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第12行： − Since the emergence of [[Systems theory|general systems research]] in the 1950s,[[Systems theory|systems thinking]] and systems science have developed into many [[theoretical]] frameworks.+ − − Since the emergence of general systems research in the 1950s, systems thinking and systems science have developed into many theoretical frameworks. − − − − Systems notes of Henk Bikker, [[TU Delft, 1991]]+ − − 亨克比克系统笔记，[代尔夫特，1991] − − ;Systems analysis − − Systems analysis − − − − :[[Systems analysis]] is the branch of systems science that analyzes systems, the interactions within those systems, or interaction with its environment,<ref name="AD 1971">Anthony Debons. "Command and Control: Technology and Social Impact" in: ''Advances in computers,'' Vol. 11. Franz L. Alt & Morris Rubinoff eds. (1971). p. 362</ref> often prior to their automation as computer models. This field is closely related to [[operations research]]. − − Systems analysis is the branch of systems science that analyzes systems, the interactions within those systems, or interaction with its environment, often prior to their automation as computer models. This field is closely related to operations research. − − 系统分析是系统科学的一个分支，它分析系统，系统内部的交互，或者系统与环境的交互，通常在系统自动化成为计算机模型之前。这一领域与运筹学密切相关。 − − ;Systems design − − Systems design − − 系统设计 − − :Systems design is the process of "establishing and specifying the optimum system component configuration for achieving specific goal or objective."<ref name="AD 1971"/> For example in computing, systems design can define the [[computer hardware|hardware]] and [[systems architecture]] which includes many sub-architectures including [[software]] architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and [[data]], as well as security, information, and others, for a [[computer system]] to satisfy specified [[requirement]]s. − − Systems design is the process of "establishing and specifying the optimum system component configuration for achieving specific goal or objective." For example in computing, systems design can define the hardware and systems architecture which includes many sub-architectures including software architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data, as well as security, information, and others, for a computer system to satisfy specified requirements. − − 系统设计是“建立和确定最佳系统组件配置以实现特定目标或目的”的过程。例如在计算方面，系统设计可以定义硬件和系统体系结构，其中包括许多子体系结构，包括软件体系结构、组件、模块、接口和数据，以及安全、信息等，以满足计算机系统的特定要求。 − − ;System dynamics − − System dynamics − − 系统动力学 − − :[[System dynamics]] is an approach to understanding the behavior of [[complex system]]s over time. It offers "simulation technique for modeling business and social systems,"<ref>Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation Argonne National Laboratory (2007) ''Managing Business Complexity : Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation: Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation.'' Oxford University Press. p. 55</ref> which deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of [[feedback]] loops and [[Stock and flow|stocks and flows]]. − − System dynamics is an approach to understanding the behavior of complex systems over time. It offers "simulation technique for modeling business and social systems," which deals with internal feedback loops and time delays that affect the behavior of the entire system. What makes using system dynamics different from other approaches to studying complex systems is the use of feedback loops and stocks and flows. − − 系统动力学是一种理解复杂系统行为的方法。它提供了“商业和社会系统建模的仿真技术” ，处理影响整个系统行为的内部反馈回路和时间延迟。使系统动力学不同于其他研究复杂系统方法的是它使用了反馈循环和存量和流量。 − − ;Systems engineering − − Systems engineering − − 系统工程 − − :[[Systems engineering]] (SE) is an interdisciplinary field of [[engineering]], that focuses on the development and organization of complex [[system]]s. It is the "art and science of creating whole solutions to complex problems,"<ref>Derek K. Hitchins (2008) ''Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology.'' p. 100</ref> for example: [[signal processing]] systems, [[control system]]s and [[communication system]], or other forms of high-level modelling and design in specific fields of engineering. − − Systems engineering (SE) is an interdisciplinary field of engineering, that focuses on the development and organization of complex systems. It is the "art and science of creating whole solutions to complex problems," for example: signal processing systems, control systems and communication system, or other forms of high-level modelling and design in specific fields of engineering. − − 系统工程(SE)是一个跨学科的工程领域，其重点是复杂系统的开发和组织。它是“创造复杂问题的整体解决方案的艺术和科学” ，例如: 信号处理系统、控制系统和通信系统，或者在特定工程领域的其他形式的高级建模和设计。 − − ;Systems methodologies − − Systems methodologies − − 系统方法论 − − :There are several types of Systems Methodologies, that is, disciplines for analysis of systems. For example: − − There are several types of Systems Methodologies, that is, disciplines for analysis of systems. For example: − − 有几种类型的系统方法论，即系统分析的学科。例如: − − :* [[Soft systems methodology]] (SSM) : in the field of organizational studies is an approach to organisational process modelling, and it can be used both for general [[Problem solving|problem]] solving and in the management of change. It was developed in [[England]] by academics at the [[University of Lancaster]] Systems Department through a ten-year Action Research programme. − − * Soft systems methodology (SSM) : in the field of organizational studies is an approach to organisational process modelling, and it can be used both for general problem solving and in the management of change. It was developed in England by academics at the University of Lancaster Systems Department through a ten-year Action Research programme. − − * 软体系统方法论: 在组织研究领域，软体系统方法论是一种组织过程建模的方法，可用于一般问题的解决和改革的管理。它是由英国兰卡斯特大学系统学院的学者通过一个为期十年的行动研究项目开发的。 − − :* [[System development methodology]] (SDM) in the field of IT development is a variety of structured, organized processes for developing information technology and embedded software systems. − − * System development methodology (SDM) in the field of IT development is a variety of structured, organized processes for developing information technology and embedded software systems. − − * 在IT领域发展出的系统开发方法论(SDM)是一系列结构化、有组织的程序，用以开发信息技术及嵌入式软件系统。 − + − * Viable systems approach (vSa) is a methodology useful for the understanding and governance of complex phenomena; it has been successfully proposed in the field of management, decision making, marketing and service.+ − * 可行系统方法是一种有助于理解和管理复杂现象的方法; 它已在管理、决策、营销和服务领域得到成功的应用。+ − ;Systems theories+ − + − 系统理论+ − + − Systems theory is an interdisciplinary field that studies complex systems in nature, society, and science. More specifically, it is a conceptual framework by which one can analyze or describe any group of objects that work in concert to produce some result.+ − 系统论是研究自然、社会和科学中复杂系统的一个交叉学科。更具体地说，它是一个概念框架，通过它，人们可以分析或描述任何一组协同工作并导致某种结果的对象。+ + − ;Systems science+ − Systems science+ − 系统科学+ − + − Systems sciences are scientific disciplines partly based on systems thinking such as chaos theory, complex systems, control theory, cybernetics, sociotechnical systems theory, systems biology, systems chemistry, systems ecology, systems psychology and the already mentioned systems dynamics, systems engineering, and systems theory.+ − 系统科学在一定程度上是以系统思维为科学分支的，如混沌理论、复杂系统、控制理论、控制论、社会技术系统论、系统生物学、系统化学、系统生态学、系统心理学以及已经提到的系统动力学、系统工程和系统理论。+
→理论
== 理论 ==
== 理论 ==
自20世纪50年代出现一般系统研究以来，<ref>[[Robert L. Flood]] (1993) ''Dealing with Complexity: : An Introduction to the Theory and Application of Systems Science.'' p. 3</ref>[[系统思维]]和系统科学已经发展出许多理论框架。
自20世纪50年代出现一般系统研究以来，<ref>[[Robert L. Flood]] (1993) ''Dealing with Complexity: : An Introduction to the Theory and Application of Systems Science.'' p. 3</ref>[[系统思维]]和系统科学已经发展成许多理论框架。
[[Image:Henk Bikker 1991.jpg|thumb|240px|Systems notes of Henk Bikker, [[TU Delft]], 1991]]
[[Image:Henk Bikker 1991.jpg|thumb|240px|Systems notes of Henk Bikker, [[TU Delft]], 1991]]
===系统分析===
系统分析
:* [[Viable systems approach]] (vSa) is a methodology useful for the understanding and governance of complex phenomena; it has been successfully proposed in the field of management, decision making, marketing and service.
:[[系统分析]]是系统科学的一个分支，它分析系统，系统内部的交互作用，或者系统与环境的交互作用，<ref name="AD 1971">Anthony Debons. "Command and Control: Technology and Social Impact" in: ''Advances in computers,'' Vol. 11. Franz L. Alt & Morris Rubinoff eds. (1971). p. 362</ref>常在它们自动化为计算机模型之前进行。这一领域与[[运筹学]]密切相关。
===系统设计===
:系统设计是“建立和确定最佳系统组件配置以实现特定目标或目的”的过程。<ref name="AD 1971"/>例如在计算方面，系统设计可以定义[[硬件]]和包括许多子体系结构，例如[[软件]]体系结构、组件、模块、接口和[[数据]]，以及安全、信息等的[[系统体系结构]]，以满足[[计算机系统]]的特定要求。
===系统动力学===
Systems theories
:[[系统动力学]]是理解[[复杂系统]]行为随时间变化的一种方法。它提供了解决影响整个系统行为的内部反馈循环和时间延迟的“模拟商业和社会系统建模的仿真技术” 。<ref>Center for Complex Adaptive Agent Systems Simulation Argonne National Laboratory (2007) ''Managing Business Complexity : Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation: Discovering Strategic Solutions with Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation.'' Oxford University Press. p. 55</ref>使用系统动力学与其他研究复杂系统的方法的不同之处在于它使用了反馈循环和存量和流量。
===系统工程===
:[[Systems theory]] is an interdisciplinary field that studies [[complex system]]s in [[nature]], [[society]], and [[science]]. More specifically, it is a conceptual framework by which one can analyze or describe any group of objects that work in concert to produce some result.
:[[系统工程]](SE)是一个跨学科的工程领域，其重点是复杂系统的开发和组织。它是“为复杂问题创造整体解决方案的艺术和科学”，<ref>Derek K. Hitchins (2008) ''Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology.'' p. 100</ref>例如: [[信号处理]]系统、[[控制系统]]和[[通信系统]]，或者在特定工程领域的其他形式的高级建模和设计。
===系统方法论===
:系统方法论即系统分析的学科有多种类型。例如:
:* [[软体系统方法论]](SSM): 在组织研究领域，软体系统方法论是一种组织过程建模的方法，它既可用于一般问题的解决也可用于变更管理。它是由英国兰卡斯特大学系统学院的学者通过一个为期十年的行动研究项目开发的。
:* [[系统开发方法论]](SDM): 在IT领域发展出的系统开发方法论(SDM)是一系列结构化的、有组织的程序，它用于开发信息技术及嵌入式软件系统。
:* [[可行系统方法]](vSa):可行系统方法是一种有助于理解和管理复杂现象的方法; 它已在管理、决策、营销和服务领域得到了成功的应用。
===系统理论===
:Systems sciences are scientific disciplines partly based on systems thinking such as [[chaos theory]], [[complex systems]], [[control theory]], [[cybernetics]], [[sociotechnical systems theory]], [[systems biology]], [[systems chemistry]], [[systems ecology]], [[systems psychology]] and the already mentioned systems dynamics, systems engineering, and systems theory.
:[[系统理论]]是一个研究自然、社会和科学中的复杂系统的交叉学科。更具体地说，它是一个概念框架，人们可以通过它来分析或描述任何一组协同工作以产生某种结果的对象。
===系统科学===
:系统科学是部分基于系统思维的科学学科，如[[混沌理论]]、[[复杂系统]]、[[控制理论]]、[[控制论]]、[[社会技术系统论]]、[[系统生物学]]、[[系统化学]]、[[系统生态学]]、[[系统心理学]]以及前面提到的系统动力学、系统工程和系统理论。
== Fields ==
== Fields ==