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| Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity. Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals. | | Collective intelligence (CI) is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity. Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals. |
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− | 集体智能Collective intelligence(简称CI,或称为集体智力,集体智慧等)指的是共享或群体的智慧,源于众多个体的协作,共同努力和互相竞争,然后产生于共识决策中。其术语经常出现在社会生物学,政治科学以及大规模同行评议和众包应用中。它可能牵涉到大众共识,社会资本和形式主义,例如投票系统,社交媒体和其他方式的群众活动。另一个概念式群体智商Collective IQ,它是用来度量集体智能的,尽管它通常会与集体智能一词互换使用。集体智能也可以在细菌和动物群体中形成。 | + | '''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智能Collective intelligence</font>'''集体智能Collective intelligence(简称CI,或称为集体智力,集体智慧等)指的是共享或群体的智慧,源于众多个体的协作,共同努力和互相竞争,然后产生于共识决策中。其术语经常出现在社会生物学,政治科学以及大规模同行评议和众包应用中。它可能牵涉到大众共识,社会资本和形式主义,例如投票系统,社交媒体和其他方式的群众活动。另一个概念是'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体智商Collective IQ</font>''',它是用来度量集体智能的,尽管它通常会与集体智能一词互换使用。集体智能也可以在细菌和动物群体中形成。 |
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| Similar to the g factor (g) for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from g. Similarly as g is highly interrelated with the concept of IQ, this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well. | | Similar to the g factor (g) for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from g. Similarly as g is highly interrelated with the concept of IQ, this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well. |
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− | 与测试个人智力的g因子相似,对群体智力的最新科学理解主要是提取群体的综合智力因子c因子,以表明一个小组执行各种任务的能力。其定义,操作方式和统计方法均同于g因子测试法。同样地,由于g与IQ的概念高度相关,因此这种群体智力的度量也可以解释为群体的智商(Group-IQ),即使该分数自身不是商。另外,还研究c值的成因和预测其有效性。
| + | 与测试个人智力的g因子相似,对群体智力的最新科学理解主要是提取群体的综合智力因子c因子,以表明一个小组执行各种任务的能力。其定义,操作方式和统计方法均同于g因子测试法。同样地,由于g与IQ的概念高度相关,因此这种群体智力的度量也可以解释为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体的智商(Group-IQ)</font>''',即使该分数自身不是商。另外,还研究c值的成因和预测其有效性。 |
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| In 1912 Émile Durkheim identified society as the sole source of human logical thought. He argued in "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life" that society constitutes a higher intelligence because it transcends the individual over space and time. Other antecedents are Vladimir Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's concept of "noosphere" and H.G. Wells's concept of "world brain" (see also the term "global brain"). Peter Russell, Elisabet Sahtouris, and Barbara Marx Hubbard (originator of the term "conscious evolution") are inspired by the visions of a noosphere – a transcendent, rapidly evolving collective intelligence – an informational cortex of the planet. The notion has more recently been examined by the philosopher Pierre Lévy. In a 1962 research report, Douglas Engelbart linked collective intelligence to organizational effectiveness, and predicted that pro-actively 'augmenting human intellect' would yield a multiplier effect in group problem solving: "Three people working together in this augmented mode [would] seem to be more than three times as effective in solving a complex problem as is one augmented person working alone". In 1994, he coined the term 'collective IQ' as a measure of collective intelligence, to focus attention on the opportunity to significantly raise collective IQ in business and society. | | In 1912 Émile Durkheim identified society as the sole source of human logical thought. He argued in "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life" that society constitutes a higher intelligence because it transcends the individual over space and time. Other antecedents are Vladimir Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's concept of "noosphere" and H.G. Wells's concept of "world brain" (see also the term "global brain"). Peter Russell, Elisabet Sahtouris, and Barbara Marx Hubbard (originator of the term "conscious evolution") are inspired by the visions of a noosphere – a transcendent, rapidly evolving collective intelligence – an informational cortex of the planet. The notion has more recently been examined by the philosopher Pierre Lévy. In a 1962 research report, Douglas Engelbart linked collective intelligence to organizational effectiveness, and predicted that pro-actively 'augmenting human intellect' would yield a multiplier effect in group problem solving: "Three people working together in this augmented mode [would] seem to be more than three times as effective in solving a complex problem as is one augmented person working alone". In 1994, he coined the term 'collective IQ' as a measure of collective intelligence, to focus attention on the opportunity to significantly raise collective IQ in business and society. |
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− | 1912年,埃米尔·杜尔克海姆Émile Durkheim将社会定义为人类逻辑思维的唯一来源。他在《宗教生活的基本形式》一书中指出,社会构成了一种更高的智慧,因为它在时空上超越了个人。其他先例还有弗拉基米尔·韦尔纳斯基Vladimir Vernadsky和皮埃尔·泰尔哈德·德·夏尔丁Pierre Teilhard de Chardin的“noosphere”概念以及H.G. Wells的“世界脑”概念(另请参见“全球大脑”一词)。彼得·罗素Peter Russell,伊丽莎白·萨赫图里斯Elisabet Sahtouris和芭芭拉·马克思·哈伯德Barbara Marx Hubbard(“有意识演化”一词的发起者)受到了“noosphere”的启发,即超自然的,迅速发展的集体智能,相当于地球的大脑信息皮质层。哲学家皮埃尔·列维最近对该概念进行了研究。在1962年的一份研究报告中,道格拉斯·恩格尔巴特将集体智能与组织有效性联系起来,并预测说,积极地“增强人类智慧”将在解决群体问题方面产生事半功倍的效果:“以这种增强模式工作的三个人在解决复杂问题上的效率似乎是一个单独工作的人(同等增强幅度)的三倍以上”。1994年,他创造了“群体智商”一词来衡量集体智能,以集中精力于在商业和社会中寻找显著提高群体智商的机会。 | + | 1912年,埃米尔·杜尔克海姆Émile Durkheim将社会定义为人类逻辑思维的唯一来源。他在《宗教生活的基本形式》一书中指出,社会构成了一种更高的智慧,因为它在时空上超越了个人。其他先例还有弗拉基米尔·韦尔纳斯基Vladimir Vernadsky和皮埃尔·泰尔哈德·德·夏尔丁Pierre Teilhard de Chardin的“noosphere”概念以及H.G. Wells的“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 世界脑World brain</font>'''”概念(另请参见“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 全球大脑Global brain</font>'''"”一词)。彼得·罗素Peter Russell,伊丽莎白·萨赫图里斯Elisabet Sahtouris和芭芭拉·马克思·哈伯德Barbara Marx Hubbard(“有意识演化”一词的发起者)受到了“noosphere”的启发,即超自然的,迅速发展的集体智能,相当于地球的大脑信息皮质层。哲学家皮埃尔·列维最近对该概念进行了研究。在1962年的一份研究报告中,道格拉斯·恩格尔巴特将集体智能与组织有效性联系起来,并预测说,积极地“增强人类智慧”将在解决群体问题方面产生事半功倍的效果:“以这种增强模式工作的三个人在解决复杂问题上的效率似乎是一个单独工作的人(同等增强幅度)的三倍以上”。1994年,他创造了“群体智商”一词来衡量集体智能,以集中精力于在商业和社会中寻找显著提高群体智商的机会。 |
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| The idea of collective intelligence also forms the framework for contemporary democratic theories often referred to as epistemic democracy. Epistemic democratic theories refer to the capacity of the populace, either through deliberation or aggregation of knowledge, to track the truth and relies on mechanisms to synthesize and apply collective intelligence. | | The idea of collective intelligence also forms the framework for contemporary democratic theories often referred to as epistemic democracy. Epistemic democratic theories refer to the capacity of the populace, either through deliberation or aggregation of knowledge, to track the truth and relies on mechanisms to synthesize and apply collective intelligence. |
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− | 集体智能的概念也构成了当代民主理论的框架,这些理论通常被称为认知民主Epistemic democracy。指的是民众的能力,即通过审议或汇总知识来追踪真相,并依靠这种机制来综合运用集体智能。
| + | 集体智能的概念也构成了当代民主理论的框架,这些理论通常被称为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 认知民主Epistemic democracy</font>'''。指的是民众的能力,即通过审议或汇总知识来追踪真相,并依靠这种机制来综合运用集体智能。 |
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| Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior – collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this earth's living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". In 1986 Bloom combined the concepts of apoptosis, parallel distributed processing, group selection, and the superorganism to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works. Later he showed how the collective intelligences of competing bacterial colonies and human societies can be explained in terms of computer-generated "complex adaptive systems" and the "genetic algorithms", concepts pioneered by John Holland. | | Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior – collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this earth's living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". In 1986 Bloom combined the concepts of apoptosis, parallel distributed processing, group selection, and the superorganism to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works. Later he showed how the collective intelligences of competing bacterial colonies and human societies can be explained in terms of computer-generated "complex adaptive systems" and the "genetic algorithms", concepts pioneered by John Holland. |
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− | 霍华德·布鲁姆Howard Bloom曾讨论过大众行为(从夸克到细菌,植物,动物和人类社会的群体行为)。他强调说,生物适应性使得地球上大多数生物已经变成了所谓的“学习机器”。1986年,布卢姆将细胞凋亡Apoptosis,并行分布处理Parallel distributed processing,群体选择Group selection和超有机体Superorganism的概念结合在一起,产生了关于集体智能如何运作的理论。后来,他展示了如何用计算机生成的“复杂自适应系统Complex adaptive systems”和“遗传算法Genetic algorithms”来解释竞争性细菌群落和人类社会的集体智能,当初这个概念是由约翰·霍兰德John Holland提出的。 | + | 霍华德·布鲁姆Howard Bloom曾讨论过大众行为(从夸克到细菌,植物,动物和人类社会的群体行为)。他强调说,生物适应性使得地球上大多数生物已经变成了所谓的“学习机器”。1986年,布卢姆将'''<font color="#ff8000"> 细胞凋亡Apoptosis</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000"> 并行分布处理Parallel distributed processing</font>''','''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体选择Group selection</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 超有机体Superorganism</font>'''的概念结合在一起,产生了关于集体智能如何运作的理论。后来,他展示了如何用计算机生成的“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 复杂自适应系统Complex adaptive systems</font>'''”和“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 遗传算法Genetic algorithms</font>'''”来解释竞争性细菌群落和人类社会的集体智能,当初这个概念是由约翰·霍兰德John Holland提出的。 |
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| David Skrbina cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of panpsychism (that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter). He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" and Fechner's arguments for a collective consciousness of mankind. He cites Durkheim as the most notable advocate of a "collective consciousness" and Teilhard de Chardin as a thinker who has developed the philosophical implications of the group mind. | | David Skrbina cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of panpsychism (that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter). He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" and Fechner's arguments for a collective consciousness of mankind. He cites Durkheim as the most notable advocate of a "collective consciousness" and Teilhard de Chardin as a thinker who has developed the philosophical implications of the group mind. |
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− | 大卫·斯科宾纳David Skrbina引用了“团体思想Group mind”的概念,该概念源自柏拉图的泛精神论Panpsychism(思想或意识无所不在,并存在于所有事物中)。他进一步发展了托马斯·霍布斯Thomas Hobbes在“利维坦Leviathan”中表达的“团队意识”的概念,以及费希纳关于人类集体意识的论点。他引用了涂尔干Durkheim作为“集体意识”最著名的提倡者,并引用了泰勒哈德·德·夏尔丁Teilhard de Chardin作为思想家,泰勒哈德曾提出团队思维的哲学含义。 | + | 大卫·斯科宾纳David Skrbina引用了“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 团体思想Group mind</font>'''”的概念,该概念源自柏拉图的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 泛精神论Panpsychism</font>'''(思想或意识无所不在,并存在于所有事物中)。他进一步发展了托马斯·霍布斯Thomas Hobbes在“利维坦Leviathan”中表达的“团队意识”的概念,以及费希纳关于人类集体意识的论点。他引用了涂尔干Durkheim作为“集体意识”最著名的提倡者,并引用了泰勒哈德·德·夏尔丁Teilhard de Chardin作为思想家,泰勒哈德曾提出团队思维的哲学含义。 |
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| The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Anita Woolley presents Collective intelligence as a measure of group intelligence and group creativity. The idea is that a measure of collective intelligence covers a broad range of features of the group, mainly group composition and group interaction. The features of composition that lead to increased levels of collective intelligence in groups include criteria such as higher numbers of women in the group as well as increased diversity of the group. | | The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Anita Woolley presents Collective intelligence as a measure of group intelligence and group creativity. The idea is that a measure of collective intelligence covers a broad range of features of the group, mainly group composition and group interaction. The features of composition that lead to increased levels of collective intelligence in groups include criteria such as higher numbers of women in the group as well as increased diversity of the group. |
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− | 关于术语“团体智慧”有时可以与“集体智能”一词互换使用。安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley认为集体智能,可以作为衡量团体智慧和创造力的方法。这个想法是,集体智能的度量能涵盖团体的广泛特征,主要包括团体组成和团体互动。导致团体中集体智能水平提高的组成特征包括:组中女性人数增加以及组内多样性增加等。
| + | 关于术语“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 团体智慧Collective intelligence</font>'''”有时可以与“集体智能”一词互换使用。安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley认为集体智能,可以作为衡量团体智慧和创造力的方法。这个想法是,集体智能的度量能涵盖团体的广泛特征,主要包括团体组成和团体互动。导致团体中集体智能水平提高的组成特征包括:组中女性人数增加以及组内多样性增加等。 |
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| 通信技术的进步以较低的间接成本促使了全球公司的兴起。互联网遍布全球,因此一家全球整合的公司打破了地域限制,他们可以访问任何新市场,新思想和新技术。 | | 通信技术的进步以较低的间接成本促使了全球公司的兴起。互联网遍布全球,因此一家全球整合的公司打破了地域限制,他们可以访问任何新市场,新思想和新技术。 |
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| == Collective intelligence factor ''c'' 集体智力因子c == | | == Collective intelligence factor ''c'' 集体智力因子c == |
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| Group members' social sensitivity was measured via the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RME) and correlated .26 with c. or 'mind reading', which refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires or intents, to other people and in how far people understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions or perspectives different from their own ones. and constantly differentiates control groups from individuals with functional autism or Asperger Syndrome. ToM can be regarded as an associated subset of skills and abilities within the broader concept of emotional intelligence. | | Group members' social sensitivity was measured via the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RME) and correlated .26 with c. or 'mind reading', which refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires or intents, to other people and in how far people understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions or perspectives different from their own ones. and constantly differentiates control groups from individuals with functional autism or Asperger Syndrome. ToM can be regarded as an associated subset of skills and abilities within the broader concept of emotional intelligence. |
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− | 小组成员的社交敏感度通过“眼神阅读测试Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test”(RME)进行衡量,并与c关联(0.26)。这里要求参与者检测图片中呈现的其他人眼中表达的思维或感觉,并以选择题形式进行评估。该测试旨在衡量人们的心智理论Theory of mind(ToM),也称为“心理化”或“思想阅读”,指的是感受他人心理状态的能力(例如信念,欲望或意图),当他们的信念,欲望,意图或观点与自己有所不同时,能在多大程度上理解他人。RME是针对成人的ToM测试,显示出足够的重测信度,并不断将对照组与患有功能性自闭症或阿斯伯格综合症的个体区分开来。它是成人ToM最广泛接受和验证良好的测试之一。在更宽泛的情商概念中,ToM可被视为技能的相关子集。
| + | 小组成员的社交敏感度通过“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 眼神阅读测试Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test</font>'''”(RME)进行衡量,并与c关联(0.26)。这里要求参与者检测图片中呈现的其他人眼中表达的思维或感觉,并以选择题形式进行评估。该测试旨在衡量人们的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 心智理论Theory of mind(ToM)</font>''',也称为“心理化”或“思想阅读”,指的是感受他人心理状态的能力(例如信念,欲望或意图),当他们的信念,欲望,意图或观点与自己有所不同时,能在多大程度上理解他人。RME是针对成人的ToM测试,显示出足够的重测信度,并不断将对照组与患有功能性自闭症或阿斯伯格综合症的个体区分开来。它是成人ToM最广泛接受和验证良好的测试之一。在更宽泛的情商概念中,ToM可被视为技能的相关子集。 |
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| To address the problems of serialized aggregation of input among large-scale groups, recent advancements collective intelligence have worked to replace serialized votes, polls, and markets, with parallel systems such as "human swarms" modeled after synchronous swarms in nature. Based on natural process of Swarm Intelligence, these artificial swarms of networked humans enable participants to work together in parallel to answer questions and make predictions as an emergent collective intelligence. In one high-profile example, a human swarm challenge by CBS Interactive to predict the Kentucky Derby. The swarm correctly predicted the first four horses, in order, defying 542–1 odds and turning a $20 bet into $10,800. | | To address the problems of serialized aggregation of input among large-scale groups, recent advancements collective intelligence have worked to replace serialized votes, polls, and markets, with parallel systems such as "human swarms" modeled after synchronous swarms in nature. Based on natural process of Swarm Intelligence, these artificial swarms of networked humans enable participants to work together in parallel to answer questions and make predictions as an emergent collective intelligence. In one high-profile example, a human swarm challenge by CBS Interactive to predict the Kentucky Derby. The swarm correctly predicted the first four horses, in order, defying 542–1 odds and turning a $20 bet into $10,800. |
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− | 为了解决大规模群体之间因为输入序列化汇总的问题,目前的进展是,集体智能已经淘汰了序列化的选票,民意测验和市场,进而采用了以自然群体为蓝本的并行系统,例如“人类集群Human swarms”。基于群体智能Swarm Intelligence(注意区分Collective intelligence)的自然执行过程,这些由人类联网组成的人工集群使参与者可以并行工作来解决问题,并为涌现集体智能做出预测。在一个引人注目的示例中,CBS Interactive(美国著名媒体公司)进行了人类集群的挑战以预测肯塔基德比(美国著名跑马赛)。这群人正确地预测了前四匹马,顺次击败了542-1的赔率,将20美元的赌注变成了10,800美元。 | + | 为了解决大规模群体之间因为输入序列化汇总的问题,目前的进展是,集体智能已经淘汰了序列化的选票,民意测验和市场,进而采用了以自然群体为蓝本的并行系统,例如“人类集群Human swarms”。基于'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体智能Swarm Intelligence</font>'''(注意区分Collective intelligence)的自然执行过程,这些由人类联网组成的人工集群使参与者可以并行工作来解决问题,并为涌现集体智能做出预测。在一个引人注目的示例中,CBS Interactive(美国著名媒体公司)进行了人类集群的挑战以预测肯塔基德比(美国著名跑马赛)。这群人正确地预测了前四匹马,顺次击败了542-1的赔率,将20美元的赌注变成了10,800美元。 |
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| Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi, & Malone (2010), a well-established taxonomy of group tasks. Tasks were chosen from all four quadrants of the circumplex and included visual puzzles, brainstorming, making collective moral judgments, and negotiating over limited resources. The results in these tasks were taken to conduct a factor analysis. Both studies showed support for a general collective intelligence factor c underlying differences in group performance with an initial eigenvalue accounting for 43% (44% in study 2) of the variance, whereas the next factor accounted for only 18% (20%). That fits the range normally found in research regarding a general individual intelligence factor g typically accounting for 40% to 50% percent of between-individual performance differences on cognitive tests. | | Woolley, Chabris, Pentland, Hashmi, & Malone (2010), a well-established taxonomy of group tasks. Tasks were chosen from all four quadrants of the circumplex and included visual puzzles, brainstorming, making collective moral judgments, and negotiating over limited resources. The results in these tasks were taken to conduct a factor analysis. Both studies showed support for a general collective intelligence factor c underlying differences in group performance with an initial eigenvalue accounting for 43% (44% in study 2) of the variance, whereas the next factor accounted for only 18% (20%). That fits the range normally found in research regarding a general individual intelligence factor g typically accounting for 40% to 50% percent of between-individual performance differences on cognitive tests. |
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− | 伍利,察布里斯,彭特兰,哈什米(2010)是集体智能这一科学概念的创始人,他们在192个群体的研究中发现了集体智能的单一统计因子,这192个群体的成员均是从公众中随机招募的。研究中,每个组群都是基于麦格拉思任务环McGrath Task Circumplex(一种完善的小组任务分类法)进行合作。这些任务是从四个象限中选择的,包括视觉难题,头脑风暴,集体道德判断以及就有限的资源进行谈判。将这些任务中的结果用于因子分析。两项研究均显示出了综合集群智力因子c的特征,并且根据群体的不同表现出了一定的差异,其初始特征值约占这些差异的43%(研究2中为44%),而另一个因子仅占18%(20%)。该数据与综合个体智力因子g的范围相符,通常在认知测验中占个体间性能差异的40%至50%。
| + | 伍利,察布里斯,彭特兰,哈什米(2010)是集体智能这一科学概念的创始人,他们在192个群体的研究中发现了集体智能的单一统计因子,这192个群体的成员均是从公众中随机招募的。研究中,每个组群都是基于'''<font color="#ff8000"> 麦格拉思任务环McGrath Task Circumplex</font>'''(一种完善的小组任务分类法)进行合作。这些任务是从四个象限中选择的,包括视觉难题,头脑风暴,集体道德判断以及就有限的资源进行谈判。将这些任务中的结果用于因子分析。两项研究均显示出了综合集群智力因子c的特征,并且根据群体的不同表现出了一定的差异,其初始特征值约占这些差异的43%(研究2中为44%),而另一个因子仅占18%(20%)。该数据与综合个体智力因子g的范围相符,通常在认知测验中占个体间性能差异的40%至50%。 |
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| 个体智力可以用来预测从学业事业的成功到健康甚至死亡的大量生活场景。除了在智力任务上的表现外,集体智能是否能够预测其他结果尚待研究。 | | 个体智力可以用来预测从学业事业的成功到健康甚至死亡的大量生活场景。除了在智力任务上的表现外,集体智能是否能够预测其他结果尚待研究。 |
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| === Potential connections to individual intelligence 与个人智力的潜在联系 === | | === Potential connections to individual intelligence 与个人智力的潜在联系 === |
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| 还有更多更高级的概念和因子模型试图解释个体的认知能力,包括流体智力和晶体智力或智力差异的分层模型。但是,除了通用的“c因子”外,目前并没有对集体智力基因组的因子结构采取进一步补充说明和概念化。 | | 还有更多更高级的概念和因子模型试图解释个体的认知能力,包括流体智力和晶体智力或智力差异的分层模型。但是,除了通用的“c因子”外,目前并没有对集体智力基因组的因子结构采取进一步补充说明和概念化。 |
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| === Controversies 争议 === | | === Controversies 争议 === |
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| 值得一提的是,确认结果中涉及的研究人员之间,以及与参与有关安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley最初第一项研究的作者之间也存在广泛的重叠。 | | 值得一提的是,确认结果中涉及的研究人员之间,以及与参与有关安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley最初第一项研究的作者之间也存在广泛的重叠。 |
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| == Alternative mathematical techniques 其他数学替代技术 == | | == Alternative mathematical techniques 其他数学替代技术 == |
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| One measure sometimes applied, especially by more artificial intelligence focused theorists, is a "collective intelligence quotient" (or "cooperation quotient") – which can be normalized from the "individual" intelligence quotient (IQ) – thus making it possible to determine the marginal intelligence added by each new individual participating in the collective action, thus using metrics to avoid the hazards of group think and stupidity | | One measure sometimes applied, especially by more artificial intelligence focused theorists, is a "collective intelligence quotient" (or "cooperation quotient") – which can be normalized from the "individual" intelligence quotient (IQ) – thus making it possible to determine the marginal intelligence added by each new individual participating in the collective action, thus using metrics to avoid the hazards of group think and stupidity |
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− | 有时候我们会采用另一种度量方式表达,称为“集体智商Collective intelligence quotient” (或“合作商Cooperation quotient”),它特别受到以人工智能为研究重点的理论家的青睐。它可以由“个体”智商归一化处理后得到。因此可以进一步确定参加集体行动的新增组员所带来的额外边际智商,还可以使用度量标准来避免由群体愚蠢思维带来的危险。
| + | 有时候我们会采用另一种度量方式表达,称为“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体智商Collective intelligence quotient</font>'''” (或“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 合作商Cooperation quotient</font>'''”),它特别受到以人工智能为研究重点的理论家的青睐。它可以由“个体”智商归一化处理后得到。因此可以进一步确定参加集体行动的新增组员所带来的额外边际智商,还可以使用度量标准来避免由群体愚蠢思维带来的危险。 |
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| == Applications 应用 == | | == Applications 应用 == |
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| Companies such as Affinnova (acquired by Nielsen), Google, InnoCentive, Marketocracy, and Threadless have successfully employed the concept of collective intelligence in bringing about the next generation of technological changes through their research and development (R&D), customer service, and knowledge management. An example of such application is Google's Project Aristotle in 2012, where the effect of collective intelligence on team makeup was examined in hundreds of the company's R&D teams. | | Companies such as Affinnova (acquired by Nielsen), Google, InnoCentive, Marketocracy, and Threadless have successfully employed the concept of collective intelligence in bringing about the next generation of technological changes through their research and development (R&D), customer service, and knowledge management. An example of such application is Google's Project Aristotle in 2012, where the effect of collective intelligence on team makeup was examined in hundreds of the company's R&D teams. |
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− | 诸如Affinnova(被尼尔森收购),Google,InnoCentive,Marketocracy和Threadless等公司已经成功地采用了集体智能的概念,通过其研发(R&D),客户服务和知识管理实现了下一代技术变革。 。 | + | 诸如Affinnova(被尼尔森收购),Google,InnoCentive,Marketocracy和Threadless等公司已经成功地采用了集体智能的概念,通过其研发(R&D),客户服务和知识管理实现了下一代技术变革。 |
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| === Cooperation 合作 === | | === Cooperation 合作 === |
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| In 2012, the Global Futures Collective Intelligence System (GFIS) was created by The Millennium Project, which epitomizes collective intelligence as the synergistic intersection among data/information/knowledge, software/hardware, and expertise/insights that has a recursive learning process for better decision-making than the individual players alone. | | In 2012, the Global Futures Collective Intelligence System (GFIS) was created by The Millennium Project, which epitomizes collective intelligence as the synergistic intersection among data/information/knowledge, software/hardware, and expertise/insights that has a recursive learning process for better decision-making than the individual players alone. |
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− | 2012年,千年计划创建了全球集体智能系统Global Futures Collective Intelligence System(GFIS),因为它将数据/信息/知识,软件/硬件以及技术/见解进行了协同处理,使其成为了集体智能最贴切的代表。与单独的各项参与模块相比,它具有递归学习的处理能力,可以更好地进行决策。
| + | 2012年,千年计划创建了'''<font color="#ff8000"> 全球集体智能系统Global Futures Collective Intelligence System(GFIS)</font>''',因为它将数据/信息/知识,软件/硬件以及技术/见解进行了协同处理,使其成为了集体智能最贴切的代表。与单独的各项参与模块相比,它具有递归学习的处理能力,可以更好地进行决策。 |
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| 近期,通过对社会书签网站Delicious的数据的研究表明,协作标签系统表现出一种复杂的系统(或自组织)动态形式。尽管没有中央控制来约束单个用户的操作,但是不同资源标签的分布已显示出会随着时间推移,逐渐收敛到稳定的幂律分布。一旦这种稳定的分布形成,就可以利用不同标签之间的相关性来构建简单的大众分类图,进而可以对其有效的划分,以获得社区或共享词汇表的形式。这些词汇可以看作是集体智能的一种形式,它源于用户社区的分散行动。Wall-it项目也是社交书签的一个示例。 | | 近期,通过对社会书签网站Delicious的数据的研究表明,协作标签系统表现出一种复杂的系统(或自组织)动态形式。尽管没有中央控制来约束单个用户的操作,但是不同资源标签的分布已显示出会随着时间推移,逐渐收敛到稳定的幂律分布。一旦这种稳定的分布形成,就可以利用不同标签之间的相关性来构建简单的大众分类图,进而可以对其有效的划分,以获得社区或共享词汇表的形式。这些词汇可以看作是集体智能的一种形式,它源于用户社区的分散行动。Wall-it项目也是社交书签的一个示例。 |
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| ==== P2P business P2P业务 ==== | | ==== P2P business P2P业务 ==== |
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| 例如,科学家为什么要合作?科学变得越来越孤立,因为每个科学领域的传播越来越广泛,一个人不可能意识到所有的发展。尤其是需要特殊技能的实验研究,因为高度先进的设备操作需要一定的知识背景。通过合作,科学家们可以利用不同领域的信息并有效地利用它,而不仅仅是靠自己阅读来收集所有信息。 | | 例如,科学家为什么要合作?科学变得越来越孤立,因为每个科学领域的传播越来越广泛,一个人不可能意识到所有的发展。尤其是需要特殊技能的实验研究,因为高度先进的设备操作需要一定的知识背景。通过合作,科学家们可以利用不同领域的信息并有效地利用它,而不仅仅是靠自己阅读来收集所有信息。 |
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| === Coordination 协调 === | | === Coordination 协调 === |
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| 团队集体智能是通过自下而上和自上而下的过程的协调而出现的一种特性。在自下而上的过程中,每个不同特性的成员都参与了贡献并加强整体协调能力。而自上而下的过程更加严格,并根据规范,结构和例行程序加以巩固,以自身特有的方式加强小组的集体工作效率。 | | 团队集体智能是通过自下而上和自上而下的过程的协调而出现的一种特性。在自下而上的过程中,每个不同特性的成员都参与了贡献并加强整体协调能力。而自上而下的过程更加严格,并根据规范,结构和例行程序加以巩固,以自身特有的方式加强小组的集体工作效率。 |
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| == Alternative views 其他观点== | | == Alternative views 其他观点== |
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| 全球集体智能被认为是解决人类现在和将来面临挑战的关键。气候变化就是这个全球性问题的例子,目前集体智能正在努力解决这一问题。 | | 全球集体智能被认为是解决人类现在和将来面临挑战的关键。气候变化就是这个全球性问题的例子,目前集体智能正在努力解决这一问题。 |
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| == See also 其他参考资料 == | | == See also 其他参考资料 == |
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| * [[Wiki]] | | * [[Wiki]] |
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− | * 全民科学 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 全民科学</font>''' |
− | * 公民智力 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 公民智力</font>''' |
− | * 协同过滤 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 协同过滤</font>''' |
− | * 合作创新网络 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 合作创新网络</font>''' |
− | * 群体决策 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体决策</font>''' |
− | * 集体欢腾 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体欢腾</font>''' |
− | * 集体泡腾 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体泡腾</font>''' |
− | * 集体记忆 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体记忆</font>''' |
− | * 解决集体问题 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 解决集体问题</font>''' |
− | * 群众心理学 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 群众心理学</font>''' |
− | * 全球意识项目 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 全球意识项目</font>''' |
− | * 群体行为 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体行为</font>''' |
− | * 集体思维(科幻小说) | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 集体思维(科幻小说)</font>''' |
− | * 知识生态系统 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 知识生态系统</font>''' |
− | * 心里演化-智力的涌现与发展 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 心里演化-智力的涌现与发展</font>''' |
− | * 开源智力 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 开源智力</font>''' |
− | * 推荐系统 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 推荐系统</font>''' |
− | * 聪明行动族 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 聪明行动族</font>''' |
− | * 社会商务 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会商务</font>''' |
− | * 社会信息处理 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 社会信息处理</font>''' |
− | * 共识主动性 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 共识主动性</font>''' |
− | * 群体个性 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体个性</font>''' |
− | * 群众智慧 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 群众智慧</font>''' |
− | * 智囊团 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 智囊团</font>''' |
− | * 维基百科 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 维基百科</font>''' |
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| * [[Preference elicitation]] | | * [[Preference elicitation]] |
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− | * 蜂群算法 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 蜂群算法</font>''' |
− | * 元胞自动机 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 元胞自动机</font>''' |
− | * 协同人力翻译 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 协同人力翻译</font>''' |
− | * 协同软件 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 协同软件</font>''' |
− | * 连通性(图论) | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 连通性(图论)</font>''' |
− | * 企业书签 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 企业书签</font>''' |
− | * 基于人员的计算 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 基于人员的计算</font>''' |
− | * 开源软件 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 开源软件</font>''' |
− | * 有机计算 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 有机计算</font>''' |
− | * 偏好诱导 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 偏好诱导</font>''' |
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| * [[Open-space meeting]] | | * [[Open-space meeting]] |
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− | * 客户参与 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 客户参与</font>''' |
− | * 分散性知识 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 分散性知识</font>''' |
− | * 分布式认知 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 分布式认知</font>''' |
− | * 便利(商业) | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 便利(商业)</font>''' |
− | * 促进者 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 促进者</font>''' |
− | * 第一百只猴子效应 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 第一百只猴子效应</font>''' |
− | * 跟上琼斯 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 跟上琼斯</font>''' |
− | * 图书馆 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 图书馆</font>''' |
− | * 亚历山大图书馆 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 亚历山大图书馆</font>''' |
− | * 模因(模仿传递行为) | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 模因(模仿传递行为)</font>''' |
− | * 开放空间会议 | + | * '''<font color="#ff8000"> 开放空间会议</font>''' |
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