量密度。所有这些假设都是非常严格的要求。因此，这种方法只能处理非常有限范围的现象。然而这种方法是有价值的，因为它可以很好地处理一些宏观上可观察到的现象。

同时假设局部熵密度与其他局部强度量的函数关系和平衡态相同，这被称为局部热力学平衡假设(参见 Keizer (1987))。辐射可以被忽略，因为它是能量在区域之间的转移，而区域之间可以相互远离。在经典不可逆热力学的方法中，允许从微小体积元到相邻的微小的体积元有非常小的空间变化，但是假定系统的总熵可以通过简单的局部熵密度的空间积分得到，这意味着空间结构不能对系统的总熵作出贡献。这种方法假设空间和时间的连续性，甚至假设局部定义的强度量是可微的，如温度和内部能量密度。所有这些假设都是非常严格的要求。因此，这种方法只能处理范围非常有限的现象。然而这种方法是有价值的，因为它可以很好地处理一些宏观上可观察到的现象。

In other writings, local flow variables are considered; these might be considered as classical by analogy with the time-invariant long-term time-averages of flows produced by endlessly repeated cyclic processes; examples with flows are in the thermoelectric phenomena known as the Seebeck and the Peltier effects, considered by Kelvin in the nineteenth century and by Lars Onsager in the twentieth. These effects occur at metal junctions, which were originally effectively treated as two-dimensional surfaces, with no spatial volume, and no spatial variation.

In other writings, local flow variables are considered; these might be considered as classical by analogy with the time-invariant long-term time-averages of flows produced by endlessly repeated cyclic processes; examples with flows are in the thermoelectric phenomena known as the Seebeck and the Peltier effects, considered by Kelvin in the nineteenth century and by Lars Onsager in the twentieth. These effects occur at metal junctions, which were originally effectively treated as two-dimensional surfaces, with no spatial volume, and no spatial variation.

在其他著作中，考虑了局部流变量; 这些可以被认为是经典的，类比于由无休止的重复循环过程产生的流动的时间不变的长期时间平均值; 有关流动的例子是被称为 Seebeck 和 Peltier 效应的热电现象，开尔文在十九世纪以及拉斯昂萨格尔在二十世纪考虑了这一现象。这些效应发生在金属连接处，最初被有效地处理为二维表面，没有空间体积，也没有空间变化。

在其他著作中，考虑了局部流变量; 这些可以被认为是经典的，类比于由无休止的重复循环过程产生的流动的时间不变的长期时间平均值; 有关流动的例子是被称为 Seebeck 和 Peltier 效应的热电现象，开尔文在十九世纪以及拉斯昂萨格在二十世纪考虑了这一现象。这些效应发生在金属连接处，最初被有效地处理为二维表面，没有空间体积，也没有空间变化。

A further extension of local equilibrium thermodynamics is to allow that materials may have "memory", so that their constitutive equations depend not only on present values but also on past values of local equilibrium variables. Thus time comes into the picture more deeply than for time-dependent local equilibrium thermodynamics with memoryless materials, but fluxes are not independent variables of state.

A further extension of local equilibrium thermodynamics is to allow that materials may have "memory", so that their constitutive equations depend not only on present values but also on past values of local equilibrium variables. Thus time comes into the picture more deeply than for time-dependent local equilibrium thermodynamics with memoryless materials, but fluxes are not independent variables of state.

===Extended irreversible thermodynamics===

===Extended irreversible thermodynamics===