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第20行： − 人工社会旨在构建由计算性设备组成的并行仿真模型。由给定属性的主体组成，其目的是对目标现象进行建模。主题是从社会系统的较低（微观）层次发展到较高（或宏观）层次的过程。+ 第27行：
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第35行： − 随后数学家John Conway取得了进一步的发展。他构建了著名的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 《生命游戏game of life》</font>'''。与冯·诺依曼Von Neumann的机器不同，康威Conway的《生命游戏》以二维棋盘的形式在虚拟世界中根据极其简单的规则进行操作。+ 第43行：
第43行： − 基于主体建模作为社会模型的应用主要由计算机科学家Craig Reynolds发起。他试图建立具有活性生物主体的模型，这种方法被称为“人工生命”，这个术语是由克里斯托弗·兰顿Christopher Langton创造的。+ 第51行：
第51行： − 人工生命的计算方法被应用到社会系统分析中，由约书亚·爱泼斯坦Joshua M. Epstein和罗伯特·阿克斯泰尔Robert Axtell命名为“人工社会”。最终，人工社会以计算社会学的形式提供了一种新的社会学分析方法。主要问题在于古典社会学，即宏观-微观联系的问题：由法国社会学家埃米尔·杜尔克海姆ÉmileDurkheim首先提出，这个问题指的是社会系统中的个人是如何影响宏观社会，以及受到其影响的。+ 第65行：
第65行： − 对于许多人而言，人工社会是跨学科研究中许多其他传统领域的交汇点，例如语言学，社会物理学，数学，哲学，法律，计算机科学，生物学和社会学，在这些领域中，不寻常的计算和理论方法可能会在本学科内引起争议。作为一个领域，它就有着一段充满争议的历史，有些人将其描述为“实践神学”或“无事实科学”。然而，在最近的科学期刊上发表的人工社会的文章，《人工社会与社会模拟杂志》和《社会复杂性杂志》中显示，人工生命技术在社会学主流中越来越被接受。+ 第78行：
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第91行： + + + + − 在1990年代MAS发展之前，计算机对社会现象的模拟主要是分析或基于'''<font color="#ff8000"> 方程的模拟Equation-based Modeling</font>'''（EBM）。包括理性选择理论的效用函数（例如，Coleman 1990）以及宏观社会学和组织模型的系统动力学（例如，Forrester 1968）。在EBM中，模型是一组方程（通常是微分或差分方程），模拟过程包括评估方程（Halpin 1999；Parunak，Savit和Riolo 1998）。许多社会学家对EBM印象是唯一可用的计算机模拟工具。社会模拟被认为是“美国社会学协会”关于数学社会学的一部分。最近有关社会学模拟的调查文章完全忽略了MAS或仅顺便提及了它们（Halpin 1999； Hanneman，Collins和Mordt 1995； Meeker和Leik 1997）。+ 第99行：
第104行： − 在人工社会中，模型则是一个多主体系统：一组并行运算且相互通信的自治主体。最早人工社会的实现是著名的棋盘格模拟，谢林（Schelling）的种族隔离（1971）。就像其早期的模拟一样，人工社会允许研究人员进行虚拟实验，建立一系列模拟以解决特定的研究问题。模拟包括激活所有主体，并观察随着主体交互而出现的“宏”行为。在1990年代，计算机建模技术和计算能力的发展使MAS成为社会学家和经济学家可使用的模拟工具。这种社会仿真方法在计算机科学家中迅速得到了发展。随机出现了一系列编辑过的作品（Conte，Hegselmann和Terna，1997；Gilbert和Conte，1995；Gilbert和Doran，1994； Moss和Davidsson，2001；Sallach和Macal，2001；Sichman，Conte和Gilbert，1998），并创建了新期刊《人工社会与社会模拟杂志》（http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS/）。+ − − MAS are computer systems that contain more than one computational agent. The agents are autonomous: They have control over their own behavior and can act without the intervention of humans or other systems. Interest in MAS among computer scientists was first driven by the development of multiprocessor computers in the 1980s and then by the rapid expansion of the Internet in the 1990s. − − MAS是包含多个计算主体的计算机系统。其主体是自治的：他们可以控制自己的行为，并且可以在无需人工或其他系统干预的情况下采取行动。计算机科学家对MAS的兴趣首先是由1980年代多处理器计算机的发展推动的，然后是1990年代Internet的迅速扩展。
无编辑摘要
Artificial society is the specific agent based computational model for computer simulation in social analysis. It is mostly connected to the theme in complex system, emergence, Monte Carlo method, computational sociology, multi-agent system, and evolutionary programming. The concept itself is simple enough. Actually reaching this conceptual point took a while. Complex mathematical models have been, and are, common; deceivingly simple models only have their roots in the late forties, and took the advent of the microcomputer to really get up to speed.
Artificial society is the specific agent based computational model for computer simulation in social analysis. It is mostly connected to the theme in complex system, emergence, Monte Carlo method, computational sociology, multi-agent system, and evolutionary programming. The concept itself is simple enough. Actually reaching this conceptual point took a while. Complex mathematical models have been, and are, common; deceivingly simple models only have their roots in the late forties, and took the advent of the microcomputer to really get up to speed.
在以计算机来模拟社会并进行分析的时候，人工社会就是一个基于主体的计算模型。它主要涉及'''<font color="#ff8000"> 复杂系统Complex System</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 涌现Emergence</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 蒙特卡洛方法Monte Carlo Method</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 计算社会学Computational Sociology</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 多主体系统Multi-agent System</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 演化编程Evolutionary Programming</font>'''等主题。尽管概念很简单，但实际上意识到这一概念花了一些时间。复杂的数学模型到目前已经变得很普遍。但令人惊讶的是，简单的模型仅起源于四十年代后期，并随着微型计算机的出现而真正加快了速度。
在以计算机来模拟社会并进行分析的时候，人工社会就是一个基于主体的计算模型。它主要涉及'''<font color="#ff8000"> 复杂系统Complex System</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 涌现Emergence</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 蒙特卡洛方法Monte Carlo Method</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 计算社会学Computational Sociology</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 多主体系统Multi-agent System</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 演化编程Evolutionary Programming</font>'''等主题。尽管概念很简单，但人们却花了一段时间才提出这一概念。复杂的数学模型无论以前还是现在都很普遍地存在着，而这看似简单的模型却在四十年代后期才发展起来，并随着微型计算机的出现而真正加快了速度。
The aim is to construct parallel simulations consisting of computational devices, referred to as agents, with given properties, in order to model the target phenomena. The subject is the process of emergence from the lower (micro) level of a social system to the higher (or macro) level.
The aim is to construct parallel simulations consisting of computational devices, referred to as agents, with given properties, in order to model the target phenomena. The subject is the process of emergence from the lower (micro) level of a social system to the higher (or macro) level.
人工社会旨在构建由叫做“主体（agent）”的计算单元组成的并行仿真模型，以模拟现实各种现象。人工社会主要用于研究“涌现过程”，也就是从社会系统中底层（微观）行为发展出高层（或宏观）行为的过程。
The history of agent-based modeling can be traced back to Von Neumann machines, the concept of a machine capable of reproduction. The device he proposed would follow precisely detailed instructions to fashion a copy of itself. The concept was then extended by von Neumann's friend Stanislaw Ulam, also a mathematician, who suggested that the machine be built on paper, as a collection of cells on a grid. The idea intrigued von Neumann, who drew it up, thus creating the first of the devices later termed cellular automata.
The history of agent-based modeling can be traced back to Von Neumann machines, the concept of a machine capable of reproduction. The device he proposed would follow precisely detailed instructions to fashion a copy of itself. The concept was then extended by von Neumann's friend Stanislaw Ulam, also a mathematician, who suggested that the machine be built on paper, as a collection of cells on a grid. The idea intrigued von Neumann, who drew it up, thus creating the first of the devices later termed cellular automata.
基于主体建模的历史可以追溯到'''<font color="#ff8000"> 冯·诺依曼机器Von Neumann Machines</font>'''，其概念是有一种能够复制的机器。他假设的设备将按照精确详细的指示制作一个自己的复制品。冯·诺依曼 Von Neumann的朋友斯坦尼斯拉夫·乌兰姆Stanislaw Ulam也是一位数学家，后来对该概念进行了扩展，他建议将机器构建在纸上，作为网格上的细胞集合。 这个想法引起了冯·诺依曼 Von Neumann的注意，他提出了这个想法，因此创造了第一个被称为元胞自动机的设备。
基于主体建模的历史可以追溯到'''<font color="#ff8000"> 冯·诺依曼机器Von Neumann Machines</font>'''，其概念是有一种能够自我复制的机器。他提出的设备将按照精确详细的指示制作一个自己的复制品。冯·诺依曼 Von Neumann的朋友斯坦尼斯拉夫·乌兰姆Stanislaw Ulam也是一位数学家，后来对该概念进行了扩展，他建议将机器构建在二维平面上，作为网格的格子集合。 这个想法反过来启发了冯·诺依曼 Von Neumann这位初始提出者，使其进一步改进想法，并创造了第一个元胞自动机。
A further advance was achieved by mathematician John Conway. He constructed the well-known game of life. Unlike von Neumann's machine, Conway's Game of Life operated according to tremendously simple rules in a virtual world in the form of a 2-dimensional checkerboard.
A further advance was achieved by mathematician John Conway. He constructed the well-known game of life. Unlike von Neumann's machine, Conway's Game of Life operated according to tremendously simple rules in a virtual world in the form of a 2-dimensional checkerboard.
随后数学家[[约翰·何顿·康威_John_Horton_Conway|约翰·康威]]取得了进一步的发展，设计了著名的[[康威的生命游戏 Conway's Game of Life|生命游戏]]。与冯·诺依曼Von Neumann的机器不同，[[约翰·何顿·康威_John_Horton_Conway|约翰·康威]]的《生命游戏》以二维棋盘的形式在虚拟世界中根据极其简单的规则进行操作。
The application of the agent-based model as a social model was primarily initiated by computer scientist Craig Reynolds. He attempted to model living biological agents, a method known as artificial life, a term coined by Christopher Langton.
The application of the agent-based model as a social model was primarily initiated by computer scientist Craig Reynolds. He attempted to model living biological agents, a method known as artificial life, a term coined by Christopher Langton.
基于主体的模型在社会学建模中的应用，最早是由计算机科学家Craig Reynolds发起。他试图为生物建立主体模型，这种方法后来被克里斯托弗·兰顿Christopher Langton称为“人工生命”。
The computational methods of artificial life were applied to the analysis of social systems, christened "the artificial society" by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell. Eventually, the artificial society provided a new method for sociological analysis in the form of computational sociology. The principal problem is that of classical sociology, the issue of macro-micro linkage: as first articulated by French Sociologist Émile Durkheim, the question of how individuals within a social system influence and are influenced by the macrosocial level.
The computational methods of artificial life were applied to the analysis of social systems, christened "the artificial society" by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell. Eventually, the artificial society provided a new method for sociological analysis in the form of computational sociology. The principal problem is that of classical sociology, the issue of macro-micro linkage: as first articulated by French Sociologist Émile Durkheim, the question of how individuals within a social system influence and are influenced by the macrosocial level.
人工生命这种计算学方法在应用于社会系统分析后，被约书亚·爱泼斯坦Joshua M. Epstein和罗伯特·阿克斯泰尔Robert Axtell命名为“人工社会”。最终，“人工社会”为社会学分析提供了一种新视角，计算社会学。计算社会学的主要研究问题是古典社会学中，由法国社会学家埃米尔·杜尔克海姆ÉmileDurkheim首先提出的“宏观-微观联系”的问题。这个问题指的是社会系统中的个人是如何影响宏观社会，以及受到其影响的。
The artificial society has been widely accepted by recent sociology as a promising method characterized by the extensive use of [[computer program]]s and [[computer simulation]]s which include [[evolutionary algorithm]]s (EA), [[genetic algorithm]]s (GA), [[genetic programming]] (GP), [[memetic programming]] (MP), [[agent based model]]s, and [[cellular automaton|cellular automata]] (CA).
The artificial society has been widely accepted by recent sociology as a promising method characterized by the extensive use of [[computer program]]s and [[computer simulation]]s which include [[evolutionary algorithm]]s (EA), [[genetic algorithm]]s (GA), [[genetic programming]] (GP), [[memetic programming]] (MP), [[agent based model]]s, and [[cellular automaton|cellular automata]] (CA).
For many, artificial society is a meeting point for people from many other more traditional fields in interdisciplinary research, such as linguistics, social physics, mathematics, philosophy, law, computer science, biology, and sociology in which unusual computational and theoretical approaches that would be controversial within their native discipline can be discussed. As a field, it has had a controversial history; some have characterized it as "practical theology" or a "fact-free science". However, the recent publication of artificial society articles in the scientific journals e.g.: Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation and [http://josc.bandungfe.net Journal of Social Complexity] shows that artificial life techniques are becoming somewhat more accepted within the sociological mainstream.
For many, artificial society is a meeting point for people from many other more traditional fields in interdisciplinary research, such as linguistics, social physics, mathematics, philosophy, law, computer science, biology, and sociology in which unusual computational and theoretical approaches that would be controversial within their native discipline can be discussed. As a field, it has had a controversial history; some have characterized it as "practical theology" or a "fact-free science". However, the recent publication of artificial society articles in the scientific journals e.g.: Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation and [http://josc.bandungfe.net Journal of Social Complexity] shows that artificial life techniques are becoming somewhat more accepted within the sociological mainstream.
对于许多人而言，人工社会是跨学科研究中许多其他传统领域的交汇点，例如语言学，社会物理学，数学，哲学，法律，计算机科学，生物学和社会学。在这些传统领域中，不寻常的计算和理论方法可能会在本学科内引起争议，但在人工社会中，这些方法都可以讨论。人工社会这个领域的发展史中充满着争议，有些人将其描述为“实践神学”或“无事实科学”。然而，在最近的科学期刊上发表的人工社会的文章，《人工社会与社会模拟杂志》和《社会复杂性杂志》中显示，人工生命技术在社会学主流中越来越被接受。
== Social Agents 社会主体 ==
== Social Agents 社会主体 ==
Agents don't make small talk. Agent conversations are usually goal-directed transactions. For example, Smith wants to buy a book from Jones. Here's how the conversation might go:
Agents don't make small talk. Agent conversations are usually goal-directed transactions. For example, Smith wants to buy a book from Jones. Here's how the conversation might go:
主体沟通并不是指进行聊天。 这里主体沟通通常是指目标导向的事务处理。 例如，主体史密斯想从主体琼斯那里买书。 其沟通过程如下：
主体沟通并不是指进行聊天。 这里主体沟通通常是指目标导向的事务处理。 例如，主体史密斯想从主体琼斯那里买书。 其沟通过程如下：
MAS are computer systems that contain more than one computational agent. The agents are autonomous: They have control over their own behavior and can act without the intervention of humans or other systems. Interest in MAS among computer scientists was first driven by the development of multiprocessor computers in the 1980s and then by the rapid expansion of the Internet in the 1990s.
MAS是包含多个计算主体的计算机系统。其主体是自治的：他们可以控制自己的行为，并且可以在无需人工或其他系统干预的情况下采取行动。计算机科学家对MAS的兴趣首先是由1980年代多处理器计算机的发展推动的，然后是1990年代Internet的迅速扩展。
Until the development of MAS in the 1990s, computer simulations of social phenomena primarily used analytics, or equation-based modeling (EBM). Examples include the utility functions of rational choice theory (e.g., Coleman 1990) and the system dynamics of macro-sociological and organizational models (e.g., Forrester 1968). In EBM, the model is a set of equations (typically differential or difference equations), and the execution of the simulation consists of evaluating the equations (Halpin 1999; Parunak, Savit, and Riolo 1998). Many sociologists are under the impression that EBM is the only computer simulation tool available to them; social simulation is considered to be a part of the American Sociological Association section on mathematical sociology. Recent survey articles on sociological simulation neglect MAS completely or mention them only in passing (Halpin 1999; Hanneman, Collins, and Mordt 1995; Meeker and Leik 1997).
Until the development of MAS in the 1990s, computer simulations of social phenomena primarily used analytics, or equation-based modeling (EBM). Examples include the utility functions of rational choice theory (e.g., Coleman 1990) and the system dynamics of macro-sociological and organizational models (e.g., Forrester 1968). In EBM, the model is a set of equations (typically differential or difference equations), and the execution of the simulation consists of evaluating the equations (Halpin 1999; Parunak, Savit, and Riolo 1998). Many sociologists are under the impression that EBM is the only computer simulation tool available to them; social simulation is considered to be a part of the American Sociological Association section on mathematical sociology. Recent survey articles on sociological simulation neglect MAS completely or mention them only in passing (Halpin 1999; Hanneman, Collins, and Mordt 1995; Meeker and Leik 1997).
在1990年代MAS发展之前，计算机对社会现象的模拟主要是使用微积分，或'''<font color="#ff8000">基于方程的建模Equation-based Modeling</font>'''（EBM）。包括理性选择理论的效用函数（例如，Coleman 1990）以及宏观社会学和组织模型的[[系统动力学]]。在EBM中，模型是一组方程（通常是微分或差分方程），模拟过程需要求解方程（Halpin 1999；Parunak，Savit和Riolo 1998）。许多社会学家对EBM印象是唯一可用的计算机模拟工具。社会模拟被认为是“美国社会学协会”关于数学社会学的一部分。最近有关社会学模拟的调查文章完全忽略了MAS或仅顺便提及了它们（Halpin 1999； Hanneman，Collins和Mordt 1995； Meeker和Leik 1997）。
In an artificial society, the model is a multiagent system: a set of autonomous agents that operate in parallel and that communicate with each other. The earliest implementation of an artificial societywas the famous checkerboard simulation of racial segregation of Schelling (1971). Like Schelling’s early simulation, artificial societies allow researchers to run virtual experiments, setting up a series of simulations to address a specific research question. The simulation consists of activating all of the agents and observing the macro behavior that emerges as the agents interact. In the 1990s, computer modeling techniques and computational power evolved to the point where MAS became a viable simulation tool for sociologists and economists. This approach to social simulation has rapidly gathered momentum among computer scientists; several edited collections have appeared (Conte, Hegselmann, and Terna 1997; Gilbert and Conte 1995; Gilbert and Doran 1994; Moss and Davidsson 2001; Sallach and Macal 2001; Sichman, Conte, and Gilbert 1998), and a new journal has been founded, the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS/).
In an artificial society, the model is a multiagent system: a set of autonomous agents that operate in parallel and that communicate with each other. The earliest implementation of an artificial societywas the famous checkerboard simulation of racial segregation of Schelling (1971). Like Schelling’s early simulation, artificial societies allow researchers to run virtual experiments, setting up a series of simulations to address a specific research question. The simulation consists of activating all of the agents and observing the macro behavior that emerges as the agents interact. In the 1990s, computer modeling techniques and computational power evolved to the point where MAS became a viable simulation tool for sociologists and economists. This approach to social simulation has rapidly gathered momentum among computer scientists; several edited collections have appeared (Conte, Hegselmann, and Terna 1997; Gilbert and Conte 1995; Gilbert and Doran 1994; Moss and Davidsson 2001; Sallach and Macal 2001; Sichman, Conte, and Gilbert 1998), and a new journal has been founded, the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation (http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS/).
在人工社会中，模型则是一个多主体系统：一组并行运算且相互通信的自治主体。最早人工社会的实现是[[托马斯·谢林_Thomas_C._Schelling|托马斯·谢林]]著名的棋盘格模拟种族隔离（1971）。就像其早期谢林的模拟一样，人工社会允许研究人员进行虚拟实验，建立一系列模拟以解决特定的研究问题。模拟过程会激活所有主体，并观察随着主体交互而涌现出的宏观行为。在1990年代，计算机建模技术和计算能力的发展使MAS成为社会学家和经济学家可使用的模拟工具。这种社会仿真方法在计算机科学家中迅速得到了发展，随后便出现了一些论文集（Conte，Hegselmann和Terna，1997；Gilbert和Conte，1995；Gilbert和Doran，1994； Moss和Davidsson，2001；Sallach和Macal，2001；Sichman，Conte和Gilbert，1998），并创建了新期刊《人工社会与社会模拟杂志》（http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/JASSS/）。
== See also 其他参考资料 ==
== See also 其他参考资料 ==