更改

In 1974, Baddeley and Hitch introduced the multicomponent model of working memory. The theory proposed a model containing three components: the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad with the central executive functioning as a control center of sorts, directing info between the phonological and visuospatial components. The central executive is responsible for, among other things, directing attention to relevant information, suppressing irrelevant information and inappropriate actions, and coordinating cognitive processes when more than one task is simultaneously performed. A "central executive" is responsible for supervising the integration of information and for coordinating subordinate systems responsible for the short-term maintenance of information. One subordinate system, the phonological loop (PL), stores phonological information (that is, the sound of language) and prevents its decay by continuously refreshing it in a rehearsal loop. It can, for example, maintain a seven-digit telephone number for as long as one repeats the number to oneself again and again. The other subordinate system, the visuospatial sketchpad, stores visual and spatial information. It can be used, for example, for constructing and manipulating visual images and for representing mental maps. The sketchpad can be further broken down into a visual subsystem (dealing with such phenomena as shape, colour, and texture), and a spatial subsystem (dealing with location).

In 1974, Baddeley and Hitch introduced the multicomponent model of working memory. The theory proposed a model containing three components: the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad with the central executive functioning as a control center of sorts, directing info between the phonological and visuospatial components. The central executive is responsible for, among other things, directing attention to relevant information, suppressing irrelevant information and inappropriate actions, and coordinating cognitive processes when more than one task is simultaneously performed. A "central executive" is responsible for supervising the integration of information and for coordinating subordinate systems responsible for the short-term maintenance of information. One subordinate system, the phonological loop (PL), stores phonological information (that is, the sound of language) and prevents its decay by continuously refreshing it in a rehearsal loop. It can, for example, maintain a seven-digit telephone number for as long as one repeats the number to oneself again and again. The other subordinate system, the visuospatial sketchpad, stores visual and spatial information. It can be used, for example, for constructing and manipulating visual images and for representing mental maps. The sketchpad can be further broken down into a visual subsystem (dealing with such phenomena as shape, colour, and texture), and a spatial subsystem (dealing with location).

 

 

2000年，巴德利 Baddeley 增加了第四个组件——清净缓冲区扩展了该模型。情景缓冲区包含并一体化地描述语音、视觉、空间信息，及可能未被子系统涵盖的信息（例如语义、音乐）。情景缓冲区也是工作记忆和长期记忆之间的枢纽。该组件的基本假设是把信息绑定到单一情节表示，因此是情节性的。情景缓冲区与图尔文 Tulving的情形记忆的概念类似，不同之处在于情景缓冲区是临时存储。

2000年，巴德利 Baddeley 增加了第四个组件——清净缓冲区扩展了该模型。情景缓冲区包含并一体化地描述语音、视觉、空间信息，及可能未被子系统涵盖的信息（例如语义、音乐）。情景缓冲区也是工作记忆和长期记忆之间的枢纽。该组件的基本假设是把信息绑定到单一情节表示，因此是情节性的。情景缓冲区与图尔文 Tulving的情形记忆的概念类似，不同之处在于情景缓冲区是临时存储。

}}Anders Ericsson and Walter Kintsch have introduced the notion of "long-term working memory", which they define as a set of "retrieval structures" in long-term memory that enable seamless access to the information relevant for everyday tasks. In this way, parts of long-term memory effectively function as working memory. In a similar vein, Cowan does not regard working memory as a separate system from long-term memory. Representations in working memory are a subset of representations in long-term memory. Working memory is organized into two embedded levels. The first consists of long-term memory representations that are activated. There can be many of these—there is theoretically no limit to the activation of representations in long-term memory. The second level is called the focus of attention. The focus is regarded as having a limited capacity and holds up to four of the activated representations.

}}Anders Ericsson and Walter Kintsch have introduced the notion of "long-term working memory", which they define as a set of "retrieval structures" in long-term memory that enable seamless access to the information relevant for everyday tasks. In this way, parts of long-term memory effectively function as working memory. In a similar vein, Cowan does not regard working memory as a separate system from long-term memory. Representations in working memory are a subset of representations in long-term memory. Working memory is organized into two embedded levels. The first consists of long-term memory representations that are activated. There can be many of these—there is theoretically no limit to the activation of representations in long-term memory. The second level is called the focus of attention. The focus is regarded as having a limited capacity and holds up to four of the activated representations.

安德斯 · 埃里克森和沃尔特 · 金奇引入了”长期工作记忆”的概念，他们将其定义为长期记忆中的一组”检索结构” ，使人们能够无缝地获取与日常工作相关的信息。通过这种方式，部分长期记忆有效地起到了工作记忆的作用。同样，考恩并不认为工作记忆是与长期记忆分离的一个系统。工作记忆中的表征是长时记忆中表征的一个子集。工作记忆被组织成两个嵌入的层次。第一种包括被激活的长期记忆表征。其中可能有很多ーー在长时记忆中，理论上对表征的激活是没有限制的。第二个层次叫做注意力焦点。焦点被认为是有一个有限的能力，并持有多达四个激活的表征。

安德斯 · 埃里克森 Anders Ericsson 和沃尔特 · 金奇  Walter Kintsch 引入了”长期工作记忆”的概念，他们将其定义为长期记忆中能为让人无缝获取日常所需信息的一组“检索结构” 。这样，一部分长期记忆有效地发挥了工作记忆的功能。同样，考恩 Cowan 并不认为工作记忆是独立于长期记忆的系统。工作记忆中的表征是长期记忆中表征的一个子集。工作记忆被组织成两个嵌入层次。第一层包括被激活的长期记忆表征（其中可能有很多，因为理论上在长时记忆中表征的激活没有上限）。第二层叫做注意力焦点，焦点是一个最多可容纳四个激活表征的有限能力。

 

Oberauer has extended Cowan's model by adding a third component, a more narrow focus of attention that holds only one chunk at a time. The one-element focus is embedded in the four-element focus and serves to select a single chunk for processing. For example, four digits can be held in mind at the same time in Cowan's "focus of attention". When the individual wishes to perform a process on each of these digits—for example, adding the number two to each digit—separate processing is required for each digit since most individuals cannot perform several mathematical processes in parallel. Oberauer's attentional component selects one of the digits for processing and then shifts the attentional focus to the next digit, continuing until all digits have been processed.

Oberauer has extended Cowan's model by adding a third component, a more narrow focus of attention that holds only one chunk at a time. The one-element focus is embedded in the four-element focus and serves to select a single chunk for processing. For example, four digits can be held in mind at the same time in Cowan's "focus of attention". When the individual wishes to perform a process on each of these digits—for example, adding the number two to each digit—separate processing is required for each digit since most individuals cannot perform several mathematical processes in parallel. Oberauer's attentional component selects one of the digits for processing and then shifts the attentional focus to the next digit, continuing until all digits have been processed.

通过添加第三个组件扩展了 Cowan 的模型，第三个组件是一个更窄的注意焦点，一次只能容纳一个块。一元素焦点嵌入在四元素焦点中，用于选择要处理的单个块。例如，在考恩的“注意力焦点”中，四个数字可以同时出现在脑海中。当个人希望对每个数字进行处理时ーー例如，将数字2加到每个数字ーー需要对每个数字进行单独处理，因为大多数个人不能同时进行几个数学处理。奥伯奥尔的注意力部分选择其中一个数字进行处理，然后将注意力的焦点转移到下一个数字，一直持续到所有数字都被处理完毕。

奥伯奥尔 Oberauer 通过添加第三个组件扩展了考恩 Cowan 的模型，第三个组件是一个更窄的注意焦点，一次只能容纳一个块（chunk）。一元素焦点系统嵌入在四元素焦点系统中，用于选择要处理的单个块。例如，在考恩 Cowan 的“注意力焦点”中，四个数字可以同时出现在脑海中。当个人希望对每个数字进行处理时（例如，将数字2加到每个数字）就需要对每个数字进行独立处理，因为大多数个人不能同时进行多个数学处理。奥伯奥尔 Oberauer 的注意力组件选择其中一个数字进行处理，然后将注意力的焦点转移到下一个数字，直到所有数字都处理完毕。

== Capacity ==

== Capacity ==