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第279行： − + − 生物化学基础(“湿”)+ − {{Further|Synthetic biology}} + − + − Biochemical-based life is studied in the field of [[synthetic biology]]. It involves e.g. the creation of [[synthetic DNA]]. The term "wet" is an extension of the term "[[wetware (brain)|wetware]]". − − Biochemical-based life is studied in the field of synthetic biology. It involves e.g. the creation of synthetic DNA. The term "wet" is an extension of the term "wetware". − − − 基于生化的人工生命研究，属于合成生物学领域研究。它涉及合成DNA的创建等，术语“湿”即拓展自“湿件 ”一词。 − − In May 2019, researchers, in a milestone effort, reported the creation of a new [[Synthetic biology#Synthetic life|synthetic]] (possibly [[Artificial life#Biochemical-based ("wet")|artificial]]) form of [[wikt:viability|viable]] [[life]], a variant of the [[bacteria]] ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', by reducing the natural number of 64 [[codon]]s in the bacterial [[genome]] to 59 codons instead, in order to encode 20 [[amino acid]]s.<ref name="NYT-20190515">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=Scientists Created Bacteria With a Synthetic Genome. Is This Artificial Life? - In a milestone for synthetic biology, colonies of E. coli thrive with DNA constructed from scratch by humans, not nature. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/science/synthetic-genome-bacteria.html |date=15 May 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=16 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190515">{{cite journal |author=Fredens, Julius |display-authors=et al. |title=Total synthesis of Escherichia coli with a recoded genome |date=15 May 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1192-5 |pmid=31092918 |pmc=7039709 |volume=569 |issue=7757 |pages=514–518 }}</ref> − − In May 2019, researchers, in a milestone effort, reported the creation of a new synthetic (possibly artificial) form of viable life, a variant of the bacteria Escherichia coli, by reducing the natural number of 64 codons in the bacterial genome to 59 codons instead, in order to encode 20 amino acids. − − 2019年5月，研究人员在一项具有里程碑意义的工作中，报告通过将细菌基因组中自然数量的64个密码子减少到59个密码子，并编入20个氨基酸，创造了一种新的合成（可能是人工）形式的可行生命，一种大肠杆菌的变种。
→Biochemical-based ("wet")基于生物化学的研究（“湿的”）
'''基于硬件的模拟 Hardware-based'''人工生命主要由机器人组成，即能够独立完成任务的自动引导机器。
'''基于硬件的模拟 Hardware-based'''人工生命主要由机器人组成，即能够独立完成任务的自动引导机器。
==Biochemical-based ("wet")基于生物化学的研究（“湿的”）==
==Biochemical-based ("wet")基于生物化学的研究（“湿人工生命”）==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_biology 更多内容请阅读合成生物学]
'''基于生化 Biochemical-based''' 的人工生命研究，属于'''合成生物学 synthetic biology'''领域研究。它涉及合成DNA的创建等，术语“湿”即拓展自“湿件 wetware”一词。
2019年5月，研究人员在一项具有里程碑意义的工作中，报告通过将细菌基因组中自然数量的64个密码子减少到59个密码子，并编入20个氨基酸，创造了一种新的合成（可能是人工）形式的可行生命，一种大肠杆菌的变种。<ref name="NYT-20190515">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=Scientists Created Bacteria With a Synthetic Genome. Is This Artificial Life? - In a milestone for synthetic biology, colonies of E. coli thrive with DNA constructed from scratch by humans, not nature. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/science/synthetic-genome-bacteria.html |date=15 May 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=16 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190515">{{cite journal |author=Fredens, Julius |display-authors=et al. |title=Total synthesis of Escherichia coli with a recoded genome |date=15 May 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1192-5 |pmid=31092918 |pmc=7039709 |volume=569 |issue=7757 |pages=514–518 }}</ref>
== Open problems 开放性问题==
== Open problems 开放性问题==