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A classic theoretical study of replicators in space is the 1980 NASA study of autotrophic clanking replicators, edited by Robert Freitas.

A classic theoretical study of replicators in space is the 1980 NASA study of autotrophic clanking replicators, edited by Robert Freitas.

一个关于太空中复制因子的经典理论研究是1980年 NASA 关于自养铿锵复制因子的研究，由罗伯特·弗雷塔斯(Robert Freitas)编辑。

一个关于太空中复制因子的经典理论研究是1980年由 NASA 的罗伯特·弗雷塔斯(Robert Freitas)编辑的关于自养铿锵复制因子的研究。

Much of the design study was concerned with a simple, flexible chemical system for processing lunar regolith, and the differences between the ratio of elements needed by the replicator, and the ratios available in regolith.  The limiting element was Chlorine, an essential element to process regolith for Aluminium.  Chlorine is very rare in lunar regolith, and a substantially faster rate of reproduction could be assured by importing modest amounts.

Much of the design study was concerned with a simple, flexible chemical system for processing lunar regolith, and the differences between the ratio of elements needed by the replicator, and the ratios available in regolith.  The limiting element was Chlorine, an essential element to process regolith for Aluminium.  Chlorine is very rare in lunar regolith, and a substantially faster rate of reproduction could be assured by importing modest amounts.

The reference design specified small computer-controlled electric carts running on rails.  Each cart could have a simple hand or a small bull-dozer shovel, forming a basic robot.

The reference design specified small computer-controlled electric carts running on rails.  Each cart could have a simple hand or a small bull-dozer shovel, forming a basic robot.

Power would be provided by a "canopy" of solar cells supported on pillars.  The other machinery could run under the canopy.

Power would be provided by a "canopy" of solar cells supported on pillars.  The other machinery could run under the canopy.

A "casting robot" would use a robotic arm with a few sculpting tools to make plaster molds.  Plaster molds are easy to make, and make precise parts with good surface finishes.  The robot would then cast most of the parts either from non-conductive molten rock (basalt) or purified metals.  An electric oven melted the materials.

A "casting robot" would use a robotic arm with a few sculpting tools to make plaster molds.  Plaster molds are easy to make, and make precise parts with good surface finishes.  The robot would then cast most of the parts either from non-conductive molten rock (basalt) or purified metals.  An electric oven melted the materials.

一个“铸造机器人”将使用一个机械手臂和一些雕刻工具来制作石膏模具。石膏模具易于制作，而且制作精确的零件表面光洁度好。然后，机器人将用非导电熔岩(玄武岩)或纯净金属铸造大部分零件。电炉熔化了这些材料。

一个“铸造机器人”将使用一个机械手臂和一些雕刻工具来制作石膏模具。石膏模具易于制作，而且制作精确的零件表面光洁度好。然后，机器人将用非导电熔岩(玄武岩)或纯金属铸造大部分零件。它内部的电炉可将这些材料熔化。

A speculative, more complex "chip factory" was specified to produce the computer and electronic systems, but the designers also said that it might prove practical to ship the chips from Earth as if they were "vitamins".

A speculative, more complex "chip factory" was specified to produce the computer and electronic systems, but the designers also said that it might prove practical to ship the chips from Earth as if they were "vitamins".

===Molecular manufacturing===

===Molecular manufacturing 分子制造===

 

{{Main|Molecular nanotechnology#Replicating nanorobots}}

{{Main|Molecular nanotechnology#Replicating nanorobots}}

Nanotechnologists in particular believe that their work will likely fail to reach a state of maturity until human beings design a self-replicating assembler of nanometer dimensions [http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM/4.11.3.htm].

Nanotechnologists in particular believe that their work will likely fail to reach a state of maturity until human beings design a self-replicating assembler of nanometer dimensions [http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM/4.11.3.htm].

纳米技术专家尤其相信，在人类设计出一种纳米尺度的自我复制装配器之前，他们的工作很可能无法达到成熟的状态。 Molecularassembler.com/ksrm/4.11.3.htm.

纳米技术学家尤其相信，在人类设计出一种纳米尺度的自复制组译器之前，他们的工作很可能无法达到成熟的状态。 Molecularassembler.com/ksrm/4.11.3.htm.

These systems are substantially simpler than autotrophic systems, because they are provided with purified feedstocks and energy.  They do not have to reproduce them. This distinction is at the root of some of the controversy about whether molecular manufacturing is possible or not.  Many authorities who find it impossible are clearly citing sources for complex autotrophic self-replicating systems.  Many of the authorities who find it possible are clearly citing sources for much simpler self-assembling systems, which have been demonstrated.  In the meantime, a Lego-built autonomous robot able to follow a pre-set track and assemble an exact copy of itself, starting from four externally provided components, was demonstrated experimentally in 2003 [http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM/3.23.4.htm].

These systems are substantially simpler than autotrophic systems, because they are provided with purified feedstocks and energy.  They do not have to reproduce them. This distinction is at the root of some of the controversy about whether molecular manufacturing is possible or not.  Many authorities who find it impossible are clearly citing sources for complex autotrophic self-replicating systems.  Many of the authorities who find it possible are clearly citing sources for much simpler self-assembling systems, which have been demonstrated.  In the meantime, a Lego-built autonomous robot able to follow a pre-set track and assemble an exact copy of itself, starting from four externally provided components, was demonstrated experimentally in 2003 [http://www.MolecularAssembler.com/KSRM/3.23.4.htm].

这些系统比自养系统简单得多，因为它们提供了纯化的原料和能源。他们不需要复制它们。这种区别是关于分子制造是否可行的一些争论的根源。许多当局认为这是不可能的，他们明确地引用了复杂的自养自我复制系统的资源。许多发现这种可能性的权威人士显然是在引用已经证明的更简单的自组装系统的资料。与此同时，2003年的一项实验展示了一个乐高积木自主机器人，它能够按照预先设定的轨道，从外部提供的4个组件开始，精确地组装出自己的副本。 Molecularassembler.com/ksrm/3.23.4.htm.

这些系统比自养系统简单得多，因为它们提供了净化了的原料和能源。它们不需要再生这些材料。这种区别是关于分子制造是否可行的一些争论的根源。许多当局认为这是不可能的，他们明确地引证了复杂的自养自复制系统的资源。许多发现这种可能性的权威人士显然是在引用已经证明的更简单的自组装系统的资料。与此同时，2003年的一项实验展示了一个乐高积木自主机器人，它能够按照预先设定的轨道，从外部提供的4个组件开始，精确地组装出自己的复制品。 Molecularassembler.com/ksrm/3.23.4.htm.

Merely exploiting the replicative abilities of existing cells is insufficient, because of limitations in the process of protein biosynthesis (also see the listing for RNA).

Merely exploiting the replicative abilities of existing cells is insufficient, because of limitations in the process of protein biosynthesis (also see the listing for RNA).

What is required is the rational design of an entirely novel replicator with a much wider range of synthesis capabilities.

What is required is the rational design of an entirely novel replicator with a much wider range of synthesis capabilities.

In 2011, New York University scientists have developed artificial structures that can self-replicate, a process that has the potential to yield new types of materials.  They have demonstrated that it is possible to replicate not just molecules like cellular DNA or RNA, but discrete structures that could in principle assume many different shapes, have many different functional features, and be associated with many different types of chemical species.

In 2011, New York University scientists have developed artificial structures that can self-replicate, a process that has the potential to yield new types of materials.  They have demonstrated that it is possible to replicate not just molecules like cellular DNA or RNA, but discrete structures that could in principle assume many different shapes, have many different functional features, and be associated with many different types of chemical species.

2011年，纽约大学的科学家们开发出了可以自复制的人造结构，这一过程有可能产生新型材料。他们已经证明，这种结构不仅可以复制像细胞 DNA 或 RNA 这样的分子，而且可以复制呈现许多不同形状、具有许多不同功能特征、并与许多不同类型的化学形态相关联的离散结构。

2011年，纽约大学的科学家们开发出了可自复制的人造结构，这一过程有可能产生新型材料。他们已经证明，这种结构不仅可以复制像细胞 DNA 或 RNA 这样的分子，而且可以复制能够呈现许多不同形态、具有许多不同功能特征、并与许多不同类型的化学形态相关联的离散结构。

==See also  请参阅==

==See also  请参阅==

* [[Artificial life]]

* [[Artificial life]]

 

* [[Astrochicken]]

* [[Astrochicken]]

 

* [[Autopoiesis]]

* [[Autopoiesis]]

 

* [[Complex system]]

* [[Complex system]]

 

* [[DNA replication]]

* [[DNA replication]]

 

* [[Life]]

* [[Life]]

 

* [[Robot]]

* [[Robot]]

 

* [[RepRap]] (self-replicated 3D printer)

* [[RepRap]] (self-replicated 3D printer)

 

* [[Self-replicating machine]]

* [[Self-replicating machine]]

 

** [[Self-replicating spacecraft]]

** [[Self-replicating spacecraft]]

 

* [[Space manufacturing]]

* [[Space manufacturing]]

 

* [[Von Neumann universal constructor]]

* [[Von Neumann universal constructor]]

 

* [[Virus]]

* [[Virus]]

 

* [[Von Neumann machine (disambiguation)]]

* [[Von Neumann machine (disambiguation)]]

 

* [[Self reconfigurable]]

* [[Self reconfigurable]]

 

* [[Final Anthropic Principle]]

* [[Final Anthropic Principle]]

 

* [[Positive feedback]]

* [[Positive feedback]]

 

* [[Harmonic]]

* [[Harmonic]]

 

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