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添加347字节 、 2020年8月16日 (日) 18:09
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The zeroth law of thermodynamics in its usual short statement allows recognition that two bodies in a relation of thermal equilibrium have the same temperature, especially that a test body has the same temperature as a reference thermometric body. For a body in thermal equilibrium with another, there are indefinitely many empirical temperature scales, in general respectively depending on the properties of a particular reference thermometric body. The second law allows a distinguished temperature scale, which defines an absolute, thermodynamic temperature, independent of the properties of any particular reference thermometric body.
 
The zeroth law of thermodynamics in its usual short statement allows recognition that two bodies in a relation of thermal equilibrium have the same temperature, especially that a test body has the same temperature as a reference thermometric body. For a body in thermal equilibrium with another, there are indefinitely many empirical temperature scales, in general respectively depending on the properties of a particular reference thermometric body. The second law allows a distinguished temperature scale, which defines an absolute, thermodynamic temperature, independent of the properties of any particular reference thermometric body.
 
<font color='red'><s></s></font><font color= 'blue'></font>
 
<font color='red'><s></s></font><font color= 'blue'></font>
热力学第零定律是指如果两个热力学系统<font color='red'><s>中的每一个</s></font>都与第三个热力学系统处于热平衡(温度相同)<font color= 'blue'>状态</font>,则它们彼此也必定处于热平衡<font color= 'blue'>状态</font>。热力学第零定律在<font color='red'><s>它</s></font>这个<font color= 'blue'></font><font color='red'><s>通常的</s></font>简短叙述中让人们认识到热平衡关系中的两个物体具有相同的温度,特别是当一个被测物体与一个参考测温物体具有相同的温度时,对于<font color='red'><s>一个与另一个</s></font>两个<font color= 'blue'></font>处于热平衡<font color= 'blue'>状态</font>的物体,有无限多的'''经验温标empirical temperature scales''',这通常<font color= 'blue'>分别</font>取决于特定参考温度<font color='red'><s>标度</s></font><font color= 'blue'>体</font>的性质。热力学第二定律允许区分'''温度标度temperature scale''',它定义了一个绝对的热力学温度,与任何特定的参考温度体的性质无关。
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热力学第零定律是指如果两个热力学系统<font color='red'><s>中的每一个</s></font>都与第三个热力学系统处于热平衡(温度相同)<font color= 'blue'>状态</font>,则它们彼此也必定处于热平衡<font color= 'blue'>状态</font>。热力学第零定律在<font color='red'><s>它</s></font>这个<font color= 'blue'></font><font color='red'><s>通常的</s></font>简短叙述中让人们认识到热平衡关系中的两个物体具有相同的温度,特别是当一个被测物体与一个参考测温物体具有相同的温度时,对于<font color='red'><s>一个与另一个</s></font>两个<font color= 'blue'></font>处于热平衡<font color= 'blue'>状态</font>的物体,有无限多的'''<font color = '#ff8000'>经验温标empirical temperature scales</font>''',这通常<font color= 'blue'>分别</font>取决于特定参考温度<font color='red'><s>标度</s></font><font color= 'blue'>体</font>的性质。热力学第二定律允许区分'''<font color = '#ff8000'>温度标度temperature scale</font>''',它定义了一个绝对的热力学温度,与任何特定的参考温度体的性质无关。
    
   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]([[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]])补充热力学第零定律
 
   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]([[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]])补充热力学第零定律
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The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways, the most prominent classical statements being the statement by Rudolf Clausius (1854), the statement by Lord Kelvin (1851), and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory (1909). These statements cast the law in general physical terms citing the impossibility of certain processes. The Clausius and the Kelvin statements have been shown to be equivalent.
 
The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways, the most prominent classical statements being the statement by Rudolf Clausius (1854), the statement by Lord Kelvin (1851), and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory (1909). These statements cast the law in general physical terms citing the impossibility of certain processes. The Clausius and the Kelvin statements have been shown to be equivalent.
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热力学第二定律可以用许多特定的方式来表达,最突出的经典陈述是 '''克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius''' (1854)<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>,'''开尔文 Kelvin''' (1851)<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>,以及康斯坦丁·卡拉西奥多里 Constantin Carathéodory(1909)在'''公理化热力学axiomatic thermodynamics'''中的<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>。这些<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>用一般的物理术语来描述定律,引用某些过程的不可能性。克劳修斯和开尔文表述被证明是等价的。
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热力学第二定律可以用许多特定的方式来表达,最突出的经典陈述是 '''克劳修斯 Rudolf Clausius''' (1854)<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>,'''开尔文 Kelvin''' (1851)<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>,以及康斯坦丁·卡拉西奥多里 Constantin Carathéodory(1909)在'''<font color = '#ff8000'>公理化热力学axiomatic thermodynamics</font>'''中的<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>。这些<font color = 'red'><s>陈述</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>用一般的物理术语来描述定律,引用某些过程的不可能性。克劳修斯和开尔文表述被证明是等价的。
 
   --[[用户:厚朴|厚朴]]([[用户讨论:厚朴|讨论]])statement的表述需要统一,同样的statement by Rudolf Clausius这里需要统一开尔文 克劳修斯 Kelvin Clausius
 
   --[[用户:厚朴|厚朴]]([[用户讨论:厚朴|讨论]])statement的表述需要统一,同样的statement by Rudolf Clausius这里需要统一开尔文 克劳修斯 Kelvin Clausius
 
   
 
   
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热力学第二定律的历史起源是'''卡诺原理Carnot's principle'''。
 
热力学第二定律的历史起源是'''卡诺原理Carnot's principle'''。
它指的是'''卡诺热机Carnot heat engine'''的一个循环,<font color = 'red'><s>它</s></font><font color = 'blue'>卡诺热机</font>以'''准静态quasi-static'''的极限慢速运转,因此热<s>量</s>和功在子系统之间进行传递,子系统总是处于它们自己内部的热力学平衡状态。
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它指的是'''<font color = '#ff8000'>卡诺热机Carnot heat engine</font>'''的一个循环,<font color = 'red'><s>它</s></font><font color = 'blue'>卡诺热机</font>以'''<font color = '#ff8000'>准静态quasi-static</font>'''的极限慢速运转,因此热<s>量</s>和功在子系统之间进行传递,子系统总是处于它们自己内部的热力学平衡状态。
 
卡诺热机是研究热机效率的工程师特别感兴趣的理想装置。
 
卡诺热机是研究热机效率的工程师特别感兴趣的理想装置。
当卡诺发现卡诺原理时,'''热量理论caloric theory of heat'''还没有得到重视,热力学第一定律还没有得到承认,熵的概念还没有数学表达。
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当卡诺发现卡诺原理时,'''<font color = '#ff8000'>热量理论caloric theory of heat</font>'''还没有得到重视,热力学第一定律还没有得到承认,熵的概念还没有数学表达。
 
根据第一定律的解释,它在物理上等同于热力学第二定律,并沿用至今。
 
根据第一定律的解释,它在物理上等同于热力学第二定律,并沿用至今。
 
在热力学第一定律被发现之前,卡诺最初的论点是从热量理论的观点出发的。
 
在热力学第一定律被发现之前,卡诺最初的论点是从热量理论的观点出发的。
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The statement by Clausius uses the concept of 'passage of heat'. As is usual in thermodynamic discussions, this means 'net transfer of energy as heat', and does not refer to contributory transfers one way and the other.
 
The statement by Clausius uses the concept of 'passage of heat'. As is usual in thermodynamic discussions, this means 'net transfer of energy as heat', and does not refer to contributory transfers one way and the other.
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克劳修斯的表述使用了“'''热通道Passage Of Heat'''”的概念。<font color = 'red'><s>正如通常在热力学的讨论,这意味着“能量作为热的净转移” ,而不是另一种形式上的"分摊转账"或其他。</s></font><font color = 'blue'>
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克劳修斯的表述使用了“'''<font color = '#ff8000'>热通道Passage Of Heat</font>'''”的概念。<font color = 'red'><s>正如通常在热力学的讨论,这意味着“能量作为热的净转移” ,而不是另一种形式上的"分摊转账"或其他。</s></font><font color = 'blue'>
 
在热力学的讨论中,通常这意味着“能量作为热的形式的净转移” ,而不是指其他方式的转移。</font>
 
在热力学的讨论中,通常这意味着“能量作为热的形式的净转移” ,而不是指其他方式的转移。</font>
 
   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]([[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]])不太理解分摊转账contributory transfers  
 
   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]([[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]])不太理解分摊转账contributory transfers  
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Lord Kelvin expressed the second law in several wordings.
 
Lord Kelvin expressed the second law in several wordings.
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'''开尔文勋爵 Lord Kelvin''' <font color = 'red'><s>用几个字表达</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>了热力学第二定律。
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'''<font color = '#ff8000'>开尔文勋爵 Lord Kelvin</font>''' <font color = 'red'><s>用几个字表达</s></font><font color = 'blue'>表述</font>了热力学第二定律。
    
   --[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]([[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]) 感觉”用几个字“怪怪的,所以删掉了
 
   --[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]([[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]) 感觉”用几个字“怪怪的,所以删掉了
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It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.
 
It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects.
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<font color = 'red'><s>通过无生命物质的作用,不可能通过将物质的任何部分冷却到低于周围物体最冷的温度来产生机械效应。</s></font><font color = 'blue'>不可能通过无生命物质的作用,将物质的任何部分冷却到低于周围物体最低的温度并产生'''机械效应 Mechanical Effect'''。</font>
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<font color = 'red'><s>通过无生命物质的作用,不可能通过将物质的任何部分冷却到低于周围物体最冷的温度来产生机械效应。</s></font><font color = 'blue'>不可能通过无生命物质的作用,将物质的任何部分冷却到低于周围物体最低的温度并产生'''<font color = '#ff8000'>机械效应 Mechanical Effect</font>'''。</font>
    
   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]([[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]])无生命物质可以意译为机器吗
 
   --[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]([[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]])无生命物质可以意译为机器吗
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It is almost customary in textbooks to speak of the "Kelvin-Planck statement" of the law, as for example in the text by ter Haar and Wergeland.
 
It is almost customary in textbooks to speak of the "Kelvin-Planck statement" of the law, as for example in the text by ter Haar and Wergeland.
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教科书中几乎<font color = 'red'><s>惯常提及该定律的“'''开尔文-普朗克表述 Kelvin-Planck Statement'''”</s></font><font color = 'blue'>总是用“'''开尔文-普朗克表述 Kelvin-Planck Statement'''”来称呼该定律</font>,例如'''德克·特哈尔 Diek ter Haar''' 和'''哈拉尔德·沃格兰 Harald Wergeland''' <font color = 'red'><s>在文中</s></font>就是这样表述的。
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教科书中几乎<font color = 'red'><s>惯常提及该定律的“'''<font color = '#ff8000'>开尔文-普朗克表述 Kelvin-Planck Statement</font>'''”</s></font><font color = 'blue'>总是用“'''<font color = '#ff8000'>开尔文-普朗克表述 Kelvin-Planck Statement</font>'''”来称呼该定律</font>,例如'''<font color = '#ff8000'>德克·特哈尔 Diek ter Haar</font>''' 和'''<font color = '#ff8000'>哈拉尔德·沃格兰 Harald Wergeland</font>''' <font color = 'red'><s>在文中</s></font>就是这样表述的。
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The Kelvin–Planck statement (or the heat engine statement) of the second law of thermodynamics states that  
 
The Kelvin–Planck statement (or the heat engine statement) of the second law of thermodynamics states that  
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热力学第二定律的开尔文-普朗克表述(或称“'''热机表述 Heat Engine Statement'''”)指出
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热力学第二定律的开尔文-普朗克表述(或称“'''<font color = '#ff8000'>热机表述 Heat Engine Statement</font>'''”)指出
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Rather like Planck's statement is that of Uhlenbeck and Ford for irreversible phenomena.
 
Rather like Planck's statement is that of Uhlenbeck and Ford for irreversible phenomena.
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与普朗克表述非常相似的是'''乌伦贝克 Uhlenbeck'''和'''福特 Ford'''关于不可逆现象的表述。
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与普朗克表述非常相似的是'''<font color = '#ff8000'>乌伦贝克 Uhlenbeck</font>'''和'''<font color = '#ff8000'>福特 Ford</font>'''关于不可逆现象的表述。
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Constantin Carathéodory formulated thermodynamics on a purely mathematical axiomatic foundation. His statement of the second law is known as the Principle of Carathéodory, which may be formulated as follows:
 
Constantin Carathéodory formulated thermodynamics on a purely mathematical axiomatic foundation. His statement of the second law is known as the Principle of Carathéodory, which may be formulated as follows:
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'''康斯坦丁·卡拉西奥多里 Constantin Carathéodory'''在纯数学公理的基础上进行了热力学<font color = 'red'><s>公理化</s></font><font color = 'blue'>阐明</font>。他对第二定律的陈述被称为'''卡拉西奥多里原理 Principle of Carathéodory''',可以这样表述:
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'''<font color = '#ff8000'>康斯坦丁·卡拉西奥多里 Constantin Carathéodory</font>'''在纯数学公理的基础上进行了热力学<font color = '32CD32'><s>公理化formulated</s></font><font color = 'blue'>阐明</font>。他对第二定律的陈述被称为'''<font color = '#ff8000'>卡拉西奥多里原理 Principle of Carathéodory</font>''',可以这样表述:
  --[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]([[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]) formulated 可以译为公理化(Axiomatic)吗?存疑
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<blockquote>In every neighborhood of any state S of an adiabatically enclosed system there are states inaccessible from S.<ref>Buchdahl, H.A. (1966), p. 68.</ref></blockquote>
 
<blockquote>In every neighborhood of any state S of an adiabatically enclosed system there are states inaccessible from S.<ref>Buchdahl, H.A. (1966), p. 68.</ref></blockquote>
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With this formulation, he described the concept of adiabatic accessibility for the first time and provided the foundation for a new subfield of classical thermodynamics, often called geometrical thermodynamics. It follows from Carathéodory's principle that quantity of energy quasi-statically transferred as heat is a holonomic process function, in other words, <math>\delta Q=TdS</math>.  
 
With this formulation, he described the concept of adiabatic accessibility for the first time and provided the foundation for a new subfield of classical thermodynamics, often called geometrical thermodynamics. It follows from Carathéodory's principle that quantity of energy quasi-statically transferred as heat is a holonomic process function, in other words, <math>\delta Q=TdS</math>.  
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<font color = 'red'><s>公理化处理后,</s></font><font color = 'blue'>通过这个阐明,</font>他<font color = 'red'><s>第一次</s></font><font color = 'blue'>首次</font>描述了'''绝热可达性 Adiabatic Accessibility'''的概念,并成为经典热力学的一个新的子领域,即通常所说的'''几何热力学  Geometrical Thermodynamics'''<font color = 'red'><s>奠定了基础</s></font>。由卡拉西奥多里原理可以推出,<font color = 'red'><s>准静态转移的热的值是一个可积过程函数,</s></font><font color = 'blue'>作为热的能量的准静态转移是一个完整的过程函数</font>即<math>\delta Q=TdS</math>。
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<font color = 'red'><s>公理化处理后,</s></font><font color = 'blue'>通过这个阐明,</font>他<font color = 'red'><s>第一次</s></font><font color = 'blue'>首次</font>描述了'''<font color = '#ff8000'>绝热可达性 Adiabatic Accessibility</font>'''的概念,并成为经典热力学的一个新的子领域,即通常所说的'''<font color = '#ff8000'>几何热力学  Geometrical Thermodynamics</font>'''<font color = 'red'><s>奠定了基础</s></font>。由卡拉西奥多里原理可以推出,<font color = 'red'><s>准静态转移的热的值是一个可积过程函数,</s></font><font color = 'blue'>作为热的能量的准静态转移是一个'''<font color="#ff8000"> 完整的过程函数</font>'''</font>即<math>\delta Q=TdS</math>。
    
  --[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]([[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]])准静态转移的热量值是一个可积过程函数 存疑
 
  --[[用户:Dorr|Dorr]]([[用户讨论:Dorr|讨论]])准静态转移的热量值是一个可积过程函数 存疑
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In 1926, Max Planck wrote an important paper on the basics of thermodynamics. He indicated the principle
 
In 1926, Max Planck wrote an important paper on the basics of thermodynamics. He indicated the principle
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1926年,'''马克斯·普朗克 Max Planck'''写了一篇关于热力学基础的重要论文。他指出了以下原理
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1926年,'''<font color = '#ff8000'>马克斯·普朗克 Max Planck</font>'''写了一篇关于热力学基础的重要论文。他指出了以下原理
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* 所有<font color = 'blue'>在两个热源之间工作的</font>不可逆热机的效率低于在<font color = 'red'><s>两相同</s></font><font color = 'blue'>同一个</font>热源之间工作的'''卡诺机 Carnot Engine'''。
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* 所有<font color = 'blue'>在两个热源之间工作的</font>不可逆热机的效率低于在<font color = 'red'><s>两相同</s></font><font color = 'blue'>同一个</font>热源之间工作的'''<font color = '#ff8000'>卡诺热机 Carnot Engine</font>'''。
 
* 所有<font color = 'blue'>在两个热源之间工作的</font>可逆热机的效率与在<font color = 'red'><s>两相同</s></font><font color = 'blue'>同一个</font>热源之间工作的卡诺机相等。
 
* 所有<font color = 'blue'>在两个热源之间工作的</font>可逆热机的效率与在<font color = 'red'><s>两相同</s></font><font color = 'blue'>同一个</font>热源之间工作的卡诺机相等。
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In his ideal model, the heat of caloric converted into work could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle, a concept subsequently known as thermodynamic reversibility. Carnot, however, further postulated that some caloric is lost, not being converted to mechanical work. Hence, no real heat engine could realise the Carnot cycle's reversibility and was condemned to be less efficient.
 
In his ideal model, the heat of caloric converted into work could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle, a concept subsequently known as thermodynamic reversibility. Carnot, however, further postulated that some caloric is lost, not being converted to mechanical work. Hence, no real heat engine could realise the Carnot cycle's reversibility and was condemned to be less efficient.
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在他的理想模型中,<font color = 'red'><s>热转换成功</s></font><font color = 'blue'>热转化为功的过程</font>可以通过逆转循环的运动而恢复,这个概念后来被称为'''热力学可逆性 Thermodynamic Reversibility'''。然而,卡诺进一步假定,一些热<s>量</s>损失了,并没有转化为机械功。因此,没有一个真实的热机能够实现'''卡诺循环 Carnot Cycle'''的可逆性,并且被认为效率较低。
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在他的理想模型中,<font color = 'red'><s>热转换成功</s></font><font color = 'blue'>热转化为功的过程</font>可以通过逆转循环的运动而恢复,这个概念后来被称为'''<font color = '#ff8000'>热力学可逆性 Thermodynamic Reversibility</font>'''。然而,卡诺进一步假定,一些热<s>量</s>损失了,并没有转化为机械功。因此,没有一个真实的热机能够实现'''<font color = '#ff8000'>卡诺循环 Carnot Cycle</font>'''的可逆性,并且被认为效率较低。
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Though formulated in terms of caloric (see the obsolete caloric theory), rather than entropy, this was an early insight into the second law.
 
Though formulated in terms of caloric (see the obsolete caloric theory), rather than entropy, this was an early insight into the second law.
   −
该理论尽管是用热<s>量</s>表述的(见被取代的'''<font color = 'red'><s>热质说</s></font><font color = 'blue'>热量理论</font> Caloric Theory'''),而不是熵,但是它是对第二定律的早期认识。
+
该理论尽管是用热<s>量</s>表述的(见被取代的'''<font color = '#ff8000'>热质说</font>'''),而不是熵,但是它是对第二定律的早期认识。
 +
 
   −
  --[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]([[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]) “热质说”的翻译存疑
  −
  --[[用户:小头盔|小头盔]]([[用户讨论:小头盔|讨论]])这个倒是能搜到百度百科https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%83%AD%E8%B4%A8%E8%AF%B4/5460202?fr=aladdin,不过如果存疑,可以标为专有名词
      
===Clausius inequality 克劳修斯不等式===
 
===Clausius inequality 克劳修斯不等式===
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The Clausius theorem (1854) states that in a cyclic process
 
The Clausius theorem (1854) states that in a cyclic process
   −
'''克劳修斯定理 Clausius Theorem'''(1854)指出,在一个循环的过程中
+
'''<font color = '#ff8000'>克劳修斯定理 Clausius Theorem</font>'''(1854)指出,在一个循环的过程中
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Now consider the case where <math>T_1</math> is a fixed reference temperature: the temperature of the triple point of water. Then for any T<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>3</sub>,
 
Now consider the case where <math>T_1</math> is a fixed reference temperature: the temperature of the triple point of water. Then for any T<sub>2</sub> and T<sub>3</sub>,
   −
现在考虑如下情形,<math>T_1</math> 是一个固定的参考温度: 水的<font color="#ff8000">'''三相点 Triple Point'''</font>的温度。则对于任意 T<sub>2</sub> 和 T<sub>3</sub>,
+
现在考虑如下情形,<math>T_1</math> 是一个固定的参考温度: 水的<font color="#ff8000">'''<font color = '#ff8000'>三相点 Triple Point</font>'''</font>的温度。则对于任意 T<sub>2</sub> 和 T<sub>3</sub>,
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where μ<sub>iR</sub> are the chemical potentials of chemical species in the external surroundings.
 
where μ<sub>iR</sub> are the chemical potentials of chemical species in the external surroundings.
   −
其中μ<sub>iR</sub>是外部环境中<font color = 'red'><s>化学物类</s></font><font color = '#ff8000'>'''化学形态 chemical species'''</font>的化学势。
+
其中μ<sub>iR</sub>是外部环境中<font color = 'red'><s>化学物类</s></font>'''<font color = '#ff8000'>化学形态 chemical species</font>'''的化学势。
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It is useful to separate the work δw done by the subsystem into the useful work δw<sub>u</sub> that can be done by the sub-system, over and beyond the work p<sub>R</sub> dV done merely by the sub-system expanding against the surrounding external pressure, giving the following relation for the useful work (exergy) that can be done:
 
It is useful to separate the work δw done by the subsystem into the useful work δw<sub>u</sub> that can be done by the sub-system, over and beyond the work p<sub>R</sub> dV done merely by the sub-system expanding against the surrounding external pressure, giving the following relation for the useful work (exergy) that can be done:
   −
将子系统所做的功δw划分为子系统可以完成的有用功δw<sub>u</sub> ,除了子系统在周围外部压力下膨胀所做的功p<sub>R</sub> dV外,<font color = 'red'><s>还可以</s></font>给出以下可用功(<font color = 'red'><s>放射本能</s></font>'''<font color = 'ff8000'>有用功 exergy</font>''')关系式:
+
将子系统所做的功δw划分为子系统可以完成的有用功δw<sub>u</sub> ,除了子系统在周围外部压力下膨胀所做的功p<sub>R</sub> dV外,<font color = 'red'><s>还可以</s></font>给出以下可用功(<font color = 'red'><s>放射本能</s></font>'''<font color = 'ff8000'>有用能 exergy</font>''')关系式:
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The Second Law therefore implies that for any process which can be considered as divided simply into a subsystem, and an unlimited temperature and pressure reservoir with which it is in contact,
 
The Second Law therefore implies that for any process which can be considered as divided simply into a subsystem, and an unlimited temperature and pressure reservoir with which it is in contact,
   −
因此,第二定律意味着,对于任何可以简单地被视为分为一个子系统和一个与之接触的无限温度和压力<font color = 'red'><s>储存器</s></font>'''<font color="#ff8000">热源 Reservoir</font>''' 的过程,
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'''<font color="#32CD32">因此,第二定律意味着,对于任何可以简单地被视为分为一个子系统和一个与之接触的无限温度和压力<font color = 'red'><s>储存器</s></font>'''<font color="#ff8000">热源 Reservoir</font>''' 的过程,The Second Law therefore implies that for any process which can be considered as divided simply into a subsystem, and an unlimited temperature and pressure reservoir with which it is in contact,</font>'''
   −
  --[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]([[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]) 这里reservoir是否还要翻译为热源,因此pressure reservoir就是压力热源存疑。
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i.e. the change in the subsystem's exergy plus the useful work done by the subsystem (or, the change in the subsystem's exergy less any work, additional to that done by the pressure reservoir, done on the system) must be less than or equal to zero.
 
i.e. the change in the subsystem's exergy plus the useful work done by the subsystem (or, the change in the subsystem's exergy less any work, additional to that done by the pressure reservoir, done on the system) must be less than or equal to zero.
   −
也就是。子系统<font color = 'red'><s>(火用)</s></font><font color = 'blue'>有用能</font>的变化加上子系统所做的有用功(或者,子系统<font color = 'red'><s>(火用)</s></font><font color = 'blue'>有用能</font>的变化<font color = 'red'><s>不包括任何功,除了压力贮存器所做的功之外,在系统中所做的功</s></font><font color = 'blue'>减去除了'''压力热源'''外任何对系统做的功,</font>)必须小于或等于零。
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也就是。子系统<font color = 'red'><s>(火用)</s></font><font color = 'blue'>有用能</font>的变化加上子系统所做的有用功(或者,子系统<font color = 'red'><s>(火用)</s></font><font color = 'blue'>有用能</font>的变化<font color = 'red'><s>不包括任何功,除了压力贮存器所做的功之外,在系统中所做的功</s></font><font color = 'blue'>减去除了'''<font color = '#ff8000'>压力热源</font>'''外任何对系统做的功,</font>)必须小于或等于零。
   −
  --[[用户:嘉树|嘉树]]([[用户讨论:嘉树|讨论]]) 压力热源pressure reservoir存疑。
       
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