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Evolutionarily stable strategies were defined and introduced by John Maynard Smith and George R. Price in a 1973 Nature paper. Such was the time taken in peer-reviewing the paper for Nature that this was preceded by a 1972 essay by Maynard Smith in a book of essays titled On Evolution. （wiki后期添加的内容The 1972 essay is sometimes cited instead of the 1973 paper, but university libraries are much more likely to have copies of Nature. Papers in Nature are usually short; in 1974, Maynard Smith published a longer paper in the Journal of Theoretical Biology.[3] ）Maynard Smith explains further in his 1982 book Evolution and the Theory of Games. Sometimes these are cited instead. In fact, the ESS has become so central to game theory that often no citation is given, as the reader is assumed to be familiar with it.

Evolutionarily stable strategies were defined and introduced by John Maynard Smith and George R. Price in a 1973 Nature paper. Such was the time taken in peer-reviewing the paper for Nature that this was preceded by a 1972 essay by Maynard Smith in a book of essays titled On Evolution. （wiki后期添加的内容The 1972 essay is sometimes cited instead of the 1973 paper, but university libraries are much more likely to have copies of Nature. Papers in Nature are usually short; in 1974, Maynard Smith published a longer paper in the Journal of Theoretical Biology.[3] ）Maynard Smith explains further in his 1982 book Evolution and the Theory of Games. Sometimes these are cited instead. In fact, the ESS has become so central to game theory that often no citation is given, as the reader is assumed to be familiar with it.

进化均衡策略是由约翰·梅纳德·史密斯John Maynard Smith和 乔治·普赖斯George R. Price 在1973年的《自然》杂志上定义和提出的。但是由于同行评审《自然》的论文花费了大量时间，以至于在此之前，梅纳德 史密斯就在1972年的一本论文集《论进化论》中发表了另一篇论文。有时候学者们会选择引用1972年在《论进化论》上发表的论文而非1973年《自然》杂志上的，但大学图书馆可能收藏有《自然》的副本。通常《自然》杂志上的论文很短；随后1974年，梅纳德·史密斯在《理论生物学》杂志上又发表了一篇更长的论文。在1982年梅纳德·史密斯的新著作《演化与博弈论》中，他又进一步解释了这个概念。之后该版本的解释时常被引用。实际上，进化均衡策略已经成为了博弈论的核心，往往没有引证给出，因为假定了读者是熟悉它的。

进化均衡策略是由约翰·梅纳德·史密斯John Maynard Smith和 乔治·普赖斯George R. Price 在1973年的《自然》杂志上定义和提出的。但是由于同行评审《自然》的论文花费了大量时间，以至于在此之前，梅纳德 史密斯就在1972年的一本论文集《论进化论》中发表了另一篇论文。有时候学者们会选择引用1972年在《论进化论》上发表的论文而非1973年《自然》杂志上的，但大学图书馆可能收藏有《自然》的副本。通常《自然》杂志上的论文很短；随后1974年，梅纳德·史密斯在《理论生物学》杂志上又发表了一篇更长的论文。在1982年梅纳德·史密斯的新著作《演化与博弈论Evolution and the Theory of Games》中，他又进一步解释了这个概念。之后该版本的解释时常被引用。实际上，进化均衡策略已经成为了博弈论的核心，往往没有引证给出，因为假定了读者是熟悉它的。

The concept was derived from R. H. MacArthur and W. D. Hamilton's work on sex ratios, derived from Fisher's principle, especially Hamilton's (1967) concept of an unbeatable strategy.  Maynard Smith was jointly awarded the 1999 Crafoord Prize for his development of the concept of evolutionarily stable strategies and the application of game theory to the evolution of behaviour.

The concept was derived from R. H. MacArthur and W. D. Hamilton's work on sex ratios, derived from Fisher's principle, especially Hamilton's (1967) concept of an unbeatable strategy.  Maynard Smith was jointly awarded the 1999 Crafoord Prize for his development of the concept of evolutionarily stable strategies and the application of game theory to the evolution of behaviour.

这个概念源自于麦克阿瑟R. H. MacArthur和汉密尔顿W. D. Hamilton关于性别比例的研究，以及费雪原理Fisher's principle，另外尤其是汉密尔顿（1967）提出的“无敌战略Unbeatable Strategy“的概念。随后1999年，梅纳德·史密斯因其对“进化均衡策略”概念的发展，以及“行为进化博弈论“的应用研究做出了杰出贡献，与以上学者共同获得了著名的Crafoord奖。

这个概念源自于麦克阿瑟R. H. MacArthur和汉密尔顿W. D. Hamilton关于性别比例的研究，以及'''<font color="#ff8000"> 费雪原理Fisher's principle</font>'''，另外尤其是汉密尔顿（1967）提出的“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 无敌战略Unbeatable Strategy</font>'''”的概念。随后1999年，梅纳德·史密斯因其对“进化均衡策略”概念的发展，以及“行为进化博弈论“的应用研究做出了杰出贡献，与以上学者共同获得了著名的Crafoord奖。

* In [[evolutionary psychology]], ESS is used primarily as a model for [[human evolution|human biological evolution]].

* In [[evolutionary psychology]], ESS is used primarily as a model for [[human evolution|human biological evolution]].

• 在进化心理学中，进化均衡策略主要用作人类生物学进化的模型。

• 在进化心理学中，进化均衡策略主要用作人类生物学进化的模型。

== Motivation 策略的假设与动机==

== Motivation 策略的假设与动机==