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第84行： − 原则上，从一个普遍低效率的经济分配到一个高效率的经济分配的转变不一定被认为是一个帕累托改进。即使经济总体是获益的，如果一个主体在再分配中处于不利地位，这个分配也不是帕累托最优的。例如，如果经济政策的某个改变消除了垄断，市场随后变得具有竞争力，那么其他主体的收益可能很大。然而，由于垄断者处于不利地位，这不是一个帕累托改善。理论上，如果经济体系的收益大于垄断者的损失，考虑到帕累托改善，垄断者可以在为经济体系中的其他主体留下净收益的情况下得到补偿。因此，在实践中，为了确保没有人会因为旨在实现帕累托最优的改变而处于不利地位，可能需要对一个或多个当事方进行补偿。在现实世界中，因为代理人可能预期这种补偿并相应地改变他们的行为，随着时间的推移，这种补偿可能会造成意外的后果以及动机的扭曲。+ 第92行：
第92行： − 在福利经济学第一定理的理想条件下，一个自由市场系统，也称为“竞争均衡” ，对应一个帕累托有效的结果。经济学家肯尼斯·阿罗(Kenneth Arrow)和杰拉德·迪布鲁(Gérard Debreu)首先用数学方法证明了这一点。+ 第100行：
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第116行： − 福利经济学第二定理实质上是福利经济学第一定理的逆转。它指出，在类似的理想假设下，任何帕累托最优都可以通过某种竞争均衡或自由市场制度获得，尽管它可能也需要一次性转移财富。+ 第271行：
第271行： − Example of a Pareto frontier. The boxed points represent feasible choices, and smaller values are preferred to larger ones. Point C is not on the Pareto frontier because it is dominated by both point A and point B. Points A and B are not strictly dominated by any other, and hence lie on the frontier. + − 帕累托边界的例子。集合中的点表示可行的选择，较小的值比较大的值更好。点''C''不在帕累托边界上，因为它同时被点 ''A'' 和点 ''B'' 支配。点''A''和点''B''不受任何其他点严格控制，因此位于边界上。+ − A [[production-possibility frontier. The red line is an example of a Pareto-efficient frontier, where the frontier and the area left and below it are a continuous set of choices. The red points on the frontier are examples of Pareto-optimal choices of production. Points off the frontier, such as N and K, are not Pareto-efficient, since there exist points on the frontier which Pareto-dominate them.]]+ − 生产可能性边界。红线是帕累托有效边界的一个例子，边界和左下方的区域是一个连续的选择集。边界上的红点是生产的帕累托最优选择的例子。边界外的点，如 ''N'' 和''K''，不是帕累托有效率，因为在边界上存在着受帕累托支配的点+
无编辑摘要
Pareto efficiency or Pareto optimality is a situation that cannot be modified so as to make any one individual or preference criterion better off without making at least one individual or preference criterion worse off. The concept is named after Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Italian engineer and economist, who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution. The following three concepts are closely related:
Pareto efficiency or Pareto optimality is a situation that cannot be modified so as to make any one individual or preference criterion better off without making at least one individual or preference criterion worse off. The concept is named after Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Italian engineer and economist, who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution. The following three concepts are closely related:
帕累托效率或帕累托最优是一种不能被修改的情况，它使得任何个体或优先准则变得更好而不使至少一个个体或一项优先准则变得更差。这个概念是以意大利工程师、经济学家维尔弗雷多·帕累托（1848-1923）的名字命名的。他在研究'''<font color="#ff8000">经济效率</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">收入分配</font>'''时使用了这个概念。以下三个概念密切相关：
帕累托效率或帕累托最优是一种不能被修改的情况，它使得任何个体或优先准则变得更好而不使至少一个个体或一项优先准则变得更差。这个概念是以意大利工程师、经济学家维尔弗雷多·帕累托（1848-1923）的名字命名的。他在研究'''<font color="#ff8000">经济效率(economic efficiency)</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000">收入分配(income distribution)</font>'''时使用了这个概念。以下三个概念密切相关：
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）专有名词与疑难句 后面需要附上英文
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）专有名词与疑难句 后面需要附上英文
In addition to the context of efficiency in allocation, the concept of Pareto efficiency also arises in the context of efficiency in production vs. x-inefficiency: a set of outputs of goods is Pareto efficient if there is no feasible re-allocation of productive inputs such that output of one product increases while the outputs of all other goods either increase or remain the same.
In addition to the context of efficiency in allocation, the concept of Pareto efficiency also arises in the context of efficiency in production vs. x-inefficiency: a set of outputs of goods is Pareto efficient if there is no feasible re-allocation of productive inputs such that output of one product increases while the outputs of all other goods either increase or remain the same.
除了分配效率的背景之外，帕累托最优的概念也出现在'''<font color="#ff8000">生产效率</font>'''对比于'''<font color="#ff8000">x-低效率</font>'''的背景之下，即如果生产投入没有可行的再分配，或者说一种产品的产出增加，而所有其他产品的产出增加或保持不变，那么一组产品的产出就是帕累托有效的。
除了分配效率的背景之外，帕累托最优的概念也出现在'''<font color="#ff8000">生产效率(efficiency in production)</font>'''对比于'''<font color="#ff8000">x-低效率(x-inefficiency)</font>'''的背景之下，即如果生产投入没有可行的再分配，或者说一种产品的产出增加，而所有其他产品的产出增加或保持不变，那么一组产品的产出就是帕累托有效的。
Besides economics, the notion of Pareto efficiency has been applied to the selection of alternatives in engineering and biology. Each option is first assessed, under multiple criteria, and then a subset of options is ostensibly identified with the property that no other option can categorically outperform the specified option. It is a statement of impossibility of improving one variable without harming other variables in the subject of multi-objective optimization (also termed Pareto optimization).
Besides economics, the notion of Pareto efficiency has been applied to the selection of alternatives in engineering and biology. Each option is first assessed, under multiple criteria, and then a subset of options is ostensibly identified with the property that no other option can categorically outperform the specified option. It is a statement of impossibility of improving one variable without harming other variables in the subject of multi-objective optimization (also termed Pareto optimization).
除了经济学，帕累托最优的概念已经应用到工程和生物学中的替代品的选择。首先根据多项标准对每个选项进行评估，然后确定选项子集，其中的任何元素都具有没有其他选项可以明确胜过该元素的属性。在'''<font color="#ff8000">多目标优化</font>'''(又称帕累托优化)中，这是一种对在不损害其他变量的情况下改进一个变量的不可能性的陈述。
除了经济学，帕累托最优的概念已经应用到工程和生物学中的替代品的选择。首先根据多项标准对每个选项进行评估，然后确定选项子集，其中的任何元素都具有没有其他选项可以明确胜过该元素的属性。在'''<font color="#ff8000">多目标优化(multi-objective optimization)</font>'''(又称帕累托优化)中，这是一种对在不损害其他变量的情况下改进一个变量的不可能性的陈述。
In principle, a change from a generally inefficient to an efficient one is not necessarily considered to be a Pareto improvement. Even when there are overall gains in the economy, if a single agent is disadvantaged by the reallocation, the allocation is not Pareto optimal. For instance, if a change in economic policy eliminates a monopoly and that market subsequently becomes competitive, the gain to others may be large. However, since the monopolist is disadvantaged, this is not a Pareto improvement. In theory, if the gains to the economy are larger than the loss to the monopolist, the monopolist could be compensated for its loss while still leaving a net gain for others in the economy, a Pareto improvement. Thus, in practice, to ensure that nobody is disadvantaged by a change aimed at achieving Pareto efficiency, compensation of one or more parties may be required. It is acknowledged, in the real world, that such compensations may have unintended consequences leading to incentive distortions over time, as agents supposedly anticipate such compensations and change their actions accordingly.
In principle, a change from a generally inefficient to an efficient one is not necessarily considered to be a Pareto improvement. Even when there are overall gains in the economy, if a single agent is disadvantaged by the reallocation, the allocation is not Pareto optimal. For instance, if a change in economic policy eliminates a monopoly and that market subsequently becomes competitive, the gain to others may be large. However, since the monopolist is disadvantaged, this is not a Pareto improvement. In theory, if the gains to the economy are larger than the loss to the monopolist, the monopolist could be compensated for its loss while still leaving a net gain for others in the economy, a Pareto improvement. Thus, in practice, to ensure that nobody is disadvantaged by a change aimed at achieving Pareto efficiency, compensation of one or more parties may be required. It is acknowledged, in the real world, that such compensations may have unintended consequences leading to incentive distortions over time, as agents supposedly anticipate such compensations and change their actions accordingly.
原则上，从一个普遍低效率的经济分配到一个高效率的经济分配的转变不一定被认为是一个帕累托改进。即使经济总体是获益的，如果一个主体在再分配中处于不利地位，这个分配也不是帕累托最优的。例如，如果经济政策的某个改变消除了垄断，市场随后变得具有竞争力，那么其他主体的收益可能很大。然而，由于垄断者处于不利地位，这不是一个帕累托改进。理论上，如果经济体系的收益大于垄断者的损失，考虑到帕累托改善，垄断者可以在为经济体系中的其他主体留下净收益的情况下得到补偿。因此，在实践中，为了确保没有人会因为旨在实现帕累托最优的改变而处于不利地位，可能需要对一个或多个当事方进行补偿。在现实世界中，因为代理人可能预期这种补偿并相应地改变他们的行为，随着时间的推移，这种补偿可能会造成意外的后果以及动机的扭曲。
Under the idealized conditions of the first welfare theorem, a system of free markets, also called a "competitive equilibrium", leads to a Pareto-efficient outcome. It was first demonstrated mathematically by economists Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu.
Under the idealized conditions of the first welfare theorem, a system of free markets, also called a "competitive equilibrium", leads to a Pareto-efficient outcome. It was first demonstrated mathematically by economists Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu.
在'''<font color="#ff8000">福利经济学第一定理(the first welfare theorem)</font>'''的理想条件下，一个'''<font color="#ff8000">自由市场(free market)</font>'''系统，也称为“'''<font color="#ff8000">竞争均衡(competitive equilibrium)</font>'''” ，对应一个帕累托有效的结果。经济学家肯尼斯·阿罗(Kenneth Arrow)和杰拉德·迪布鲁(Gérard Debreu)首先用数学方法证明了这一点。
However, the result only holds under the restrictive assumptions necessary for the proof: markets exist for all possible goods, so there are no externalities; all markets are in full equilibrium; markets are perfectly competitive; transaction costs are negligible; and market participants have perfect information.
However, the result only holds under the restrictive assumptions necessary for the proof: markets exist for all possible goods, so there are no externalities; all markets are in full equilibrium; markets are perfectly competitive; transaction costs are negligible; and market participants have perfect information.
然而，这个结果只有在证明所需的限制性假设下才成立，即所有可能的商品都存在市场，因此不存在外部效应; 所有市场都处于完全均衡状态; 市场是完全竞争的; 交易成本是可忽略的; 市场参与者拥有完全的信息。
然而，这个结果只有在证明所需的限制性假设下才成立，即所有可能的商品都存在市场，因此不存在外部效应; 所有市场都处于完全均衡状态; 市场是完全竞争的; 交易成本是可忽略的; 市场参与者拥有'''<font color="#ff8000">完全信息(perfect information)</font>'''。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）在博弈论中有“完全的信息”为完全信息
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）在博弈论中有“完全的信息”为完全信息
In the absence of perfect information or complete markets, outcomes will generally be Pareto inefficient, per the Greenwald-Stiglitz theorem.
In the absence of perfect information or complete markets, outcomes will generally be Pareto inefficient, per the Greenwald-Stiglitz theorem.
根据 Greenwald-Stiglitz 定理，在缺乏完全信息或完全市场的情况下，这个结果通常是帕累托低效的。
根据'''<font color="#ff8000">格林沃德-斯蒂格利茨定理(the Greenwald-Stiglitz theorem)</font>'''，在缺乏完全信息或完全市场的情况下，这个结果通常是帕累托低效的。
The second welfare theorem is essentially the reverse of the first welfare-theorem. It states that under similar, ideal assumptions, any Pareto optimum can be obtained by some competitive equilibrium, or free market system, although it may also require a lump-sum transfer of wealth.
The second welfare theorem is essentially the reverse of the first welfare-theorem. It states that under similar, ideal assumptions, any Pareto optimum can be obtained by some competitive equilibrium, or free market system, although it may also require a lump-sum transfer of wealth.
'''<font color="#ff8000">福利经济学第二定理(The second welfare theorem)</font>'''实质上是福利经济学第一定理的逆转。它指出，在类似的理想假设下，任何帕累托最优都可以通过某种竞争均衡或自由市场制度获得，尽管它可能也需要一次性转移财富。
[[File:Front pareto.svg|thumb|300px|Example of a Pareto frontier. The boxed points represent feasible choices, and smaller values are preferred to larger ones. Point ''C'' is not on the Pareto frontier because it is dominated by both point ''A'' and point ''B''. Points ''A'' and ''B'' are not strictly dominated by any other, and hence lie on the frontier.]]
[[File:Front pareto.svg|thumb|300px|Example of a Pareto frontier. The boxed points represent feasible choices, and smaller values are preferred to larger ones. Point ''C'' is not on the Pareto frontier because it is dominated by both point ''A'' and point ''B''. Points ''A'' and ''B'' are not strictly dominated by any other, and hence lie on the frontier.]]
图1：Example of a Pareto frontier. The boxed points represent feasible choices, and smaller values are preferred to larger ones. Point C is not on the Pareto frontier because it is dominated by both point A and point B. Points A and B are not strictly dominated by any other, and hence lie on the frontier.
帕累托边界的一个例子。集合中的点表示可行的选择，较小的值比较大的值更好。点''C''不在帕累托边界上，因为它同时被点 ''A'' 和点 ''B'' 支配。点''A''和点''B''不受任何其他点严格控制，因此位于边界上。
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）图片的格式按照[图1：英文＋译文来]
--[[用户:趣木木|趣木木]]（[[用户讨论:趣木木|讨论]]）图片的格式按照[图1：英文＋译文来]
[[File:Pareto Efficient Frontier 1024x1024.png|thumb|256px|A [[production-possibility frontier]]. The red line is an example of a Pareto-efficient frontier, where the frontier and the area left and below it are a continuous set of choices. The red points on the frontier are examples of Pareto-optimal choices of production. Points off the frontier, such as N and K, are not Pareto-efficient, since there exist points on the frontier which Pareto-dominate them.]]
[[File:Pareto Efficient Frontier 1024x1024.png|thumb|256px|A [[production-possibility frontier]]. The red line is an example of a Pareto-efficient frontier, where the frontier and the area left and below it are a continuous set of choices. The red points on the frontier are examples of Pareto-optimal choices of production. Points off the frontier, such as N and K, are not Pareto-efficient, since there exist points on the frontier which Pareto-dominate them.]]
图2：A [[production-possibility frontier. The red line is an example of a Pareto-efficient frontier, where the frontier and the area left and below it are a continuous set of choices. The red points on the frontier are examples of Pareto-optimal choices of production. Points off the frontier, such as N and K, are not Pareto-efficient, since there exist points on the frontier which Pareto-dominate them.]]
一个'''<font color="#ff8000">生产可能性边界（production-possibility frontier)</font>'''。红线是帕累托有效边界的一个例子，边界和左下方的区域是一个连续的选择集。边界上的红点是生产的帕累托最优选择的例子。边界外的点，如 ''N'' 和''K''，不是帕累托有效率，因为在边界上存在着受帕累托支配的点