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第232行： − 由于大量数据和信息以电子方式存储，用户面临着可用于分析的多种不相关的信息来源。需要使用数据分析技术，以便有效和高效地利用数据。Palshikar 将数据分析技术分为两大类(统计模型、时间序列分析、聚类分类、异常检测匹配算法)和人工智能(AI)技术(数据挖掘、专家系统、模式识别、机器学习技术、神经网络)。+ 第233行：
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无编辑摘要
| 2. Task || Logs and records of phone calls, electronic mail, chat rooms, instant messages, Web site visits. Travel records. Human intelligence: observation of meetings and attendance at common events.
| 2. Task || Logs and records of phone calls, electronic mail, chat rooms, instant messages, Web site visits. Travel records. Human intelligence: observation of meetings and attendance at common events.
| 2.任务 | | 电话、电子邮件、聊天室、即时消息、网站访问的日志和记录。出入境纪录。人类智能: 会议评论和公共活动的出席。
| 2.任务 | | 电话、电子邮件、聊天室、即时消息、网站访问的日志和记录。出入境纪录。'''<font color="#32CD32">人类智能: 会议评论和公共活动的出席。</font>'''
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| 4. Strategy & Goals || Web sites. Videos and encrypted disks delivered by courier. Travel records. Human intelligence: observation of meetings and attendance at common events.
| 4. Strategy & Goals || Web sites. Videos and encrypted disks delivered by courier. Travel records. Human intelligence: observation of meetings and attendance at common events.
| 4.策略与目标 | 网站。由快递公司递送的视频和加密光盘。出入境纪录。人类智能: 会议评论和公共活动的出席。
| 4.策略与目标 | 网站。由快递公司递送的视频和加密光盘。出入境纪录。'''<font color="#32CD32">人类智能: 会议评论和公共活动的出席。</font>'''
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* [[ViCAP|FBI Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP)]]
* [[ViCAP|FBI Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP)]]
联邦调查局暴力刑事逮捕程序
* Iowa State Sex Crimes Analysis System
* Iowa State Sex Crimes Analysis System
爱荷华州性犯罪分析系统
* Minnesota State Sex Crimes Analysis System (MIN/SCAP)
* Minnesota State Sex Crimes Analysis System (MIN/SCAP)
明尼苏达州性犯罪分析系统
* Washington State Homicide Investigation Tracking System (HITS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atg.wa.gov/HITS.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021005202/http://atg.wa.gov/HITS.aspx |archivedate=2010-10-21 }}</ref>
* Washington State Homicide Investigation Tracking System (HITS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atg.wa.gov/HITS.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021005202/http://atg.wa.gov/HITS.aspx |archivedate=2010-10-21 }}</ref>
华盛顿州凶杀案调查追踪系统
* New York State Homicide Investigation & Lead Tracking (HALT)
* New York State Homicide Investigation & Lead Tracking (HALT)
纽约州凶杀案调查和线索追踪系统
* New Jersey Homicide Evaluation & Assessment Tracking (HEAT)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/njsp/divorg/invest/invest.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325004722/http://www.state.nj.us/njsp/divorg/invest/invest.html |archivedate=2009-03-25 }}</ref>
* New Jersey Homicide Evaluation & Assessment Tracking (HEAT)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.nj.us/njsp/divorg/invest/invest.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325004722/http://www.state.nj.us/njsp/divorg/invest/invest.html |archivedate=2009-03-25 }}</ref>
新泽西州凶杀案评估与测评跟踪系统
* Pennsylvania State ATAC Program.
* Pennsylvania State ATAC Program.
宾夕法尼亚州ATAC程序
* Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/tops-opst/bs-sc/viclas-salvac-eng.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202144141/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/tops-opst/bs-sc/viclas-salvac-eng.htm |archivedate=2010-12-02 }}</ref>
* Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/tops-opst/bs-sc/viclas-salvac-eng.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-10-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202144141/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/tops-opst/bs-sc/viclas-salvac-eng.htm |archivedate=2010-12-02 }}</ref>
暴力犯罪联系分析系统
With the vast amounts of data and information that are stored electronically, users are confronted with multiple unrelated sources of information available for analysis. Data analysis techniques are required to make effective and efficient use of the data. Palshikar classifies data analysis techniques into two categories – (statistical models, time-series analysis, clustering and classification, matching algorithms to detect anomalies) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques (data mining, expert systems, pattern recognition, machine learning techniques, neural networks).
With the vast amounts of data and information that are stored electronically, users are confronted with multiple unrelated sources of information available for analysis. Data analysis techniques are required to make effective and efficient use of the data. Palshikar classifies data analysis techniques into two categories – (statistical models, time-series analysis, clustering and classification, matching algorithms to detect anomalies) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques (data mining, expert systems, pattern recognition, machine learning techniques, neural networks).
由于大量数据和信息以电子形式存储，用户可能会面临拥有多种不相关的信息来源却不知如何分析的难题。需要使用数据分析技术，以便有效和高效地利用数据。Palshikar 将数据分析技术分为两大类(统计模型、时间序列分析、聚类分类、异常检测匹配算法)和人工智能(AI)技术(数据挖掘、专家系统、模式识别、机器学习技术、神经网络)。
Bolton & Hand define statistical data analysis as either supervised or unsupervised methods. Supervised learning methods require that rules are defined within the system to establish what is expected or unexpected behavior. Unsupervised learning methods review data in comparison to the norm and detect statistical outliers. Supervised learning methods are limited in the scenarios that can be handled as this method requires that training rules are established based on previous patterns. Unsupervised learning methods can provide detection of broader issues, however, may result in a higher false-positive ratio if the behavioral norm is not well established or understood.
Bolton & Hand define statistical data analysis as either supervised or unsupervised methods. Supervised learning methods require that rules are defined within the system to establish what is expected or unexpected behavior. Unsupervised learning methods review data in comparison to the norm and detect statistical outliers. Supervised learning methods are limited in the scenarios that can be handled as this method requires that training rules are established based on previous patterns. Unsupervised learning methods can provide detection of broader issues, however, may result in a higher false-positive ratio if the behavioral norm is not well established or understood.
Bolton & Hand 将统计数据分析定义为有监督或无监督的方法。监督式学习方法要求在系统中定义规则，以建立预期或意外的行为。非监督式学习方法检查数据与正常值的比较，并发现统计异常值。监督式学习方法在可以处理的场景中是有限的，因为这种方法需要基于以前的模式建立训练规则。非监督式学习检测方法可以检测更广泛的问题，但是，如果行为规范没有得到很好的建立或理解，可能会导致较高的假阳性率。
Bolton & Hand 将统计数据分析定义为有监督或无监督的方法。监督式学习方法要求在系统中有明确的规则来指出什么是预期行为，什么是意外行为。非监督式学习方法在审视数据时，通过将数据与正常值的比较，来发现统计异常值。监督式学习方法能处理的场景是有限的，因为这种方法需要基于以前的模式建立训练规则。非监督式学习方法可以对更广泛的问题进行检测。但是，如果数据的行为规范没有很好的建立或被机器理解，其结果可能会导致较高的假阳性率（本身不是正常值，但识别为正常值，说明算法预测了“正确”或“有”的判断，但却判断错误了）。