更改

==应用==

==应用==

非平衡态热力学已成功地应用于描述蛋白质折叠/展开和膜转运等生物学过程。.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kimizuka |first1=Hideo |last2=Kaibara |first2=Kozue |title=Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of ion transport through membranes |journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science |date=September 1975 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=516–525 |doi=10.1016/0021-9797(75)90276-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baranowski |first1=B. |title=Non-equilibrium thermodynamics as applied to membrane transport |journal=Journal of Membrane Science |date=April 1991 |volume=57 |issue=2–3 |pages=119–159 |doi=10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80675-4}}</ref>

非平衡态热力学已成功地应用于描述蛋白质折叠/展开和膜转运等生物学过程。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kimizuka |first1=Hideo |last2=Kaibara |first2=Kozue |title=Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of ion transport through membranes |journal=Journal of Colloid and Interface Science |date=September 1975 |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=516–525 |doi=10.1016/0021-9797(75)90276-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baranowski |first1=B. |title=Non-equilibrium thermodynamics as applied to membrane transport |journal=Journal of Membrane Science |date=April 1991 |volume=57 |issue=2–3 |pages=119–159 |doi=10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80675-4}}</ref>它也被用来描述纳米颗粒的动力学，在涉及催化和电化学转化的系统中，纳米颗粒可以远离热力学平衡。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bazant |first1=Martin Z. |title=Theory of Chemical Kinetics and Charge Transfer based on Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics |journal=Accounts of Chemical Research |date=22 March 2013 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=1144–1160 |doi=10.1021/ar300145c|pmid=23520980 |arxiv=1208.1587 }}</ref> 此外，来自非平衡态热力学的思想和熵的信息论已经被用来描述一般的经济系统。<ref>{{Cite book|title = Econodynamics. The Theory of Social Production.|last = Pokrovskii|first = Vladimir|publisher = Springer, Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London-New York.|year = 2011|isbn = |location = https://www.springer.com/physics/complexity/book/978-94-007-2095-4|pages = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = The Unity of Science and Economics: A New Foundation of Economic Theory|last = Chen|first = Jing|publisher = Springer|year = 2015|isbn = |location = https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781493934645|pages = }}</ref>

 

它也被用来描述纳米颗粒的动力学，在涉及催化和电化学转化的系统中，纳米颗粒可以远离热力学平衡。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bazant |first1=Martin Z. |title=Theory of Chemical Kinetics and Charge Transfer based on Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics |journal=Accounts of Chemical Research |date=22 March 2013 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=1144–1160 |doi=10.1021/ar300145c|pmid=23520980 |arxiv=1208.1587 }}</ref>  

 

 

此外，来自非平衡态热力学的思想和熵的信息论已经被用来描述一般的经济系统。<ref>{{Cite book|title = Econodynamics. The Theory of Social Production.|last = Pokrovskii|first = Vladimir|publisher = Springer, Dordrecht-Heidelberg-London-New York.|year = 2011|isbn = |location = https://www.springer.com/physics/complexity/book/978-94-007-2095-4|pages = }}</ref>

 

<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Unity of Science and Economics: A New Foundation of Economic Theory|last = Chen|first = Jing|publisher = Springer|year = 2015|isbn = |location = https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781493934645|pages = }}</ref>

==其他相关==

==其他相关==