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After Cardano, [[Jakob Bernoulli]]{{efn|Also known as James or Jacques Bernoulli.<ref name="Hald2005page221">{{cite book|author=Anders Hald|title=A History of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications before 1750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOQy6-qnVx8C|year=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-72517-6|page=221}}</ref>}} wrote [[Ars Conjectandi]], which is considered a significant event in the history of probability theory.<ref name=":1" /> Bernoulli's book was published, also posthumously, in 1713 and inspired many mathematicians to study probability.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Maistrov2014page56">{{cite book|author=L. E. Maistrov|title=Probability Theory: A Historical Sketch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZbiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2014|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1-4832-1863-2|page=56}}</ref><ref name="Tabak2014page37">{{cite book|author=John Tabak|title=Probability and Statistics: The Science of Uncertainty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3WVqBPHboAC|year=2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6873-9|page=37}}</ref> But despite some renowned mathematicians contributing to probability theory, such as [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]], [[Abraham de Moivre]], [[Carl Gauss]], [[Siméon Poisson]] and [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]],<ref name="Chung1998">{{cite journal|last1=Chung|first1=Kai Lai|title=Probability and Doob|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|volume=105|issue=1|pages=28–35|year=1998|issn=0002-9890|doi=10.2307/2589523|jstor=2589523}}</ref><ref name="Bingham2000">{{cite journal|last1=Bingham|first1=N.|title=Studies in the history of probability and statistics XLVI. Measure into probability: from Lebesgue to Kolmogorov|journal=Biometrika|volume=87|issue=1|year=2000|pages=145–156|issn=0006-3444|doi=10.1093/biomet/87.1.145}}</ref> most of the mathematical community{{efn|It has been remarked that a notable exception was the St Petersburg School in Russia, where mathematicians  led by Chebyshev studied probability theory.<ref name="BenziBenzi2007">{{cite journal|last1=Benzi|first1=Margherita|last2=Benzi|first2=Michele|last3=Seneta|first3=Eugene|title=Francesco Paolo Cantelli. b. 20 December 1875 d. 21 July 1966|journal=International Statistical Review|volume=75|issue=2|year=2007|page=128|issn=0306-7734|doi=10.1111/j.1751-5823.2007.00009.x}}</ref>}} did not consider probability theory to be part of mathematics until the 20th century.<ref name="Chung1998"/><ref name="BenziBenzi2007"/><ref name="Doob1996">{{cite journal|last1=Doob|first1=Joseph L.|title=The Development of Rigor in Mathematical Probability (1900-1950)|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|volume=103|issue=7|pages=586–595|year=1996|issn=0002-9890|doi=10.2307/2974673|jstor=2974673}}</ref><ref name="Cramer1976">{{cite journal|last1=Cramer|first1=Harald|title=Half a Century with Probability Theory: Some Personal Recollections|journal=The Annals of Probability|volume=4|issue=4|year=1976|pages=509–546|issn=0091-1798|doi=10.1214/aop/1176996025|doi-access=free}}</ref>

After Cardano, [[Jakob Bernoulli]]{{efn|Also known as James or Jacques Bernoulli.<ref name="Hald2005page221">{{cite book|author=Anders Hald|title=A History of Probability and Statistics and Their Applications before 1750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOQy6-qnVx8C|year=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-72517-6|page=221}}</ref>}} wrote [[Ars Conjectandi]], which is considered a significant event in the history of probability theory.<ref name=":1" /> Bernoulli's book was published, also posthumously, in 1713 and inspired many mathematicians to study probability.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Maistrov2014page56">{{cite book|author=L. E. Maistrov|title=Probability Theory: A Historical Sketch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZbiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|year=2014|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1-4832-1863-2|page=56}}</ref><ref name="Tabak2014page37">{{cite book|author=John Tabak|title=Probability and Statistics: The Science of Uncertainty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3WVqBPHboAC|year=2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6873-9|page=37}}</ref> But despite some renowned mathematicians contributing to probability theory, such as [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]], [[Abraham de Moivre]], [[Carl Gauss]], [[Siméon Poisson]] and [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]],<ref name="Chung1998">{{cite journal|last1=Chung|first1=Kai Lai|title=Probability and Doob|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|volume=105|issue=1|pages=28–35|year=1998|issn=0002-9890|doi=10.2307/2589523|jstor=2589523}}</ref><ref name="Bingham2000">{{cite journal|last1=Bingham|first1=N.|title=Studies in the history of probability and statistics XLVI. Measure into probability: from Lebesgue to Kolmogorov|journal=Biometrika|volume=87|issue=1|year=2000|pages=145–156|issn=0006-3444|doi=10.1093/biomet/87.1.145}}</ref> most of the mathematical community{{efn|It has been remarked that a notable exception was the St Petersburg School in Russia, where mathematicians  led by Chebyshev studied probability theory.<ref name="BenziBenzi2007">{{cite journal|last1=Benzi|first1=Margherita|last2=Benzi|first2=Michele|last3=Seneta|first3=Eugene|title=Francesco Paolo Cantelli. b. 20 December 1875 d. 21 July 1966|journal=International Statistical Review|volume=75|issue=2|year=2007|page=128|issn=0306-7734|doi=10.1111/j.1751-5823.2007.00009.x}}</ref>}} did not consider probability theory to be part of mathematics until the 20th century.<ref name="Chung1998"/><ref name="BenziBenzi2007"/><ref name="Doob1996">{{cite journal|last1=Doob|first1=Joseph L.|title=The Development of Rigor in Mathematical Probability (1900-1950)|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|volume=103|issue=7|pages=586–595|year=1996|issn=0002-9890|doi=10.2307/2974673|jstor=2974673}}</ref><ref name="Cramer1976">{{cite journal|last1=Cramer|first1=Harald|title=Half a Century with Probability Theory: Some Personal Recollections|journal=The Annals of Probability|volume=4|issue=4|year=1976|pages=509–546|issn=0091-1798|doi=10.1214/aop/1176996025|doi-access=free}}</ref>

继Cardano之后，[[Jakob Bernoulli]]{efn也被称为James或Jacques Bernoulli。<ref name=“hald205page221”{cite book | author=Anders Hald | title=1750年前概率统计及其应用的历史=https://books.google.com/books？id=pOQy6-qnVx8C | year=2005 | publisher=John Wiley&Sons | isbn=978-0-471-72517-6 | page=221}</ref>}}写了[[Ars conquectandi]]，这被认为是概率论史上的一个重大事件。<ref name=“：1”/>伯努利的书也在死后出版，1713年，激发了许多数学家研究概率=https://books.google.com/books？id=2ZbiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 | year=2014 | publisher=Elsevier Science | isbn=978-1-4832-1863-2 | page=56}</ref><ref name=“Tabak2014page37”>{cite book |作者=John Tabak | title=Probability and Statistics:不确定性科学| url=https://books.google.com/books？id=h3WVqBPHboAC | year=2014 | publisher=Infobase Publishing | isbn=978-0-8160-6873-9 | page=37}</ref>但是尽管一些著名数学家对概率论做出了贡献，比如[[Pierre Simon Laplace]][[Abraham de Moivre]][[Carl Gauss]][[Siméon Poisson]]和[[Pafnuty Chebyshev]]，[第124年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年期[年本年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年[年年[年[年[年[年[年[历史上的第一个概率=1241统计四十六。概率度量：从Lebesgue到Kolmogorov | journal=Biometrika | volume=87 | issn=1 | year=2000 | pages=145-156 | issn=0006-3444 | doi=10.1093/biomet/87.1.145}</ref>大多数数学界{efn}有人指出，俄罗斯的圣彼得堡学派是一个显著的例外，以切比雪夫为首的数学家研究概率论。b、 1875年12月20日d.1966年7月21日| journal=International statistics Review | volume=75 | issue=2 | year=2007 | page=128 | issn=0306-7734 | doi=10.1111/j.1751-5823.2007.00009.x}}</ref>}直到20世纪才将概率论视为数学的一部分。<ref name=“Chung1998”/><ref name=“benzi2007”/><ref name=“Doob1996”>{第一次1=Joseph L.| title=发展严谨在数学概率中的严谨发展（1900-1950年）| journal=美国数学月刊| volume=103 | issue=7 | pages=586–595 | year=1996 | issn=0002-9890 | doi=10.2307/2974673 | jstor=2974673 | jstor=2974673}}</ref ref name=“Cramer1976”>{引用journal journal | last1=Cramer Cramer1976{引用journal | last1 124; | first1=Harald | title=半个世纪概率论：一些个人回忆

继卡达诺之后，[[Jakob Bernoulli]]{{efn |也被称为杰姆斯或杰姆斯 伯努利Jacques Bernoulli<ref name=“Hald2005page221”>{cite book | author=Anders Hald | title=1750年前概率统计及其应用的历史=https://books.google.com/books？id=pOQy6-qnVx8C |年份=2005 | publisher=John Wiley&Sons | isbn=978-0-471-72517-6 | page=221}</ref>}}写了[[魔术师Ars conjuctandi]]，在概率论史上被认为是重大事件。<ref name=“：1”/>伯努利的书出版于1713年，也是在他死后出版的，激发了许多数学家研究概率<ref name=“：1”/><ref name=“Maistrov2014page56”>{引用书| author=L.E.Maistrov | title=概率论：历史素描|网址=https://books.google.com/books？id=2ZbiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |年份=2014 | publisher=Elsevier Science | isbn=978-1-4832-1863-2 | page=56}</ref><ref name=“Tabak2014page37”>{cite book | author=John Tabak | title=概率与统计学：不确定性科学|网址=https://books.google.com/books？id=h3WVqBPHboAC |年=2014 | publisher=Infobase Publishing | isbn=978-0-8160-6873-9 | page=37}</ref>。

但尽管一些著名的数学家对概率论做出了贡献，比如[[皮埃尔-西蒙-拉普拉斯]、[[亚伯拉罕-德-莫伊夫]]、[[卡尔-高斯]]、[[西蒙-泊阿松Siméon Poisson]]和[[帕夫努蒂·切比雪夫Pafnuty Chebyshev]]，<ref name=“Chung1998”>{引用期刊| last1=Chung | first1=Kai Lai | title=Probability and Doob | journal=The American Mathematic Monthly | volume=105 | isson=1 | pages=28-35 | year=1998 | issn=0002-9890 | doi=10.2307/2589523 | jstor=2589523}</ref><ref name=“Bingham2000”>{cite journal | last1=Bingham | first1=N.| title=概率统计史研究XLVI。概率度量：从Lebesgue到Kolmogorov | journal=Biometrika | volume=87 | Isse=1 | year=2000 | pages=145-156 | issn=0006-3444 | doi=10.1093/biomet/87.1.145}</ref>，大多数数学界人士都注意到，一个显著的例外是俄罗斯的圣彼得堡学派，在那里，以切比雪夫为首的数学家研究概率论，<ref name=“BenziBenzi2007”>{{引用期刊| last1=Benzi | first1=Margherita | last2=Benzi | first2=Michele | last3=Seneta | first3=Eugene | title=Francesco Paolo Cantelli。b、 1875年12月20日d.1966年7月21日|期刊=国际统计评论|卷=75 |问题=2 |年=2007 |页=128 | issn=0306-7734 | doi=10.1111/j.1751-5823.2007.00009.x}}</ref>}}直到20世纪，概率论才被认为是数学的一部分。<ref name=“Chun1998年”/><ref name=“BenziBenzi2007年”/><ref name=“DoobB1996”>{{cite journal | last1=Doob | first1=Joseph L.；title=数学概率中严谨性的发展（1900-1950年）| journal=美国数学月刊|卷=103 |问题=7 |页=586–595 |年=1996年| issn=0002-9890 | doi=10.2307/2974673 | jstor=2974673 }}</ref><ref name=“Cramer1976”>{cite journal | last1=Cramer | first1=Harald | title=半个世纪与概率论：一些个人回忆| journal=The annalls of Probability | volume=4 | issn=4 | year=1976 | pages=509-546 | issn=0091-1798 | doi=10.1214/aop/117696025 | doi access=free}</ref>

 

===Statistical mechanics统计力学===

===Statistical mechanics统计力学===