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== History of data visualization ==

== History of data visualization ==

 

representation of data, and which collate the contributions of disparate disciplines. Michael Friendly and Daniel J Denis of York University are engaged in a project that attempts to provide a comprehensive history of visualization. Contrary to general belief, data visualization is not a modern development. Stellar data, or information such as location of stars were visualized on the walls of caves (such as those found in Lascaux Cave in Southern France) since the Pleistocene era. Physical artefacts such as Mesopotamian clay tokens (5500 BC), Inca quipus (2600 BC) and Marshall Islands stick charts (n.d.) can also be considered as visualizing quantitative information.

representation of data, and which collate the contributions of disparate disciplines. Michael Friendly and Daniel J Denis of York University are engaged in a project that attempts to provide a comprehensive history of visualization. Contrary to general belief, data visualization is not a modern development. Stellar data, or information such as location of stars were visualized on the walls of caves (such as those found in Lascaux Cave in Southern France) since the Pleistocene era. Physical artefacts such as Mesopotamian clay tokens (5500 BC), Inca quipus (2600 BC) and Marshall Islands stick charts (n.d.) can also be considered as visualizing quantitative information.

数据的表现形式，并整理不同学科的贡献。约克大学的迈克尔 · 弗莱德利和丹尼尔 · j · 丹尼斯正在进行一个项目，试图提供一个可视化的全面历史。与人们普遍的看法相反，数据可视化并不是一个现代化的发展。自更新世以来，恒星数据或诸如恒星位置之类的信息都可以在洞穴的墙壁上看到(比如在法国南部的 Lascaux Cave 发现的那些)。物理文物，如美索不达米亚粘土标记(公元前5500年) ，印加 quipus (公元前2600年)和马绍尔群岛棒图表(注)也可以被视为可视化的定量信息。

以及数据的表现形式，并整理不同学科的贡献。约克大学的Michael Friendly和Daniel J Denis正在从事一个项目，试图提供可视化的全面历史。与人们普遍认为的相反，数据可视化并不是现代的发展。自更新世以来，恒星数据或诸如恒星位置之类的信息被可视化地显示在洞穴的墙壁上(如在法国南部拉斯科洞穴中发现的那些)。实物制品，如美索不达米亚粘土令牌(公元前5500年)，印加基布斯(公元前2600年)和马绍尔群岛木棍图表(北日)也可以被认为是可视化的数量信息。

 

 

The first documented data visualization can be tracked back to 1160 B.C. with [[Turin Papyrus Map]] which accurately illustrates the distribution of geological resources and provides information about quarrying of those resources.<ref name="Friendly 2001">{{cite web|url = http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/|title = Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization.|date = 2001|accessdate = 2017-11-19|last = Friendly|first = Michael|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140414221920/http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/|archive-date = 2014-04-14|url-status = dead}}</ref> Such maps can be categorized as Thematic Cartography, which is a type of data visualization that presents and communicates specific data and information through a geographical illustration designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. Earliest documented forms of data visualization were various thematic maps from different cultures and ideograms and hieroglyphs that provided and allowed interpretation of information illustrated. For example, [[Linear B]] tablets of [[Mycenae]] provided a visualization of information regarding Late Bronze Age era trades in the Mediterranean. The idea of coordinates was used by ancient Egyptian surveyors in laying out towns, earthly and heavenly positions were located by something akin to latitude and longitude at least by 200 BC, and the map projection of a spherical earth into latitude and longitude by [[Claudius Ptolemy]] [c.85–c. 165] in Alexandria would serve as reference standards until the 14th century.<ref name="Friendly 2001"/>

The first documented data visualization can be tracked back to 1160 B.C. with [[Turin Papyrus Map]] which accurately illustrates the distribution of geological resources and provides information about quarrying of those resources.<ref name="Friendly 2001">{{cite web|url = http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/|title = Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization.|date = 2001|accessdate = 2017-11-19|last = Friendly|first = Michael|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140414221920/http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/|archive-date = 2014-04-14|url-status = dead}}</ref> Such maps can be categorized as Thematic Cartography, which is a type of data visualization that presents and communicates specific data and information through a geographical illustration designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. Earliest documented forms of data visualization were various thematic maps from different cultures and ideograms and hieroglyphs that provided and allowed interpretation of information illustrated. For example, [[Linear B]] tablets of [[Mycenae]] provided a visualization of information regarding Late Bronze Age era trades in the Mediterranean. The idea of coordinates was used by ancient Egyptian surveyors in laying out towns, earthly and heavenly positions were located by something akin to latitude and longitude at least by 200 BC, and the map projection of a spherical earth into latitude and longitude by [[Claudius Ptolemy]] [c.85–c. 165] in Alexandria would serve as reference standards until the 14th century.<ref name="Friendly 2001"/>

The first documented data visualization can be tracked back to 1160 B.C. with Turin Papyrus Map which accurately illustrates the distribution of geological resources and provides information about quarrying of those resources. Such maps can be categorized as Thematic Cartography, which is a type of data visualization that presents and communicates specific data and information through a geographical illustration designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. Earliest documented forms of data visualization were various thematic maps from different cultures and ideograms and hieroglyphs that provided and allowed interpretation of information illustrated. For example, Linear B tablets of Mycenae provided a visualization of information regarding Late Bronze Age era trades in the Mediterranean. The idea of coordinates was used by ancient Egyptian surveyors in laying out towns, earthly and heavenly positions were located by something akin to latitude and longitude at least by 200 BC, and the map projection of a spherical earth into latitude and longitude by Claudius Ptolemy [c.85–c. 165] in Alexandria would serve as reference standards until the 14th century.

The first documented data visualization can be tracked back to 1160 B.C. with Turin Papyrus Map which accurately illustrates the distribution of geological resources and provides information about quarrying of those resources. Such maps can be categorized as Thematic Cartography, which is a type of data visualization that presents and communicates specific data and information through a geographical illustration designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. Earliest documented forms of data visualization were various thematic maps from different cultures and ideograms and hieroglyphs that provided and allowed interpretation of information illustrated. For example, Linear B tablets of Mycenae provided a visualization of information regarding Late Bronze Age era trades in the Mediterranean. The idea of coordinates was used by ancient Egyptian surveyors in laying out towns, earthly and heavenly positions were located by something akin to latitude and longitude at least by 200 BC, and the map projection of a spherical earth into latitude and longitude by Claudius Ptolemy [c.85–c. 165] in Alexandria would serve as reference standards until the 14th century.

 

Invention of paper and parchment allowed further development of visualizations throughout history. Figure shows a graph from the 10th or possibly 11th century that is intended to be an illustration of the planetary movement, used in an appendix of a textbook in monastery schools. The graph apparently was meant to represent a plot of the inclinations of the planetary orbits as a function of the time. For this purpose the zone of the zodiac was represented on a plane with a horizontal line divided into thirty parts as the time or longitudinal axis. The vertical axis designates the width of the zodiac. The horizontal scale appears to have been chosen for each planet individually for the periods cannot be reconciled. The accompanying text refers only to the amplitudes. The curves are apparently not related in time.  

Invention of paper and parchment allowed further development of visualizations throughout history. Figure shows a graph from the 10th or possibly 11th century that is intended to be an illustration of the planetary movement, used in an appendix of a textbook in monastery schools. The graph apparently was meant to represent a plot of the inclinations of the planetary orbits as a function of the time. For this purpose the zone of the zodiac was represented on a plane with a horizontal line divided into thirty parts as the time or longitudinal axis. The vertical axis designates the width of the zodiac. The horizontal scale appears to have been chosen for each planet individually for the periods cannot be reconciled. The accompanying text refers only to the amplitudes. The curves are apparently not related in time.  

 

By the 16th century, techniques and instruments for precise observation and measurement of physical quantities, and geographic and celestial position were well-developed (for example, a “wall quadrant” constructed by Tycho Brahe [1546–1601], covering an entire wall in his observatory). Particularly important were the development of triangulation and other methods to determine mapping locations accurately.

By the 16th century, techniques and instruments for precise observation and measurement of physical quantities, and geographic and celestial position were well-developed (for example, a “wall quadrant” constructed by Tycho Brahe [1546–1601], covering an entire wall in his observatory). Particularly important were the development of triangulation and other methods to determine mapping locations accurately.

到了16世纪，精确观测和测量物理量以及地理和天体位置的技术和仪器发展得很好(例如，第谷 · 布拉赫[1546-1601]建造的一个“墙象限” ，覆盖了他的天文台的一整面墙)。特别重要的是发展了三角测量和其他方法来精确确定测绘地点。

到了16世纪，精确观测和测量物理量以及地理和天体位置的技术和仪器都得到了很好的发展(例如，第谷·布拉赫(Tycho Brahe)[1546-1601]建造的“墙象限”，覆盖了他天文台的一整面墙)。特别重要的是用来精确确定测绘地点的三角测量法以及其他方法的发展。

 

French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat developed analytic geometry and two-dimensional coordinate system which heavily influenced the practical methods of displaying and calculating values. Fermat and Blaise Pascal's work on statistics and probability theory laid the groundwork for what we now conceptualize as data. According to the Interaction Design Foundation, these developments allowed and helped William Playfair, who saw potential for graphical communication of quantitative data, to generate and develop graphical methods of statistics. Playfair TimeSeries In the second half of the 20th century, Jacques Bertin used quantitative graphs to represent information "intuitively, clearly, accurately, and efficiently".

French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat developed analytic geometry and two-dimensional coordinate system which heavily influenced the practical methods of displaying and calculating values. Fermat and Blaise Pascal's work on statistics and probability theory laid the groundwork for what we now conceptualize as data. According to the Interaction Design Foundation, these developments allowed and helped William Playfair, who saw potential for graphical communication of quantitative data, to generate and develop graphical methods of statistics. Playfair TimeSeries In the second half of the 20th century, Jacques Bertin used quantitative graphs to represent information "intuitively, clearly, accurately, and efficiently".

法国哲学家和数学家任笛卡尔和皮埃尔·德·费马发展了解析几何和二维坐标系，这严重影响了显示和计算价值的实用方法。和 Blaise Pascal 关于统计和概率论的工作为我们现在概念化为数据奠定了基础。根据交互设计基金会的说法，这些发展允许并帮助看到定量数据的图形化交流潜力的威廉·普莱费尔生成和开发统计的图形化方法。Playfair TimeSeries 在20世纪下半叶，Jacques Bertin 使用定量图表来“直观、清晰、准确和有效地”表示信息。

法国哲学家和数学家笛卡尔(Rene Descartes)和费马(Pierre de Fermat)发展了解析几何和二维坐标系统，极大地影响了显示和计算值的实际方法。费马和布莱斯·帕斯卡在统计和概率论方面的工作为我们现在概念化的数据奠定了基础。根据交互设计基金会的说法，这些发展允许并帮助了William Playfair，使他看到了定量数据图形化交流的潜力，从而产生并发展了统计的图形化方法。20世纪下半叶，雅克·贝尔坦(Jacques Bertin)使用定量图表“直观、清晰、准确、高效”地表达信息。

 

 

John Tukey and Edward Tufte pushed the bounds of data visualization; Tukey with his new statistical approach of exploratory data analysis and Tufte with his book "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" paved the way for refining data visualization techniques for more than statisticians. With the progression of technology came the progression of data visualization; starting with hand drawn visualizations and evolving into more technical applications – including interactive designs leading to software visualization.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.datavis.ca/papers/hbook.pdf|title = A Brief History of Data Visualization|date = 2006|accessdate = 2015-11-22|website = York University|publisher = Springer-Verlag|last = Friendly|first = Michael|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160508232649/http://www.datavis.ca/papers/hbook.pdf|archive-date = 2016-05-08|url-status = live}}</ref>

John Tukey and Edward Tufte pushed the bounds of data visualization; Tukey with his new statistical approach of exploratory data analysis and Tufte with his book "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" paved the way for refining data visualization techniques for more than statisticians. With the progression of technology came the progression of data visualization; starting with hand drawn visualizations and evolving into more technical applications – including interactive designs leading to software visualization.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.datavis.ca/papers/hbook.pdf|title = A Brief History of Data Visualization|date = 2006|accessdate = 2015-11-22|website = York University|publisher = Springer-Verlag|last = Friendly|first = Michael|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160508232649/http://www.datavis.ca/papers/hbook.pdf|archive-date = 2016-05-08|url-status = live}}</ref>

John Tukey and Edward Tufte pushed the bounds of data visualization; Tukey with his new statistical approach of exploratory data analysis and Tufte with his book "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" paved the way for refining data visualization techniques for more than statisticians. With the progression of technology came the progression of data visualization; starting with hand drawn visualizations and evolving into more technical applications – including interactive designs leading to software visualization.

John Tukey and Edward Tufte pushed the bounds of data visualization; Tukey with his new statistical approach of exploratory data analysis and Tufte with his book "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" paved the way for refining data visualization techniques for more than statisticians. With the progression of technology came the progression of data visualization; starting with hand drawn visualizations and evolving into more technical applications – including interactive designs leading to software visualization.

和 Edward Tufte 突破了数据可视化的界限; Tukey 用他的新的统计方法研究了探索性数据分析和 Tufte，他的书《量化信息的视觉显示》为改进数据可视化技术铺平了道路，而不仅仅是统计学家。随着技术的进步，数据可视化的发展也随之而来; 从手绘可视化开始，逐渐发展成为更多的技术应用-- 包括导致软件可视化的交互式设计。

John Tukey和Edward Tufte推动了数据可视化的边界;Tukey用他的新的统计方法研究了探索性数据分析，Tufte及其编写的《量化信息的视觉显示》为改进数据可视化技术铺平了道路。随着技术的进步，数据可视化的发展也随之而来; 从手绘可视化开始，逐渐发展成为更多的技术应用-- 包括导致软件可视化的交互式设计。

 

Programs like SAS, SOFA, R, Minitab, Cornerstone and more allow for data visualization in the field of statistics. Other data visualization applications, more focused and unique to individuals, programming languages such as D3, Python and JavaScript help to make the visualization of quantitative data a possibility.  Private schools have also developed programs to meet the demand for learning data visualization and associated programming libraries, including free programs like The Data Incubator or paid programs like General Assembly.<ref>{{cite news

Programs like SAS, SOFA, R, Minitab, Cornerstone and more allow for data visualization in the field of statistics. Other data visualization applications, more focused and unique to individuals, programming languages such as D3, Python and JavaScript help to make the visualization of quantitative data a possibility.  Private schools have also developed programs to meet the demand for learning data visualization and associated programming libraries, including free programs like The Data Incubator or paid programs like General Assembly.<ref>{{cite news

 

|title=NY gets new boot camp for data scientists: It's free but harder to get into than Harvard

|title=NY gets new boot camp for data scientists: It's free but harder to get into than Harvard

Beginning with the Symposium "Data to Discovery" in 2013, ArtCenter College of Design, Caltech and JPL in Pasadena have run an annual program on Interactive Data Visualization. The program asks: How can interactive data visualization help scientists and engineers explore their data more effectively? How can computing, design, and design thinking help maximize research results? What methodologies are most effective for leveraging knowledge from these fields? By encoding relational information with appropriate visual and interactive characteristics to help interrogate, and ultimately gain new insight into data, the program develops new interdisciplinary approaches to complex science problems, leveraging design thinking and the latest methods from computing, User-Centered Design, interaction design and 3D graphics.

Beginning with the Symposium "Data to Discovery" in 2013, ArtCenter College of Design, Caltech and JPL in Pasadena have run an annual program on Interactive Data Visualization. The program asks: How can interactive data visualization help scientists and engineers explore their data more effectively? How can computing, design, and design thinking help maximize research results? What methodologies are most effective for leveraging knowledge from these fields? By encoding relational information with appropriate visual and interactive characteristics to help interrogate, and ultimately gain new insight into data, the program develops new interdisciplinary approaches to complex science problems, leveraging design thinking and the latest methods from computing, User-Centered Design, interaction design and 3D graphics.

从2013年的研讨会“数据发现”开始，帕萨迪纳的 ArtCenter 设计学院、加州理工学院和喷气推进实验室每年都会举办一个关于互动数据可视化的项目。这个项目提出了一个问题: 交互式数据可视化如何帮助科学家和工程师更有效地探索他们的数据？计算、设计和设计思维如何帮助最大化研究结果？利用这些领域的知识最有效的方法是什么？通过编码具有合适的视觉和交互特征的关系信息来帮助审问，并最终获得对数据的新洞察力，该项目开发了新的跨学科方法来解决复杂的科学问题，利用设计思维和最新的方法，从计算机、以用户为中心的设计、交互设计和3 d 图形。

从2013年的“数据到发现”研讨会开始，加州理工学院艺术中心设计学院和帕萨迪纳市喷气推进实验室就开展了交互式数据可视化的年度项目。这个项目提出了一个问题:交互式数据可视化如何帮助科学家和工程师更有效地探索他们的数据?计算、设计和设计思维如何帮助最大化研究结果?利用这些领域的知识最有效的方法是什么?通过编码具有合适的视觉和交互特征的关系信息来帮助查询，并最终获得对数据的新见解，该项目开发了新的跨学科方法来解决复杂的科学问题，利用了计算、以用户为中心的设计、交互设计和3D图形领域的设计思维和最新方法。

 

 

==Terminology==

==Terminology==