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第164行： − + − {{Main|List of systems scientists}}+ − − General systems scientists can be divided into different generations. The founders of the systems movement like [[Ludwig von Bertalanffy]], [[Kenneth Boulding]], [[Ralph Gerard]], [[James Grier Miller]], [[George J. Klir]], and [[Anatol Rapoport]] were all born between 1900 and 1920. They came from different natural and social science disciplines and joined forces in the 1950s to establish the general systems theory [[paradigm]]. Along with the organization of their efforts a first generation of systems scientists rose. − − General systems scientists can be divided into different generations. The founders of the systems movement like Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, James Grier Miller, George J. Klir, and Anatol Rapoport were all born between 1900 and 1920. They came from different natural and social science disciplines and joined forces in the 1950s to establish the general systems theory paradigm. Along with the organization of their efforts a first generation of systems scientists rose. − − 一般的系统科学家可以分为不同的世代。系统运动的创始人，如卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非，Kenneth Boulding，Ralph Gerard，James Grier Miller，George j. Klir 和 Anatol Rapoport 都出生于1900年到1920年之间。他们来自不同的自然科学和社会科学学科，在20世纪50年代联手建立了一般系统论范式。随着他们努力的组织，第一代系统科学家崛起。 − − − − Among them were other scientists like Ackoff, Ashby, Margaret Mead and Churchman, who popularized the systems concept in the 1950s and 1960s. These scientists inspired and educated a second generation with more notable scientists like [[Ervin Laszlo]] (1932) and [[Fritjof Capra]] (1939), who wrote about systems theory in the 1970s and 1980s. Others got acquainted and started studying these works in the 1980s and started writing about it since the 1990s. [[Debora Hammond]] can be seen as a typical representative of these third generation of general systems scientists. − − Among them were other scientists like Ackoff, Ashby, Margaret Mead and Churchman, who popularized the systems concept in the 1950s and 1960s. These scientists inspired and educated a second generation with more notable scientists like Ervin Laszlo (1932) and Fritjof Capra (1939), who wrote about systems theory in the 1970s and 1980s. Others got acquainted and started studying these works in the 1980s and started writing about it since the 1990s. Debora Hammond can be seen as a typical representative of these third generation of general systems scientists. − − 在他们当中，包括了其他科学家，如阿科夫，阿什比，玛格丽特米德和丘奇曼，他们在20世纪50年代和60年代普及了系统的概念。这些科学家启发并教育了第二代科学家，他们中有更著名的科学家，如 Ervin Laszlo (1932年)和 fritzjof Capra (1939年) ，后者在20世纪70年代和80年代写过系统论。其他人在20世纪80年代认识并开始研究这些作品，并从20世纪90年代开始写作。德波 · 哈蒙德可以说是典型的第三代系统科学家。 + +
→Systems scientists
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== Systems scientists ==
== 系统科学家 ==
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_scientists 系统科学家名录]]
一般的系统科学家可以分为不同的世代。系统运动的创始人，如 Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, James Grier Miller, George J. Klir和 Anatol Rapoport 都出生于1900年到1920年之间。他们来自不同的自然科学和社会科学学科，并在20世纪50年代联手建立了一般系统论范式。在他们努力的组织下，第一代系统科学家崛起了。
在他们当中，包括了一些其他的科学家，如Ackoff,Ashby,Margaret Mead和Churchman，他们在20世纪50年代和60年代普及了系统的概念。这些科学家激励并教育了第二代科学家，他们中有更著名的科学家，如Ervin Laszlo(1932年)和fritzjof Capra (1939年)，他们在20世纪70年代和80年代写过系统论。其他人在20世纪80年代认识并开始研究这些作品，并从20世纪90年代开始撰写相关文章。Debora Hammond可以被认为是第三代系统科学家的典型代表。
== Organizations ==
== Organizations ==