274
个编辑
更改
跳到导航
跳到搜索
第41行：
第41行： − 为了测试同的相关性，研究人员区分了两种类型：+ − − + − + − + − ===Status vs. value===+ 第56行：
第55行： − 在他们关于同质性的原始构想中，Paul Lazarsfeld 和罗伯特·金·莫顿(1954)区分了身份同质性和价值同质性，发现具有相似社会地位特征的个体更有可能相互交往，而不是偶然交往:+ − − + + − + − === Dimensions ===+ − ====Race and ethnicity====+ − + 第78行：
第77行： − 今天，美国的社交网络按种族和族裔划分得很清楚，在近亲繁殖的同质性中，种族和族裔所占的比例最大(尽管由于种族界限模糊和定义不同，按这些标准进行分类在社会学中可能会有问题)。+ − 第86行：
第84行： − 较小的群体的多样性较低，仅仅是因为成员的数量。这往往使少数种族群体和少数民族群体具有较高的基线同质性。种族和民族也与学历和职业相关，这进一步增加了基线同质性。+ − − ====Sex and gender====+ + 第98行：
第96行： − 在性和性别方面，与种族和族裔相比，网络的基线同质性相对较低。男人和女人经常住在一起，人口众多，数量相等。大多数性别同质性为近交型。+ − − ====Age====+ − + 第110行：
第107行： − 大多数年龄相同的是基线类型。马斯登(1988)发现了不同年龄组近交年龄相同的有趣模式。它表明了一个人的年龄和社会距离之间的强烈关系，以其他人在信任某人。例如，一个人的年龄差距越大，他们被年龄较小的人吐露“讨论重要事情”的机会就越小+ − + − ====Religion====+ 第122行：
第119行： − 基于宗教的同质性既有基线性，也有近亲繁殖的同质性。+ − + − ====Education, occupation and social class====+ 第134行：
第131行： − 出生家庭在教育、职业和社会阶层方面占有相当大的基线同质性。+ − − ==== Social media ====+ + 第144行：
第141行： − 由于社交网络在很大程度上被种族划分开来，像 Facebook 这样的社交网站也培养了亲同性恋的氛围。当 Facebook 用户“喜欢”或与某种意识形态的文章或帖子互动时，Facebook 继续向用户展示类似意识形态的帖子(Facebook 相信他们会被这些帖子所吸引)。麦克弗森、史密斯-洛文和库克(2003年)在一篇研究文章中写道，同质化的个人网络造成了有限的“社会世界，这种社会世界对他们接收的信息、他们形成的态度以及他们所经历的互动有着强大的影响。”这种同质性可以在社交网站上形成分裂和回音室，在那里，具有相似意识形态的人只能相互交流。+
→Baseline vs. inbreeding
To test the relevance of homophily, researchers have distinguished between two types:
To test the relevance of homophily, researchers have distinguished between two types:
为了测试同质性的相关性，研究人员区分了两种类型：
* '''Baseline homophily''': simply the amount of homophily that would be expected by chance given an existing uneven distribution of people with varying characteristics; and
* '''Baseline homophily''': simply the amount of homophily that would be expected by chance given an existing uneven distribution of people with varying characteristics; and
*'''<font color="#FF8000">基线同质性 Baseline Homophily </font>'''：简单地讲，由于存在具有不同特征的人的不均匀分布，偶然地可以预期的同质性；
* '''Inbreeding homophily''': the amount of homophily over and above this expected value, typically due to personal preferences and choices.
* '''Inbreeding homophily''': the amount of homophily over and above this expected value, typically due to personal preferences and choices.
*'''<font color="#FF8000">近亲繁殖 Inbreeding Homophily </font>'''：通常超出个人期望和选择，超出期望值的同构数量。
==Status vs. value==
状态与价值<br>
In their original formulation of homophily, [[Paul Lazarsfeld]] and [[Robert K. Merton]] (1954) distinguished between ''status homophily'' and ''value homophily'', find that individuals with similar [[social status]] characteristics are more likely to associate with each other than by chance:<ref name="lazar">[[Paul Lazarsfeld|Lazarsfeld, Paul F.]], and [[Robert K. Merton|Merton, Robert K.]] 1954. "Friendship as a Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis." Pp. 18–66 in ''Freedom and Control in Modern Society'', edited by M. Berger, T. Abel, and C. H. Page. New York: [[Van Nostrand Reinhold|Van Nostrand]]. </ref><ref name="birds" />
In their original formulation of homophily, [[Paul Lazarsfeld]] and [[Robert K. Merton]] (1954) distinguished between ''status homophily'' and ''value homophily'', find that individuals with similar [[social status]] characteristics are more likely to associate with each other than by chance:<ref name="lazar">[[Paul Lazarsfeld|Lazarsfeld, Paul F.]], and [[Robert K. Merton|Merton, Robert K.]] 1954. "Friendship as a Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis." Pp. 18–66 in ''Freedom and Control in Modern Society'', edited by M. Berger, T. Abel, and C. H. Page. New York: [[Van Nostrand Reinhold|Van Nostrand]]. </ref><ref name="birds" />
In their original formulation of homophily, Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton (1954) distinguished between status homophily and value homophily, find that individuals with similar social status characteristics are more likely to associate with each other than by chance:
In their original formulation of homophily, Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton (1954) distinguished between status homophily and value homophily, find that individuals with similar social status characteristics are more likely to associate with each other than by chance:
保罗·拉扎斯菲尔德（Paul Lazarsfeld）和罗伯特·K·默顿（Robert K.Merton）（1954）在最初的同构表述中，区分了地位同质和价值同质，发现具有相似社会地位特征的个体更可能彼此交往而不是偶然：
* '''Status homophily''': includes both [[ascribed characteristics]] (e.g. race, ethnicity, sex, and age) and [[Acquired characteristic|acquired characteristics]] (e.g., religion and education).
* '''Status homophily''': includes both [[ascribed characteristics]] (e.g. race, ethnicity, sex, and age) and [[Acquired characteristic|acquired characteristics]] (e.g., religion and education).
*'''<font color="#FF8000">同质状态 Status Homophily </font>'''：既包括指定特征（例如种族，种族，性别和年龄），也包括获得的特征（例如宗教和教育）。
* '''Value homophily''': involves association with others who think in similar ways, regardless of differences in status characteristics.
* '''Value homophily''': involves association with others who think in similar ways, regardless of differences in status characteristics.
*'''<font color="#FF8000">价值同质 Value Homophily </font>'''：涉及与以相似方式思考的其他人的联系，而不论身份特征如何。
== Dimensions ==
外型尺寸<br>
==Race and ethnicity==
种族与民族
Social networks in the United States today are strongly divided by race and ethnicity, which account for the greatest proportion of inbreeding homophily (though classification by these criteria can be problematic in sociology due to fuzzy boundaries and different definitions of race).
Social networks in the United States today are strongly divided by race and ethnicity, which account for the greatest proportion of inbreeding homophily (though classification by these criteria can be problematic in sociology due to fuzzy boundaries and different definitions of race).
今天，在美国，社交网络在种族和族裔之间有很强的区分，种族和族裔在近亲近亲中占最大比例（尽管由于模糊的边界和种族的不同定义，根据这些标准进行分类在社会学上可能会出现问题）。
Smaller groups have lower diversity simply due to the number of members. This tends to give racial and ethnic minority groups a higher baseline homophily. Race and ethnicity also correlates with educational attainment and occupation, which further increase baseline homophily.
Smaller groups have lower diversity simply due to the number of members. This tends to give racial and ethnic minority groups a higher baseline homophily. Race and ethnicity also correlates with educational attainment and occupation, which further increase baseline homophily.
较小的组仅由于成员数而具有较低的多样性。 这倾向于使种族和少数民族群体具有更高的基线同质性。 种族和种族也与受教育程度和职业相关，这进一步增加了基线的同质性。
==Sex and gender==
性别<br>
In regard to sex and gender, baseline homophily of networks is relatively low compared to race and ethnicity. Men and women frequently live together, and are both large and equally-sized populations. Most sex homophily is of the inbreeding type.
In regard to sex and gender, baseline homophily of networks is relatively low compared to race and ethnicity. Men and women frequently live together, and are both large and equally-sized populations. Most sex homophily is of the inbreeding type.
关于性别，与种族和种族相比，网络的同质性相对较低。 男女经常生活在一起，人口众多且大小相等。 大多数同性是近交类型。
==Age==
年龄
Most age homophily is of the baseline type. An interesting pattern of inbreeding age homophily for groups of different ages was found by Marsden (1988). It indicated a strong relationship between someone's age and the social distance to other people with regard to confiding in someone. For example, the larger age gap someone had, the smaller chances that they were confided by others with lower ages to "discuss important matters."
Most age homophily is of the baseline type. An interesting pattern of inbreeding age homophily for groups of different ages was found by Marsden (1988). It indicated a strong relationship between someone's age and the social distance to other people with regard to confiding in someone. For example, the larger age gap someone had, the smaller chances that they were confided by others with lower ages to "discuss important matters."
大多数同龄人属于基线类型。 Marsden（1988）发现了不同年龄组的近亲同质的有趣模式。 它表明某人的年龄与与他人交往方面的社交距离之间有很强的关系。 例如，某人的年龄差距越大，他们被较低年龄的其他人“讨论重要问题”的机率就越小。
==Religion==
宗教<br>
Homophily based on religion is due to both baseline and inbreeding homophily.
Homophily based on religion is due to both baseline and inbreeding homophily.
基于宗教的同质性是由于基线和近亲同性造成的。
==Education, occupation and social class====
教育，职业和社会阶层教育，职业和社会阶层<br>
Family of birth accounts for considerable baseline homophily with respect to education, occupation, and social class.
Family of birth accounts for considerable baseline homophily with respect to education, occupation, and social class.
出生家庭在教育，职业和社会阶层方面占相当大的基线同质性。
== Social media ==
社交媒体<br>
As [[social network]]s are largely divided by race, [[Social networking service|social-networking websites]] like [[Facebook]] also foster homophilic atmospheres.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aiello|first=Luca Maria|last2=Barrat|first2=Alain|last3=Schifanella|first3=Rossano|last4=Cattuto|first4=Ciro|last5=Markines|first5=Benjamin|last6=Menczer|first6=Filippo|date=2012-05-01|title=Friendship prediction and homophily in social media|journal=ACM Transactions on the Web|volume=6|issue=2|pages=1–33|doi=10.1145/2180861.2180866|issn=1559-1131}}</ref> When a Facebook user '[[Facebook like button|likes]]' or interacts with an article or post of a certain [[ideology]], Facebook continues to show that user posts of that similar ideology (which Facebook believes they will be drawn to). In a research article, McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook (2003) write that [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|homogeneous]] [[Personal network|personal networks]] result in limited "social worlds in a way that has powerful implications for the information they receive, the attitudes they form, and the interactions they experience."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McPherson |first=Miller |last2=Smith-Lovin |first2=Lynn |last3=Cook |first3=James M. |date=2003-11-28 |title=Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=415–444 |doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415}}</ref> This homophily can foster divides and [[Echo chamber (media)|echo chambers]] on social networking sites, where people of similar ideologies only interact with each other.
As [[social network]]s are largely divided by race, [[Social networking service|social-networking websites]] like [[Facebook]] also foster homophilic atmospheres.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aiello|first=Luca Maria|last2=Barrat|first2=Alain|last3=Schifanella|first3=Rossano|last4=Cattuto|first4=Ciro|last5=Markines|first5=Benjamin|last6=Menczer|first6=Filippo|date=2012-05-01|title=Friendship prediction and homophily in social media|journal=ACM Transactions on the Web|volume=6|issue=2|pages=1–33|doi=10.1145/2180861.2180866|issn=1559-1131}}</ref> When a Facebook user '[[Facebook like button|likes]]' or interacts with an article or post of a certain [[ideology]], Facebook continues to show that user posts of that similar ideology (which Facebook believes they will be drawn to). In a research article, McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook (2003) write that [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|homogeneous]] [[Personal network|personal networks]] result in limited "social worlds in a way that has powerful implications for the information they receive, the attitudes they form, and the interactions they experience."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McPherson |first=Miller |last2=Smith-Lovin |first2=Lynn |last3=Cook |first3=James M. |date=2003-11-28 |title=Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks |journal=Annual Review of Sociology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=415–444 |doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415}}</ref> This homophily can foster divides and [[Echo chamber (media)|echo chambers]] on social networking sites, where people of similar ideologies only interact with each other.
As social networks are largely divided by race, social-networking websites like Facebook also foster homophilic atmospheres. When a Facebook user 'likes' or interacts with an article or post of a certain ideology, Facebook continues to show that user posts of that similar ideology (which Facebook believes they will be drawn to). In a research article, McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook (2003) write that homogeneous personal networks result in limited "social worlds in a way that has powerful implications for the information they receive, the attitudes they form, and the interactions they experience." This homophily can foster divides and echo chambers on social networking sites, where people of similar ideologies only interact with each other.
As social networks are largely divided by race, social-networking websites like Facebook also foster homophilic atmospheres. When a Facebook user 'likes' or interacts with an article or post of a certain ideology, Facebook continues to show that user posts of that similar ideology (which Facebook believes they will be drawn to). In a research article, McPherson, Smith-Lovin, and Cook (2003) write that homogeneous personal networks result in limited "social worlds in a way that has powerful implications for the information they receive, the attitudes they form, and the interactions they experience." This homophily can foster divides and echo chambers on social networking sites, where people of similar ideologies only interact with each other.
由于社交网络在很大程度上因种族而异，因此诸如Facebook之类的社交网站也营造了同情的氛围。 当Facebook用户“喜欢”某种特定意识形态的文章或帖子或与之互动时，Facebook继续显示该相似意识形态的用户帖子（Facebook相信会吸引他们）。 McPherson，Smith-Lovin和Cook（2003）在一篇研究文章中写道，同质的个人网络会导致有限的“社会世界”，从而对其所接收的信息，所形成的态度以及所经历的互动产生强大的影响。 。” 这种同质性可以促进社交网站上的分歧和回声室，在这里社交网络上意识形态相似的人只能相互交流。
==Causes and effects==
==Causes and effects==