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{{short description|Critical weakness which can lead to downfall in spite of overall strength}}

{{About|the phrase|the anatomical part|Achilles tendon||Achilles Heel (disambiguation)}}

[[File:Detail of Achilles thniskon.JPG|thumb|260px|Statue of Achilleas Thniskon (''Dying Achilles'') at the [[Corfu]] [[Achilleion (Corfu)|Achilleion]].]]

Statue of Achilleas Thniskon (Dying Achilles) at the [[Corfu Achilleion.]]

在[ Corfu Achilleion ]的 Achilleas Thniskon (垂死的阿基里斯)雕像

An '''Achilles' heel''' or '''Achilles heel'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/achilles-heel|title=Achilles heel {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/achilles_heel|title=Achilles heel {{!}} Definition of Achilles heel by Lexico|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.

An Achilles' heel or Achilles heel is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.

阿基里斯之踵或阿基里斯之踵是一个弱点,尽管整体实力强大,这可能导致垮台。虽然神话起源指的是身体上的脆弱性,但是习惯性地提到其他可能导致毁灭的属性或品质是很常见的。



== Origin ==

In [[Greek mythology]], when [[Achilles]] was a baby, it was foretold that he would die young. To prevent his death, his mother [[Thetis]] took [[Achilles]] to the [[Styx|River Styx]], which was supposed to offer powers of invulnerability, and dipped his body into the water; however, as Thetis held Achilles by the [[heel]], his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles.

In Greek mythology, when Achilles was a baby, it was foretold that he would die young. To prevent his death, his mother Thetis took Achilles to the River Styx, which was supposed to offer powers of invulnerability, and dipped his body into the water; however, as Thetis held Achilles by the heel, his heel was not washed over by the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles.

在希腊神话中,当阿喀琉斯还是个婴儿的时候,人们就预言他会英年早逝。为了阻止阿基里斯的死亡,他的母亲西提斯把阿基里斯带到冥河,这条河据说可以提供刀枪不入的能力,并把他的身体浸入水中; 然而,当西提斯抓住阿基里斯的脚后跟时,他的脚后跟并没有被魔法河的水冲洗过。阿基里斯长大后成为一个战士,在许多伟大的战役中幸存下来。



[[File:Peter Paul Rubens 181.jpg|thumb|right|Oil painting (c.&nbsp;1625) by [[Peter Paul Rubens]] of the goddess Thetis dipping her son Achilles in the [[River Styx]], which runs through [[Hades]]. In the background, the ferryman [[Charon (mythology)|Charon]] rows the dead across the river in his boat.]]

Oil painting (c.&nbsp;1625) by [[Peter Paul Rubens of the goddess Thetis dipping her son Achilles in the River Styx, which runs through Hades. In the background, the ferryman Charon rows the dead across the river in his boat.]]

油画(约1625年)由女神忒提斯的彼得·保罗·鲁本斯在冥河中浸泡她的儿子阿基里斯,冥河流经地狱。背景中,摆渡人卡戎驾着小船,在河对岸为死者排队



Although the death of Achilles is predicted by Hector in [[Homer]]’s ''[[Iliad]]'', it does not actually occur in the ''Iliad'', but is described in later Greek and Roman poetry and drama<ref>E.g. [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' 12.580–619.</ref> concerning events after the ''Iliad'', later in the [[Trojan War]]. In the myths surrounding the war, Achilles was said to have died from a wound to his heel,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.britishmuseum.org/who-was-achilles/|title=Who was Achilles?|date=2019-10-15|website=The British Museum Blog|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history|title=Ancient History|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2019-12-24}}</ref> ankle,<ref>http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DEpitome%3Abook%3DE%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D3</ref> or torso,<ref name=":0" /> which was the result of an arrow—possibly poisoned—shot by [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]].<ref>See P. J. Heslin, ''The Transvestite Achilles: Gender and Genre in Statius’'' Achilleid, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 2005, 166–169.</ref>

Although the death of Achilles is predicted by Hector in Homer’s Iliad, it does not actually occur in the Iliad, but is described in later Greek and Roman poetry and drama concerning events after the Iliad, later in the Trojan War. In the myths surrounding the war, Achilles was said to have died from a wound to his heel, ankle, or torso,

尽管赫克托在荷马的《伊利亚特》中预言了阿喀琉斯的死亡,但它实际上并没有出现在《伊利亚特》中,而是在后来希腊和罗马的诗歌和戏剧中描述了伊利亚特之后的事件,后来又出现在特洛伊战争中。在围绕战争的神话中,阿基里斯据说是死于脚跟、脚踝或躯干的伤口,



Classical myths attribute Achilles’s invulnerability to his mother [[Thetis]] having treated him with [[ambrosia]] and burned away his mortality in the hearth fire except on the heel, by which she held him. Peleus, his father, discovered the treatment and was alarmed to see Thetis holding the baby in the flames, which offended her and made her leave the treatment incomplete.<ref>Apollonius, Argonautica 4.869–872</ref> According to a myth arising later, his mother had dipped the infant Achilles in the river [[Styx (mythology)|Styx]], holding onto him by his heel, and he became invulnerable where the waters touched him—that is, everywhere except the areas of his heel that were covered by her thumb and forefinger.<ref>Statius, Achilleid 1.122f., 269f., 480f.</ref>

Classical myths attribute Achilles’s invulnerability to his mother Thetis having treated him with ambrosia and burned away his mortality in the hearth fire except on the heel, by which she held him. Peleus, his father, discovered the treatment and was alarmed to see Thetis holding the baby in the flames, which offended her and made her leave the treatment incomplete. According to a myth arising later, his mother had dipped the infant Achilles in the river Styx, holding onto him by his heel, and he became invulnerable where the waters touched him—that is, everywhere except the areas of his heel that were covered by her thumb and forefinger.

古典神话将阿基里斯的刀枪不入归功于他的母亲西蒂斯,西蒂斯曾经给他吃过美味的食物,在炉火中烧尽了他的死亡,只留下了脚后跟,她用脚后跟抱住了他。他的父亲珀琉斯发现了这种治疗方法,并惊恐地看到西蒂斯用火焰抱着婴儿,这激怒了她,使她不能完成治疗。根据后来出现的一个神话,他的母亲在冥河里给婴儿阿基里斯刺了一下,抓住他的脚后跟,他在水流接触到的地方变得坚不可摧ーー也就是说,除了他脚后跟被她的拇指和食指覆盖的地方。



The oldest-known written record of the tendon being named for [[Achilles]] is in 1693 by the Flemish/Dutch anatomist [[Philip Verheyen]]. In his widely used text ''Corporis Humani Anatomia'' he described the tendon's location and said that it was commonly called "the cord of Achilles."<ref>{{Citation

The oldest-known written record of the tendon being named for Achilles is in 1693 by the Flemish/Dutch anatomist Philip Verheyen. In his widely used text Corporis Humani Anatomia he described the tendon's location and said that it was commonly called "the cord of Achilles." As an expression meaning "area of weakness, vulnerable spot," the use of "Achilles heel" dates only to 1840, with implied use in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Ireland, that vulnerable heel of the British Achilles!" from 1810 (Oxford English Dictionary).

已知最古老的关于跟腱以阿基里斯命名的文字记录是在1693年由弗兰德/荷兰解剖学家菲利普 · 费尔海因撰写的。在他广泛使用的文本《人体解剖学》中,他描述了肌腱的位置,并说它通常被称为“跟腱”作为一个表达方式,意思是“区域的弱点,脆弱的地点,”使用“阿喀琉斯之踵”只能追溯到1840年,暗示使用在塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治的“爱尔兰,那脆弱的脚跟的英国! ”自1810年(牛津英语词典)。

|title=Corporis humani anatomia

|last1=Veheyen

|first1=Philip

|authorlink=Philip Verheyen

The large and prominent tendon of the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles of the calf is called the tendo achilleus or Achilles tendon. This is commonly associated with the site of Achilles's death wound. Tendons are avascular, so such an injury is unlikely to be fatal; however, the myth has the arrow poisoned with the blood of the Lernaean Hydra.

腓肠肌、比目鱼肌和跖肌的大而突出的肌腱称为小腿腱或跟腱。这通常与跟腱的致命伤有关。肌腱是无血管的,所以这种损伤不太可能是致命的; 然而,神话中的箭被勒奈海德拉的血液毒死了。

|publisher=Aegidium Denique

|place=Leuven

A more likely anatomical basis for Achilles's death, assuming an unpoisoned dart, would have been an injury to his posterior tibial artery behind the medial malleolus, in between the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and the posterior tibial vein. This area could also have been included in Thetis's grip.

假设是一个没有中毒的飞镖,那么跟腱的解剖学基础更有可能是内踝后侧胫后动脉的损伤,位于长屈指肌腱和胫后静脉之间。这个区域也可能包括在西蒂斯的控制范围内。

|year=1693

|quote=Vocatum passim ''chorda Achillis'', & ab Hippocrate ''tendo magnus''. (Appendix, caput XII. ''De musculis pedii et antipedii'', p. 269)

|url=https://archive.org/stream/corporishumanian00verh#page/268/mode/2up

|accessdate=12 Mar 2018

|page=269

}}</ref><ref name="Klenerman2007">{{cite journal |last1=Klenerman |first1=L. |title=The early history of tendo Achillis and its rupture |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume |date=April 2007 |volume=89-B |issue=4 |pages=545–547 |doi=10.1302/0301-620X.89B4.18978|pmid=17463129 }}</ref> As an expression meaning "area of weakness, vulnerable spot," the use of "Achilles heel" dates only to 1840, with implied use in [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]'s "Ireland, that vulnerable heel of the British Achilles!" from 1810 (''Oxford English Dictionary'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=7F12E25F0F46A5BB16B0EAE3979CBEB6?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F272524%3FredirectedFrom%3DAchilles%2520heel|title=Home : Oxford English Dictionary|website=www.oed.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref>



==Anatomy==

{{Original research section|date=June 2019|comment=this is mythology!}}

The large and prominent tendon of the [[gastrocnemius]], [[soleus]], and [[plantaris]] muscles of the calf is called the ''tendo achilleus'' or [[Achilles tendon]]. This is commonly associated with the site of Achilles's death wound. Tendons are avascular, so such an injury is unlikely to be fatal; however, the myth has the arrow poisoned with the blood of the [[Lernaean Hydra]].



A more likely anatomical basis for Achilles's death, assuming an unpoisoned dart, would have been an injury to his [[posterior tibial artery]] behind the [[medial malleolus]], in between the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and the posterior tibial vein. This area could also have been included in [[Thetis]]'s grip.



==See also==

{{wiktionary|Achilles heel}}

*{{annotated link|Achilles tendon}}

*{{annotated link|Baldr|Balder}} in [[Norse mythology]]

Category:Trojan War literature

类别: 特洛伊战争文学

*[[Duryodhana#Gandhari's blessing and the fight with Bhima|Duryodhana]] in the [[Mahabharatha]]

Category:Idioms

类别: 成语

*{{annotated link|Esfandiyār}} in the [[Shahnameh]]

Category:Achilles

分类: 阿基里斯

<noinclude>

<small>This page was moved from [[wikipedia:en:Achilles' heel]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[阿喀琉斯之踵/edithistory]]</small></noinclude>

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