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It can be understood as an emergent property from the synergies among: 1) data-information-knowledge; 2) software-hardware; and 3) experts (those with new insights as well as recognized authorities) that continually learns from feedback to produce just-in-time knowledge for better decisions than these three elements acting alone; or more narrowly as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information. This notion of collective intelligence is referred to as "symbiotic intelligence" by Norman Lee Johnson. The concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and mass communications: it also appears in science fiction. Pierre Lévy defines collective intelligence as, "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities." According to researchers Pierre Lévy and Derrick de Kerckhove, it refers to capacity of networked ICTs (Information communication technologies) to enhance the collective pool of social knowledge by simultaneously expanding the extent of human interactions.

It can be understood as an emergent property from the synergies among: 1) data-information-knowledge; 2) software-hardware; and 3) experts (those with new insights as well as recognized authorities) that continually learns from feedback to produce just-in-time knowledge for better decisions than these three elements acting alone; or more narrowly as an emergent property between people and ways of processing information. This notion of collective intelligence is referred to as "symbiotic intelligence" by Norman Lee Johnson. The concept is used in sociology, business, computer science and mass communications: it also appears in science fiction. Pierre Lévy defines collective intelligence as, "It is a form of universally distributed intelligence, constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effective mobilization of skills. I'll add the following indispensable characteristic to this definition: The basis and goal of collective intelligence is mutual recognition and enrichment of individuals rather than the cult of fetishized or hypostatized communities." According to researchers Pierre Lévy and Derrick de Kerckhove, it refers to capacity of networked ICTs (Information communication technologies) to enhance the collective pool of social knowledge by simultaneously expanding the extent of human interactions.

1）数据信息知识；

1）数据信息知识；

2）软硬件；

2）软硬件；

3）专家（具有最新见解且公认权威的专家）

3）专家（具有最新见解且公认权威的专家）

通过不断从反馈中学习并产生实时性知识，这三个要素的协同增效作用比它们单独采取行动来说，做出的决策会更好；或更狭义地讲，这是人与信息处理方式之间的一种涌现特性。诺曼·李·约翰逊 Norman Lee Johnson将这种集体智能的概念称为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 共生智能 symbiotic intelligence</font>'''。该概念用于社会学，商业，计算机科学和大众传播学：当然，它也出现在科幻小说中。皮埃尔·列维 Pierre Lévy给出了集体智能另一个定义：“它是一种普遍的分布式智慧，通过不断增强和实时合作来有效地调动技能。我将在此定义中添加以下必不可少的特征：集体智能的基本原则和目标是丰富个体并实现相互认可，而不是说对物质化或实体化社区的疯狂迷恋。”根据研究人员皮埃尔·列维Pierre Lévy和德里克·德·科克霍夫Derrick de Kerckhove的说法，它指的是网络ICT（信息通信技术Information communication technologies）通过扩大人类互动范围来增强社会知识群体的能力。

通过不断从反馈中学习并产生实时性知识，这三个要素的’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 协同</font>‘‘‘增效作用比它们单独采取行动来说，做出的决策会更好；或更狭义地讲，这是人与信息处理方式之间的一种'''<font color="#ff8000"> 涌现特性</font>'''。诺曼·李·约翰逊  Norman Lee Johnson将这种集体智能的概念称为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 共生智能 symbiotic intelligence</font>'''。该概念用于社会学，商业，计算机科学和大众传播学：当然，它也出现在科幻小说中。皮埃尔·列维 Pierre Lévy给出了集体智能另一个定义：“它是一种普遍的分布式智慧，通过不断增强和实时合作来有效地调动技能。我将在此定义中添加以下必不可少的特征：集体智能的基本原则和目标是丰富个体并实现相互认可，而不是对物质化或实体化社区的疯狂迷恋。”根据研究人员ierre Lévy和德里克·德·科克霍夫Derrick de Kerckhove的说法，它指的是网络’‘‘<FONT COLOR=“#FF8000”> ICTS</FONT>‘‘‘（信息通信技术Information communication technologies）通过扩大人类互动范围来增强社会知识群体的能力。

Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. According to Eric S. Raymond (1998) and JC Herz (2005), open source intelligence will eventually generate superior outcomes to knowledge generated by proprietary software developed within corporations (Flew 2008). Media theorist Henry Jenkins sees collective intelligence as an 'alternative source of media power', related to convergence culture. He draws attention to education and the way people are learning to participate in knowledge cultures outside formal learning settings. Henry Jenkins criticizes schools which promote 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained learners' while remaining hostile to learning through the means of collective intelligence. Both Pierre Lévy (2007) and Henry Jenkins (2008) support the claim that collective intelligence is important for democratization, as it is interlinked with knowledge-based culture and sustained by collective idea sharing, and thus contributes to a better understanding of diverse society.

Collective intelligence strongly contributes to the shift of knowledge and power from the individual to the collective. According to Eric S. Raymond (1998) and JC Herz (2005), open source intelligence will eventually generate superior outcomes to knowledge generated by proprietary software developed within corporations (Flew 2008). Media theorist Henry Jenkins sees collective intelligence as an 'alternative source of media power', related to convergence culture. He draws attention to education and the way people are learning to participate in knowledge cultures outside formal learning settings. Henry Jenkins criticizes schools which promote 'autonomous problem solvers and self-contained learners' while remaining hostile to learning through the means of collective intelligence. Both Pierre Lévy (2007) and Henry Jenkins (2008) support the claim that collective intelligence is important for democratization, as it is interlinked with knowledge-based culture and sustained by collective idea sharing, and thus contributes to a better understanding of diverse society.

集体智能极大地促进了知识和权力从个人到集体的转移。埃里克·雷蒙德Eric S. Raymond（1998）和杰西·赫兹JC Herz（2005）认为，相较于一个公司通过内部开发专有软件来创造知识，开源智慧则终将产生更优异的成果（Flew 2008）。媒体理论家亨利·詹金斯Henry Jenkins将集体智能视为与融合文化相关的“媒体力量的替代来源”。他提请人们关注教育，特别是基于传统教育设置之外的知识文化参与方式。亨利·詹金斯批评学校提倡的“自主解决问题者和独立学习者”，同时又反对通过集体智能来学习。皮埃尔·列维（2007）和亨利·詹金斯（2008）也都支持这样的说法，即集体智能对民主化很重要，因为它与以知识为基础的文化相互联系，并通过群体的思想共享来维持，从而有助于更好地理解多元化社会。

集体智能极大地促进了知识和权力从个人到集体的转移。埃里克·雷蒙德Eric S. Raymond（1998）和杰西·赫兹JC Herz（2005）认为，相较于一个公司通过内部开发专有软件来创造知识，开源智慧则终将产生更优异的成果（Flew 2008）。媒体理论家亨利·詹金斯Henry Jenkins将集体智能视为与融合文化相关的“媒体力量的替代来源”。他提请人们关注教育，特别是基于传统教育设置之外的知识文化参与方式。Henry Jenkins批评学校提倡的“自主解决问题者和独立学习者”，同时又反对通过集体智能来学习。Pierre Lévy（2007）和Henry Jenkins（2008）也都支持这样的说法，即集体智能对民主化很重要，因为它与以知识为基础的文化相互联系，并通过群体的思想共享来维持，从而有助于更好地理解多元化社会。

Similar to the g factor (g) for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from g. Similarly as g is highly interrelated with the concept of IQ, this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well.

Similar to the g factor (g) for general individual intelligence, a new scientific understanding of collective intelligence aims to extract a general collective intelligence factor c factor for groups indicating a group's ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are derived from g. Similarly as g is highly interrelated with the concept of IQ, this measurement of collective intelligence can be interpreted as intelligence quotient for groups (Group-IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se. Causes for c and predictive validity are investigated as well.

与测试个人智力的g因子相似，对群体智力的最新科学理解主要是提取群体的综合智力因子c因子，以表明一个小组执行各种任务的能力。其定义，操作方式和统计方法均同于g因子测试法。同样地，由于g与IQ的概念高度相关，因此这种群体智力的度量也可以解释为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体的智商（Group-IQ）</font>'''，即使该分数自身不是商。另外，还研究c值的成因和预测其有效性。

与测试个人智力的’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>‘‘‘相似，对群体智力的最新科学理解主要是提取群体的综合智力因子”c因子”，以表明一个群体执行各种任务的能力。其定义，操作方式和统计方法均同于’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>‘‘‘测试法。同样地，由于g与IQ的概念高度相关，因此这种群体智力的度量也可以解释为'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体的智商（Group-IQ）</font>'''，即使该分数自身不是商。另外，还研究c值的成因和预测其有效性。

Collective intelligence is used to help create widely known platforms including Google, Wikipedia and political groups. Google is a major search engine that is made of millions of websites that have been created by people all around the world. It has the ability to share knowledge and creativity with each other to collaborate and expand thoughts and expressions. Google includes five key dynamics within their teams to create a well-collaborated system. Dynamics include psychological safety, dependability, structure & clarity, meaning of work and impact of work. Their ideas behind their rediscovery of collective intelligence is to ensure that all workers can express themselves without any fear of potential embarrassment. Google's teamwork is said to be one of the main reasons for their success by including the use of emotional and collective intelligence to ensure teamwork is involved in any discussions. The system behind Google exemplifies the combining of knowledge of the web-to-people not just knowledge of people-to-people.  

Collective intelligence is used to help create widely known platforms including Google, Wikipedia and political groups. Google is a major search engine that is made of millions of websites that have been created by people all around the world. It has the ability to share knowledge and creativity with each other to collaborate and expand thoughts and expressions. Google includes five key dynamics within their teams to create a well-collaborated system. Dynamics include psychological safety, dependability, structure & clarity, meaning of work and impact of work. Their ideas behind their rediscovery of collective intelligence is to ensure that all workers can express themselves without any fear of potential embarrassment. Google's teamwork is said to be one of the main reasons for their success by including the use of emotional and collective intelligence to ensure teamwork is involved in any discussions. The system behind Google exemplifies the combining of knowledge of the web-to-people not just knowledge of people-to-people.  

Writers who have influenced the idea of collective intelligence include Francis Galton, Douglas Hofstadter (1979), Peter Russell (1983), Tom Atlee (1993), Pierre Lévy (1994), Howard Bloom (1995), Francis Heylighen (1995), Douglas Engelbart, Louis Rosenberg, Cliff Joslyn, Ron Dembo, Gottfried Mayer-Kress (2003).

Writers who have influenced the idea of collective intelligence include Francis Galton, Douglas Hofstadter (1979), Peter Russell (1983), Tom Atlee (1993), Pierre Lévy (1994), Howard Bloom (1995), Francis Heylighen (1995), Douglas Engelbart, Louis Rosenberg, Cliff Joslyn, Ron Dembo, Gottfried Mayer-Kress (2003).

影响集体智能思想的作家包括弗朗西斯·加尔顿Francis Galton，道格拉斯·霍夫斯塔特Douglas Hofstadter（1979），彼得·罗素Peter Russell（1983），汤姆·阿特利Tom Atlee（1993），皮埃尔·列维Pierre Lévy（1994），霍华德·布鲁姆Howard Bloom（1995），弗朗西斯·海里根Francis Heylighen（1995），道格拉斯·恩格巴特Douglas Engelbart，路易·罗森伯格Louis Rosenberg，克里夫·乔斯林Cliff Joslyn，罗恩·丹博Ron Dembo，戈特弗里德·梅耶·克雷斯Gottfried Mayer-Kress（2003）。

影响集体智能思想的作家包括弗朗西斯·加尔顿Francis Galton，道格拉斯·霍夫斯塔特Douglas Hofstadter（1979），彼得·罗素Peter Russell（1983），汤姆·阿特利Tom Atlee（1993），Pierre Lévy（1994），霍华德·布鲁姆Howard Bloom（1995），弗朗西斯·海里根Francis Heylighen（1995），道格拉斯·恩格巴特Douglas Engelbart，路易·罗森伯格Louis Rosenberg，克里夫·乔斯林Cliff Joslyn，罗恩·丹博Ron Dembo，戈特弗里德·梅耶·克雷斯Gottfried Mayer-Kress（2003）。

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== History ==

== History 历史==

[[文件:World Brain HG Wells 1938.jpg|250px|thumb|left|世界脑  H.G. Wells (1936–1938)]]

[[文件:World Brain HG Wells 1938.jpg|250px|thumb|left|世界脑  H.G. Wells (1936–1938)]]

The concept (although not so named) originated in 1785 with the Marquis de Condorcet, whose "jury theorem" states that if each member of a voting group is more likely than not to make a correct decision, the probability that the highest vote of the group is the correct decision increases with the number of members of the group (see Condorcet's jury theorem).  Many theorists have interpreted Aristotle's statement in the Politics that "a feast to which many contribute is better than a dinner provided out of a single purse" to mean that just as many may bring different dishes to the table, so in a deliberation many may contribute different pieces of information to generate a better decision.  Recent scholarship, however, suggests that this was probably not what Aristotle meant but is a modern interpretation based on what we now know about team intelligence.

The concept (although not so named) originated in 1785 with the Marquis de Condorcet, whose "jury theorem" states that if each member of a voting group is more likely than not to make a correct decision, the probability that the highest vote of the group is the correct decision increases with the number of members of the group (see Condorcet's jury theorem).  Many theorists have interpreted Aristotle's statement in the Politics that "a feast to which many contribute is better than a dinner provided out of a single purse" to mean that just as many may bring different dishes to the table, so in a deliberation many may contribute different pieces of information to generate a better decision.  Recent scholarship, however, suggests that this was probably not what Aristotle meant but is a modern interpretation based on what we now know about team intelligence.

这个概念（尽管没有如此命名）起源于1785年的侯爵·孔多塞Marquis de Condorcet，其“陪审原理Jury theorem”指出，如果一个投票组的每个成员更有可能做出正确的决定，则该组中最高的票数是正确的决定的概率会随着该组成员的数量增加而增加。（请参阅孔多塞陪审原理）。许多理论学家已经解释了亚里士多德在他的著作《政治》中的说法，即“集体盛宴相比较独自晚餐更加美味”，意思是每个人都可以带来各自的菜肴摆在餐桌上。引申意味着在审议中，多数人可以贡献不同的信息片段以产生更好的决策。然而，最近的一项研究表明，这可能不是亚里士多德的意思，而是根据目前我们对团队智能的了解做出的现代解释。

这个概念（尽管没有如此命名）起源于1785年的侯爵·孔多塞Marquis de Condorcet，其“‘‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 陪审原理</font>‘‘‘指出，如果一个投票组的每个成员更有可能做出正确的决定，则该组中最高的票数是正确决定的概率会随着该组成员的数量增加而增加。（请参阅Condorcet’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 陪审原理</font>‘‘‘）。许多理论学家已经解释了亚里士多德 Aristotle在他的著作《政治》中的说法，即“集体盛宴相比较独自晚餐更加美味”，意思是每个人都可以带来各自的菜肴摆在餐桌上。引申为许多人可能会提供不同的信息片段以产生更好的决策。然而，最近的一项研究表明，这可能不是Aristotle的意思，而是根据目前我们对团队智能的了解做出的现代解释。

A precursor of the concept is found in entomologist William Morton Wheeler's observation that seemingly independent individuals can cooperate so closely as to become indistinguishable from a single organism (1910). Wheeler saw this collaborative process at work in ants that acted like the cells of a single beast he called a superorganism.

A precursor of the concept is found in entomologist William Morton Wheeler's observation that seemingly independent individuals can cooperate so closely as to become indistinguishable from a single organism (1910). Wheeler saw this collaborative process at work in ants that acted like the cells of a single beast he called a superorganism.

一开始昆虫学家威廉·莫顿·惠勒William Morton Wheeler意识到了这一概念（1910），他观察到独立的个体之间可以紧密合作，以至于无法与某单个生物区分开。他在蚂蚁身上看到了这种协作过程，它们就像野兽的细胞一样，他称其为超生物体。

一开始昆虫学家威廉·莫顿·惠勒William Morton Wheeler意识到了这一概念（1910），他观察到独立的个体之间可以紧密合作，以至于无法与某单个生物区分开。他在蚂蚁身上看到了这种协作过程，它们就像野兽的细胞一样，他称其为’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 超有机体</font>‘‘‘。

In 1912 Émile Durkheim identified society as the sole source of human logical thought. He argued in "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life" that society constitutes a higher intelligence because it transcends the individual over space and time. Other antecedents are Vladimir Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's concept of "noosphere" and H.G. Wells's concept of "world brain" (see also the term "global brain"). Peter Russell, Elisabet Sahtouris, and Barbara Marx Hubbard (originator of the term "conscious evolution") are inspired by the visions of a noosphere&nbsp;– a transcendent, rapidly evolving collective intelligence&nbsp;– an informational cortex of the planet. The notion has more recently been examined by the philosopher Pierre Lévy. In a 1962 research report, Douglas Engelbart linked collective intelligence to organizational effectiveness, and predicted that pro-actively 'augmenting human intellect' would yield a multiplier effect in group problem solving: "Three people working together in this augmented mode [would] seem to be more than three times as effective in solving a complex problem as is one augmented person working alone". In 1994, he coined the term 'collective IQ' as a measure of collective intelligence, to focus attention on the opportunity to significantly raise collective IQ in business and society.

In 1912 Émile Durkheim identified society as the sole source of human logical thought. He argued in "The Elementary Forms of Religious Life" that society constitutes a higher intelligence because it transcends the individual over space and time. Other antecedents are Vladimir Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's concept of "noosphere" and H.G. Wells's concept of "world brain" (see also the term "global brain"). Peter Russell, Elisabet Sahtouris, and Barbara Marx Hubbard (originator of the term "conscious evolution") are inspired by the visions of a noosphere&nbsp;– a transcendent, rapidly evolving collective intelligence&nbsp;– an informational cortex of the planet. The notion has more recently been examined by the philosopher Pierre Lévy. In a 1962 research report, Douglas Engelbart linked collective intelligence to organizational effectiveness, and predicted that pro-actively 'augmenting human intellect' would yield a multiplier effect in group problem solving: "Three people working together in this augmented mode [would] seem to be more than three times as effective in solving a complex problem as is one augmented person working alone". In 1994, he coined the term 'collective IQ' as a measure of collective intelligence, to focus attention on the opportunity to significantly raise collective IQ in business and society.

1912年，埃米尔·杜尔克海姆Émile Durkheim将社会定义为人类逻辑思维的唯一来源。他在《宗教生活的基本形式》一书中指出，社会构成了一种更高的智慧，因为它在时空上超越了个人。其他先例还有弗拉基米尔·韦尔纳斯基Vladimir Vernadsky和皮埃尔·泰尔哈德·德·夏尔丁Pierre Teilhard de Chardin的“noosphere”概念以及H.G. Wells的“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 世界脑World brain</font>'''”概念（另请参见“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 全球大脑Global brain</font>'''"”一词）。彼得·罗素Peter Russell，伊丽莎白·萨赫图里斯Elisabet Sahtouris和芭芭拉·马克思·哈伯德Barbara Marx Hubbard（“有意识演化”一词的发起者）受到了“noosphere”的启发，即超自然的，迅速发展的集体智能，相当于地球的大脑信息皮质层。哲学家皮埃尔·列维最近对该概念进行了研究。在1962年的一份研究报告中，道格拉斯·恩格尔巴特将集体智能与组织有效性联系起来，并预测说，积极地“增强人类智慧”将在解决群体问题方面产生事半功倍的效果：“以这种增强模式工作的三个人在解决复杂问题上的效率似乎是一个单独工作的人（同等增强幅度）的三倍以上”。1994年，他创造了“群体智商”一词来衡量集体智能，以集中精力于在商业和社会中寻找显著提高群体智商的机会。

1912年，埃米尔·涂尔干Émile Durkheim将社会定义为人类逻辑思维的唯一来源。他在《宗教生活的基本形式》一书中指出，社会构成了一种更高的智慧，因为它在时空上超越了个人。其他先例还有弗拉基米尔·韦尔纳斯基Vladimir Vernadsky和皮埃尔·泰尔哈德·德·夏尔丁Pierre Teilhard de Chardin的’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 智能圈</font>‘‘‘概念以及赫伯特·乔治·威尔斯H.G. Wells的“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 世界脑World brain</font>'''”概念（另请参见“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 全球大脑Global brain</font>'''"”一词）。Peter Russell，伊丽莎白·萨赫图里斯Elisabet Sahtouris和芭芭拉·马克思·哈伯德Barbara Marx Hubbard（‘‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 意识演化</font>‘‘‘一词的发起者）受到了’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 智能圈</font>‘‘‘的启发，即超自然的，迅速发展的集体智能，相当于地球的大脑信息皮质层。哲学家Pierre Lévy最近对该概念进行了研究。在1962年的一份研究报告中，Douglas Engelbart将集体智能与组织有效性联系起来，并预测说，积极地“增强人类智慧”将在解决群体问题方面产生事半功倍的效果：“以这种增强模式工作的三个人在解决复杂问题上的效率似乎是一个单独工作的人（同等增强幅度）的三倍以上”。1994年，他创造了“‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 群体智商</font>‘‘‘一词来衡量集体智能，以集中精力在商业和社会中寻找显著提高群体智商的机会。

Collective intelligence was introduced into the machine learning community in the late 20th century, and matured into a broader consideration of how to design "collectives" of self-interested adaptive agents to meet a system-wide goal. This was related to single-agent work on "reward shaping" and has been taken forward by numerous researchers in the game theory and engineering communities.

Collective intelligence was introduced into the machine learning community in the late 20th century, and matured into a broader consideration of how to design "collectives" of self-interested adaptive agents to meet a system-wide goal. This was related to single-agent work on "reward shaping" and has been taken forward by numerous researchers in the game theory and engineering communities.

== Dimensions 维度==

== Dimensions 维度==

Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior – collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this earth's living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". In 1986 Bloom combined the concepts of apoptosis, parallel distributed processing, group selection, and the superorganism to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works. Later he showed how the collective intelligences of competing bacterial colonies and human societies can be explained in terms of computer-generated "complex adaptive systems" and the "genetic algorithms", concepts pioneered by John Holland.

Howard Bloom has discussed mass behavior – collective behavior from the level of quarks to the level of bacterial, plant, animal, and human societies. He stresses the biological adaptations that have turned most of this earth's living beings into components of what he calls "a learning machine". In 1986 Bloom combined the concepts of apoptosis, parallel distributed processing, group selection, and the superorganism to produce a theory of how collective intelligence works. Later he showed how the collective intelligences of competing bacterial colonies and human societies can be explained in terms of computer-generated "complex adaptive systems" and the "genetic algorithms", concepts pioneered by John Holland.

霍华德·布鲁姆Howard Bloom曾讨论过大众行为（从夸克到细菌，植物，动物和人类社会的群体行为）。他强调说，生物适应性使得地球上大多数生物已经变成了所谓的“学习机器”。1986年，布卢姆将'''<font color="#ff8000"> 细胞凋亡Apoptosis</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 并行分布处理Parallel distributed processing</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体选择Group selection</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 超有机体Superorganism</font>'''的概念结合在一起，产生了关于集体智能如何运作的理论。后来，他展示了如何用计算机生成的“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 复杂自适应系统Complex adaptive systems</font>'''”和“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 遗传算法Genetic algorithms</font>'''”来解释竞争性细菌群落和人类社会的集体智能，当初这个概念是由约翰·霍兰德John Holland提出的。

Howard Bloom曾讨论过大众行为（从夸克到细菌，植物，动物和人类社会的群体行为）。他强调说，生物适应性使得地球上大多数生物已经变成了所谓的“学习机器”。1986年，Bloom将'''<font color="#ff8000"> 细胞凋亡Apoptosis</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 并行分布处理Parallel distributed processing</font>'''，'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体选择Group selection</font>'''和'''<font color="#ff8000"> 超有机体Superorganism</font>'''的概念结合在一起，产生了关于集体智能如何运作的理论。后来，他展示了如何用计算机生成的“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 复杂自适应系统Complex adaptive systems</font>'''”和“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 遗传算法Genetic algorithms</font>'''”（ 由约翰·霍兰德John Holland所开创的概念）来解释竞争性细菌群落和人类社会的集体智能。

Bloom traced the evolution of collective intelligence to our bacterial ancestors 1 billion years ago and demonstrated how a multi-species intelligence has worked since the beginning of life. Ant societies exhibit more intelligence, in terms of technology, than any other animal except for humans and co-operate in keeping livestock, for example aphids for "milking". Leaf cutters care for fungi and carry leaves to feed the fungi.

Bloom traced the evolution of collective intelligence to our bacterial ancestors 1 billion years ago and demonstrated how a multi-species intelligence has worked since the beginning of life. Ant societies exhibit more intelligence, in terms of technology, than any other animal except for humans and co-operate in keeping livestock, for example aphids for "milking". Leaf cutters care for fungi and carry leaves to feed the fungi.

David Skrbina cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of panpsychism (that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter). He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" and Fechner's arguments for a collective consciousness of mankind. He cites Durkheim as the most notable advocate of a "collective consciousness" and Teilhard de Chardin as a thinker who has developed the philosophical implications of the group mind.

David Skrbina cites the concept of a 'group mind' as being derived from Plato's concept of panpsychism (that mind or consciousness is omnipresent and exists in all matter). He develops the concept of a 'group mind' as articulated by Thomas Hobbes in "Leviathan" and Fechner's arguments for a collective consciousness of mankind. He cites Durkheim as the most notable advocate of a "collective consciousness" and Teilhard de Chardin as a thinker who has developed the philosophical implications of the group mind.

大卫·斯科宾纳David Skrbina引用了“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 团体思想Group mind</font>'''”的概念，该概念源自柏拉图的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 泛精神论Panpsychism</font>'''（思想或意识无所不在，并存在于所有事物中）。他进一步发展了托马斯·霍布斯Thomas Hobbes在“利维坦Leviathan”中表达的“团队意识”的概念，以及费希纳关于人类集体意识的论点。他引用了涂尔干Durkheim作为“集体意识”最著名的提倡者，并引用了泰勒哈德·德·夏尔丁Teilhard de Chardin作为思想家，泰勒哈德曾提出团队思维的哲学含义。

大卫·斯科宾纳David Skrbina引用了“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体意识（Group mind）</font>'''”的概念，该概念源自柏拉图的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 泛心论Panpsychism</font>'''（即思想或意识无所不在，并存在于所有事物中）。他进一步发展了托马斯·霍布斯Thomas Hobbes在’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 利维坦</font>‘‘‘中表达的“群体意识”的概念，以及费希纳关于人类集体意识的论点。他认为Durkheim是“集体意识”最著名的拥护者，并且认为Teilhard de Chardin作为思想家，曾提出了“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 群体意识（Group mind）</font>'''”的哲学含义。

Tom Atlee focuses primarily on humans and on work to upgrade what Howard Bloom calls "the group IQ". Atlee feels that collective intelligence can be encouraged "to overcome 'groupthink' and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process – while achieving enhanced intellectual performance." George Pór defined the collective intelligence phenomenon as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and harmony, through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and integration, competition and collaboration." Atlee and Pór state that "collective intelligence also involves achieving a single focus of attention and standard of metrics which provide an appropriate threshold of action". Their approach is rooted in scientific community metaphor.

Tom Atlee focuses primarily on humans and on work to upgrade what Howard Bloom calls "the group IQ". Atlee feels that collective intelligence can be encouraged "to overcome 'groupthink' and individual cognitive bias in order to allow a collective to cooperate on one process – while achieving enhanced intellectual performance." George Pór defined the collective intelligence phenomenon as "the capacity of human communities to evolve towards higher order complexity and harmony, through such innovation mechanisms as differentiation and integration, competition and collaboration." Atlee and Pór state that "collective intelligence also involves achieving a single focus of attention and standard of metrics which provide an appropriate threshold of action". Their approach is rooted in scientific community metaphor.

汤姆·阿特利Tom Atlee则主要关注人类，以及如何提升霍华德·布鲁姆Howard Bloom所说的“群体智商”。阿特利认为，可以鼓励集体智能去“克服‘群体思维'和个人的认知偏见，以使集体在一个过程中进行合作，同时实现更高的智力表现。”乔治·珀尔George Pór将集体智能现象定义为一种能力，即“人类社区通过差异化，融合，竞争和协作等创新机制，向更高层次复杂性协调发展”。阿特利和珀尔指出“集体智能还涉及实现注意力集中和度量标准的统一，从而提供适当的行动阈值”。

Tom Atlee则主要关注人类，以及如何提升Howard Bloom所说的“‘‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 群体智商</font>‘‘‘”。Atlee认为，可以鼓励集体智能去“克服‘群体思维'和个人的认知偏见，以使集体在一个过程中进行合作，同时产生更高的智力表现。”乔治·珀尔George Pór将集体智能现象定义为一种能力，即“人类社区通过差异化，融合，竞争和协作等创新机制，向更高层次复杂性协调发展”。 Atlee和Pór指出“集体智能还涉及实现'''<font color="#32CD32">注意力集中</font>'''和度量标准的统一，从而提供适当的行动阈值”。 '''<font color="#32CD32">他们的方法植根于科学共同体的隐喻</font>'''。

The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Anita Woolley presents Collective intelligence as a measure of group intelligence and group creativity. The idea is that a measure of collective intelligence covers a broad range of features of the group, mainly group composition and group interaction. The features of composition that lead to increased levels of collective intelligence in groups include criteria such as higher numbers of women in the group as well as increased diversity of the group.

The term group intelligence is sometimes used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Anita Woolley presents Collective intelligence as a measure of group intelligence and group creativity. The idea is that a measure of collective intelligence covers a broad range of features of the group, mainly group composition and group interaction. The features of composition that lead to increased levels of collective intelligence in groups include criteria such as higher numbers of women in the group as well as increased diversity of the group.

关于术语“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 团体智慧Collective intelligence</font>'''”有时可以与“集体智能”一词互换使用。安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley认为集体智能，可以作为衡量团体智慧和创造力的方法。这个想法是，集体智能的度量能涵盖团体的广泛特征，主要包括团体组成和团体互动。导致团体中集体智能水平提高的组成特征包括：组中女性人数增加以及组内多样性增加等。

术语“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 团体智慧Collective intelligence</font>'''”有时可以与“集体智能”一词互换使用。安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley认为集体智能，可以衡量集体智慧和创造力。即集体智能的度量能涵盖群体的广泛特征，主要包括群体组成和群体互动。导致群体中集体智能水平提高的组成特征包括：群体中女性人数增加以及群体内多样性增加等。

Atlee and Pór suggest that the field of collective intelligence should primarily be seen as a human enterprise in which mind-sets, a willingness to share and an openness to the value of distributed intelligence for the common good are paramount, though group theory and artificial intelligence have something to offer. Maximizing collective intelligence relies on the ability of an organization to accept and develop "The Golden Suggestion", which is any potentially useful input from any member. Groupthink often hampers collective intelligence by limiting input to a select few individuals or filtering potential Golden Suggestions without fully developing them to implementation.

Atlee and Pór suggest that the field of collective intelligence should primarily be seen as a human enterprise in which mind-sets, a willingness to share and an openness to the value of distributed intelligence for the common good are paramount, though group theory and artificial intelligence have something to offer. Maximizing collective intelligence relies on the ability of an organization to accept and develop "The Golden Suggestion", which is any potentially useful input from any member. Groupthink often hampers collective intelligence by limiting input to a select few individuals or filtering potential Golden Suggestions without fully developing them to implementation.

Robert David Steele Vivas in The New Craft of Intelligence portrayed all citizens as "intelligence minutemen," drawing only on legal and ethical sources of information, able to create a "public intelligence" that keeps public officials and corporate managers honest, turning the concept of "national intelligence" (previously concerned about spies and secrecy) on its head.

Robert David Steele Vivas in The New Craft of Intelligence portrayed all citizens as "intelligence minutemen," drawing only on legal and ethical sources of information, able to create a "public intelligence" that keeps public officials and corporate managers honest, turning the concept of "national intelligence" (previously concerned about spies and secrecy) on its head.

罗伯特·戴维·斯蒂尔·维瓦斯Robert David Steele Vivas在《智慧前沿The New Craft of Intelligence》中将所有公民描绘为“情报干事”，仅利用法律和道德信息来源，就能够创造出使公共官员和公司经理保持诚信的“公共情报”，从而改变  高层的“国家情报”（以前涉及间谍和保密系统）。

罗伯特·戴维·斯蒂尔·维瓦斯Robert David Steele Vivas在《智慧前沿The New Craft of Intelligence》中将所有公民描绘为“情报干事”，描绘了仅利用法律和道德信息，就能够创造出使公共官员和公司经理保持诚信的“公共情报”，从而改变高层的“国家情报”（以前涉及间谍和保密系统）。

According to Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, collective intelligence is mass collaboration. In order for this concept to happen, four principles need to exist;

According to Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, collective intelligence is mass collaboration. In order for this concept to happen, four principles need to exist;

根据唐·塔普斯科特Don Tapscott和安东尼·威廉姆斯Anthony D. Williams的说法，集体智能就是大规模协作。为了使这个概念成立，需要存在四个原则。

根据唐·塔普斯科特Don Tapscott和安东尼·威廉姆斯Anthony D. Williams的说法，集体智能就是大规模协作。为了使这个概念成立，需要满足以下四个原则。

; Openness: [[idea sharing|Sharing ideas]] and [[intellectual property]]: though these resources provide the edge over competitors more benefits accrue from allowing others to share ideas and gain significant improvement and scrutiny through collaboration.

; Openness: [[idea sharing|Sharing ideas]] and [[intellectual property]]: though these resources provide the edge over competitors more benefits accrue from allowing others to share ideas and gain significant improvement and scrutiny through collaboration.

开放性<br>

开放性<br>

  Peering: Horizontal organization as with the 'opening up' of the Linux program where users are free to modify and develop it provided that they make it available for others. Peering succeeds because it encourages self-organization&nbsp;– a style of production that works more effectively than hierarchical management for certain tasks.

  Peering: Horizontal organization as with the 'opening up' of the Linux program where users are free to modify and develop it provided that they make it available for others. Peering succeeds because it encourages self-organization&nbsp;– a style of production that works more effectively than hierarchical management for certain tasks.

对等性<br>

‘‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>对等性</font>‘‘‘<br>

共享<br>

共享<br>

全球行动<br>

全球行动<br>

A new scientific understanding of collective intelligence defines it as a group's general ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are similar to the [[G factor (psychometrics)|psychometric approach of general individual intelligence]]. Hereby, an individual's performance on a given set of cognitive tasks is used to measure general cognitive ability indicated by the general intelligence [[G factor (psychometrics)|factor ''g'']] extracted via [[factor analysis]]. In the same vein as ''g'' serves to display between-individual performance differences on cognitive tasks, collective intelligence research aims to find a parallel intelligence factor for groups) displaying between-group differences on task performance. The collective intelligence score then is used to predict how this same group will perform on any other similar task in the future. Yet tasks, hereby, refer to mental or intellectual tasks performed by small groups even though the concept is hoped to be transferable to other performances and any groups or crowds reaching from families to companies and even whole cities. Since individuals' ''g'' factor scores are highly correlated with full-scale [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]] scores, which are in turn regarded as good estimates of ''g'', this measurement of collective intelligence can also be seen as an intelligence indicator or quotient respectively for a group (Group-IQ) parallel to an individual's intelligence quotient (IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se.

A new scientific understanding of collective intelligence defines it as a group's general ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are similar to the [[G factor (psychometrics)|psychometric approach of general individual intelligence]]. Hereby, an individual's performance on a given set of cognitive tasks is used to measure general cognitive ability indicated by the general intelligence [[G factor (psychometrics)|factor ''g'']] extracted via [[factor analysis]]. In the same vein as ''g'' serves to display between-individual performance differences on cognitive tasks, collective intelligence research aims to find a parallel intelligence factor for groups) displaying between-group differences on task performance. The collective intelligence score then is used to predict how this same group will perform on any other similar task in the future. Yet tasks, hereby, refer to mental or intellectual tasks performed by small groups even though the concept is hoped to be transferable to other performances and any groups or crowds reaching from families to companies and even whole cities. Since individuals' ''g'' factor scores are highly correlated with full-scale [[Intelligence quotient|IQ]] scores, which are in turn regarded as good estimates of ''g'', this measurement of collective intelligence can also be seen as an intelligence indicator or quotient respectively for a group (Group-IQ) parallel to an individual's intelligence quotient (IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se.

A new scientific understanding of collective intelligence defines it as a group's general ability to perform a wide range of tasks. In the same vein as g serves to display between-individual performance differences on cognitive tasks, collective intelligence research aims to find a parallel intelligence factor for groups c factor') displaying between-group differences on task performance. The collective intelligence score then is used to predict how this same group will perform on any other similar task in the future. Yet tasks, hereby, refer to mental or intellectual tasks performed by small groups Since individuals' g factor scores are highly correlated with full-scale IQ scores, which are in turn regarded as good estimates of g, this measurement of collective intelligence can also be seen as an intelligence indicator or quotient respectively for a group (Group-IQ) parallel to an individual's intelligence quotient (IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se.

A new scientific understanding of collective intelligence defines it as a group's general ability to perform a wide range of tasks. Definition, operationalization and statistical methods are similar to the [[G factor (psychometrics)|psychometric approach of general individual intelligence]]. Hereby, an individual's performance on a given set of cognitive tasks is used to measure general cognitive ability indicated by the general intelligence [[G factor (psychometrics)|factor ''g'']] extracted via [[factor analysis]]. In the same vein as g serves to display between-individual performance differences on cognitive tasks, collective intelligence research aims to find a parallel intelligence factor for groups c factor') displaying between-group differences on task performance. The collective intelligence score then is used to predict how this same group will perform on any other similar task in the future. Yet tasks, hereby, refer to mental or intellectual tasks performed by small groups Since individuals' g factor scores are highly correlated with full-scale IQ scores, which are in turn regarded as good estimates of g, this measurement of collective intelligence can also be seen as an intelligence indicator or quotient respectively for a group (Group-IQ) parallel to an individual's intelligence quotient (IQ) even though the score is not a quotient per se.

对集体智能最新的科学理解，是将其定义为一个团队执行各种任务的综合能力。定义，可操作性和统计方法类似于常规个人智力的计量方法。因此，在给定的一组认知任务上的个人表现被用于计量综合认知能力，通过因子分析法算出其智力因子g。同理，g用于表达认知任务与个体之间的表现差异，集体智能研究的目的是为群体“c因子”（也称为“集体智力因子”（CI））找到一个类似的智力因子，以显示任务表现上群体间的差异。然后，将集体智力得分用于预测该组将来执行其他类似任务的表现。然而，目前任务的内容设置还局限在针对小团体的心智任务，尽管一开始的概念是希望能涉及的更广泛，比如说从家庭到公司甚至整个城市的任何团体或人群。由于个体的g因子得分与全方位IQ得分密切相关，并且后者还可以恰当的估计g因子，因此集体智能测量的结果同样可以被视为是一个群体的智力指标或商（Group-IQ），类似于个人智商（IQ），虽然该分数本身不是商。

对集体智能最新的科学理解，是将其定义为一个团队执行各种任务的综合能力。定义，可操作性和统计方法类似于’‘‘<FONT COLOR=“#32CD32”>G因素(心理测量学，常规个人智力的计量方法)</FONT>‘‘‘。因此，在给定的一组认知任务上的个人表现被用于计量综合认知能力，通过因子分析法算出其’‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>智力因子g</font>‘‘‘。同理，g用于表达认知任务与个体之间的表现差异，集体智能研究的目的是为群体“c因子”（也称为“集体智力因子”（CI））找到一个类似的智力因子，以显示任务表现上群体间的差异。然后，将集体智力得分用于预测该组将来执行其他类似任务的表现。然而，目前任务的内容设置还局限在针对小团体的心智任务，尽管一开始的概念是希望能涉及的更广泛，比如说从家庭到公司甚至整个城市的任何团体或人群。由于个体的’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>‘‘‘得分与全方位IQ得分密切相关，并且后者还可以恰当的估计’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> g因子</font>‘‘‘，因此集体智能测量的结果同样可以被视为是一个群体的智力指标或商（Group-IQ），类似于个人智商（IQ），虽然该分数本身不是商。

Mathematically, ''c'' and ''g'' are both variables summarizing positive correlations among different tasks supposing that performance on one task is comparable with performance on other similar tasks. ''c'' thus is a source of variance among groups and can only be considered as a group's standing on the ''c'' factor compared to other groups in a given relevant population. The concept is in contrast to competing hypotheses including other correlational structures to explain group intelligence, such as a composition out of several equally important but independent factors as found in [[Big Five personality traits|individual personality research]].

Mathematically, ''c'' and ''g'' are both variables summarizing positive correlations among different tasks supposing that performance on one task is comparable with performance on other similar tasks. ''c'' thus is a source of variance among groups and can only be considered as a group's standing on the ''c'' factor compared to other groups in a given relevant population. The concept is in contrast to competing hypotheses including other correlational structures to explain group intelligence, such as a composition out of several equally important but independent factors as found in [[Big Five personality traits|individual personality research]].

Mathematically, c and g are both variables summarizing positive correlations among different tasks supposing that performance on one task is comparable with performance on other similar tasks. c thus is a source of variance among groups and can only be considered as a group's standing on the c factor compared to other groups in a given relevant population. The concept is in contrast to competing hypotheses including other correlational structures to explain group intelligence,

Mathematically, c and g are both variables summarizing positive correlations among different tasks supposing that performance on one task is comparable with performance on other similar tasks. c thus is a source of variance among groups and can only be considered as a group's standing on the c factor compared to other groups in a given relevant population. The concept is in contrast to competing hypotheses including other correlational structures to explain group intelligence, such as a composition out of several equally important but independent factors as found in [[Big Five personality traits|individual personality research]].

从数学上讲，c和g都是变量，假设不同团队或个人在不同任务（但相似）中的表现具有可比性,这两个变量均概述了该团队或个人在不同任务之间的正相关性。因此，c表示的是团队之间的差异，与给定相关人口设置的其他组相比，它仅被视为该组在c因子上的设置结果。需要注意的是，该概念与竞争假设（包括其他可以解释群体智能的相关结构）形成对比，例如由个体人格研究中发现的一些同样重要但相互独立的因素组合。

 

从数学上讲，c和g都是变量，假设不同团队或个人在不同任务（但相似）中的表现具有可比性,这两个变量均描述了该团队或个人在不同任务之间的正相关性。’‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>因此，c表示的是团队之间的差异，在给定相关人口设置的其他组相比，它仅被视为该组在c因子上的设置结果。g</font>‘‘‘‘‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>需要注意的是，该概念与竞争假设（包括其他可以解释群体智能的相关结构）形成对比，例如由个体人格研究中发现的一些同样重要但相互独立的因素组合。g</font>‘‘‘

Besides, this scientific idea also aims to explore the causes affecting collective intelligence, such as group size, collaboration tools or group members' interpersonal skills. The MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, for instance, announced the detection of The Genome of Collective Intelligence as one of its main goals aiming to develop a taxonomy of organizational building blocks, or genes, that can be combined and recombined to harness the intelligence of crowds.

Besides, this scientific idea also aims to explore the causes affecting collective intelligence, such as group size, collaboration tools or group members' interpersonal skills. The MIT Center for Collective Intelligence, for instance, announced the detection of The Genome of Collective Intelligence as one of its main goals aiming to develop a taxonomy of organizational building blocks, or genes, that can be combined and recombined to harness the intelligence of crowds.

Individual intelligence is shown to be genetically and environmentally influenced. Analogously, collective intelligence research aims to explore reasons why certain groups perform more intelligent than other groups given that c is just moderately correlated with the intelligence of individual group members. According to Woolley et al.'s results, neither team cohesion nor motivation or satisfaction is correlated with c. However, they claim that three factors were found as significant correlates: the variance in the number of speaking turns, group members' average social sensitivity and the proportion of females. All three had similar predictive power for c, but only social sensitivity was statistically significant (b=0.33, P=0.05).

Individual intelligence is shown to be genetically and environmentally influenced. Analogously, collective intelligence research aims to explore reasons why certain groups perform more intelligent than other groups given that c is just moderately correlated with the intelligence of individual group members. According to Woolley et al.'s results, neither team cohesion nor motivation or satisfaction is correlated with c. However, they claim that three factors were found as significant correlates: the variance in the number of speaking turns, group members' average social sensitivity and the proportion of females. All three had similar predictive power for c, but only social sensitivity was statistically significant (b=0.33, P=0.05).

个体智力被证明具有遗传性且易受环境影响。类似地，集体智力的研究目的是探索为什么某些群体的表现要比其他群体更聪明的原因，因为因子c仅与群体单个成员的智力适度相关。根据伍利等人的结果，团队凝聚力，动机或满意度都与因子c无关。但是，他们声称发现了三个非常重要的相关因素：成员发表意见的次数，成员社会敏感度平均值和女性比例。这三者对因子c具有相似的预测能力，但目前只有社会敏感度具有统计学意义（b = 0.33，P = 0.05）。

个体智力受到遗传与环境影响。类似地，集体智力的研究目的是探索为什么某些群体比其他群体表现地更聪明，假设因子c与群体中单个成员的智力适度相关。根据Woolley等人的结果，团队凝聚力，动机或满意度都与因子c无关。但是，他们声称发现了三个非常重要的相关因素：成员发表意见的次数，成员社会敏感度平均值和女性比例。这三者对因子c具有相似的预测能力，但目前只有社会敏感度具有统计学意义（b = 0.33，P = 0.05）。

The number speaking turns indicates that "groups where a few people dominated the conversation were less collectively intelligent than those with a more equal distribution of conversational turn-taking". Hence, providing multiple team members the chance to speak up made a group more intelligent.

The number speaking turns indicates that "groups where a few people dominated the conversation were less collectively intelligent than those with a more equal distribution of conversational turn-taking". Hence, providing multiple team members the chance to speak up made a group more intelligent.

Group members' social sensitivity was measured via the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RME) and correlated .26 with c. or 'mind reading', which refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires or intents, to other people and in how far people understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions or perspectives different from their own ones. and constantly differentiates control groups from individuals with functional autism or Asperger Syndrome. ToM can be regarded as an associated subset of skills and abilities within the broader concept of emotional intelligence.

Group members' social sensitivity was measured via the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RME) and correlated .26 with c. or 'mind reading', which refers to the ability to attribute mental states, such as beliefs, desires or intents, to other people and in how far people understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions or perspectives different from their own ones. and constantly differentiates control groups from individuals with functional autism or Asperger Syndrome. ToM can be regarded as an associated subset of skills and abilities within the broader concept of emotional intelligence.

小组成员的社交敏感度通过“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 眼神阅读测试Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test</font>'''”（RME）进行衡量，并与c关联（0.26）。这里要求参与者检测图片中呈现的其他人眼中表达的思维或感觉，并以选择题形式进行评估。该测试旨在衡量人们的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 心智理论Theory of mind（ToM）</font>'''，也称为“心理化”或“思想阅读”，指的是感受他人心理状态的能力（例如信念，欲望或意图），当他们的信念，欲望，意图或观点与自己有所不同时，能在多大程度上理解他人。RME是针对成人的ToM测试，显示出足够的重测信度，并不断将对照组与患有功能性自闭症或阿斯伯格综合症的个体区分开来。它是成人ToM最广泛接受和验证良好的测试之一。在更宽泛的情商概念中，ToM可被视为技能的相关子集。

'''<font color="#32CD32">小组成员的社交敏感度通过“'''<font color="#ff8000"> 眼神阅读测试Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test</font>'''”（RME）并与c关联（0.26）或’‘‘<font color=“#ff8000”> 读心术</font>‘‘‘进行测量。这里要求参与者检测图片中呈现的其他人眼中表达的思维或感觉，并以选择题形式进行评估。该测试旨在衡量人们的'''<font color="#ff8000"> 心智理论Theory of mind（ToM）</font>'''，也称为“心理化”或“思想阅读”，指的是感受他人心理状态的能力（例如信念，欲望或意图），当他们的信念，欲望，意图或观点与自己有所不同时，能在多大程度上理解他人。RME是针对成人的ToM测试，显示出足够的重测信度，并不断将对照组与患有功能性自闭症或阿斯伯格综合症的个体区分开来。它是成人ToM最广泛接受和验证良好的测试之一。在更宽泛的情商概念中，ToM可被视为技能的相关子集。</font>'''

The proportion of females as a predictor of c was largely mediated by social sensitivity (Sobel z = 1.93, P= 0.03) Wolley agreed in an interview with the Harvard Business Review that these findings are saying that groups of women are smarter than groups of men. However, she relativizes this stating that the actual important thing is the high social sensitivity of group members.

The proportion of females as a predictor of c was largely mediated by social sensitivity (Sobel z = 1.93, P= 0.03) Wolley agreed in an interview with the Harvard Business Review that these findings are saying that groups of women are smarter than groups of men. However, she relativizes this stating that the actual important thing is the high social sensitivity of group members.

女性占比作为因子c的预测因素主要是通过社会敏感性介导（Sobel z = 1.93，P = 0.03），这与先前的研究展现出的女性在社会敏感性测试中得分较高有关。从统计学上讲，介导过程澄清了因变量和自变量之间关系的基本机制。伍利在接受《哈佛商业评论》采访时曾表示这个发现说明了女性群体比男性群体更聪明。但是，她也就这个结论做了相对化的陈述，实际上重要的是团体成员的高度社会敏感性。

女性占比作为因子c的预测因素主要是通过社会敏感性’‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>介导</font>‘‘‘（Sobel z = 1.93，P = 0.03），这与之前的研究结果相符，即女性在社会敏感性测试中得分更高。从统计学上讲，’‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>介导</font>‘‘‘，从统计学上讲，澄清了因变量和自变量之间关系的基本机制。伍利在接受《哈佛商业评论》采访时曾表示这个发现说明了女性群体比男性群体更聪明。但是，她也就这个结论’‘‘<font color=“#32CD32”>做了相对化的陈述</font>‘‘‘，实际上重要的是团体成员的高度社会敏感性。

It is theorized that the collective intelligence factor c is an emergent property resulting from bottom-up as well as top-down processes. Hereby, bottom-up processes cover aggregated group-member characteristics. Top-down processes cover group structures and norms that influence a group's way of collaborating and coordinating.

It is theorized that the collective intelligence factor c is an emergent property resulting from bottom-up as well as top-down processes. Hereby, bottom-up processes cover aggregated group-member characteristics. Top-down processes cover group structures and norms that influence a group's way of collaborating and coordinating.

Noteworthy is also that the involved researchers among the confirming findings widely overlap with each other and with the authors participating in the original first study around Anita Woolley.

Noteworthy is also that the involved researchers among the confirming findings widely overlap with each other and with the authors participating in the original first study around Anita Woolley.

值得一提的是，确认结果中涉及的研究人员之间，以及与参与有关安妮塔·伍利Anita Woolley最初第一项研究的作者之间也存在广泛的重叠。

值得一提的是，确认结果中涉及的研究人员之间，以及与参与有关Anita Woolley最初第一项研究的作者之间也存在广泛的重叠。

Francis Heylighen, Valentin Turchin, and Gottfried Mayer-Kress are among those who view collective intelligence through the lens of computer science and cybernetics. In their view, the Internet enables collective intelligence at the widest, planetary scale, thus facilitating the emergence of a global brain.

Francis Heylighen, Valentin Turchin, and Gottfried Mayer-Kress are among those who view collective intelligence through the lens of computer science and cybernetics. In their view, the Internet enables collective intelligence at the widest, planetary scale, thus facilitating the emergence of a global brain.

弗朗西斯·海里格森Francis Heylighen，瓦伦丁·图尔钦Valentin Turchin和戈特弗里德·梅耶·克雷斯Gottfried Mayer-Kress都是通过计算机科学和控制论的视角看待集体智能。他们认为，互联网可以在最广泛的地球尺度上实现集体智能，从而促进全球大脑的出现。

弗朗西斯·海里格森Francis Heylighen，瓦伦丁·图尔钦Valentin Turchin和Gottfried Mayer-Kress都是通过计算机科学和控制论的视角看待集体智能。他们认为，互联网可以在最广泛的地球尺度上实现集体智能，从而促进全球大脑的出现。

The developer of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, aimed to promote sharing and publishing of information globally. Later his employer opened up the technology for free use. In the early '90s, the Internet's potential was still untapped, until the mid-1990s when 'critical mass', as termed by the head of the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), Dr. J.C.R. Licklider, demanded more accessibility and utility. The driving force of this Internet-based collective intelligence is the digitization of information and communication. Henry Jenkins, a key theorist of new media and media convergence draws on the theory that collective intelligence can be attributed to media convergence and participatory culture . He criticizes contemporary education for failing to incorporate online trends of collective problem solving into the classroom, stating "whereas a collective intelligence community encourages ownership of work as a group, schools grade individuals". Jenkins argues that interaction within a knowledge community builds vital skills for young people, and teamwork through collective intelligence communities contribute to the development of such skills. Collective intelligence is not merely a quantitative contribution of information from all cultures, it is also qualitative.

The developer of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, aimed to promote sharing and publishing of information globally. Later his employer opened up the technology for free use. In the early '90s, the Internet's potential was still untapped, until the mid-1990s when 'critical mass', as termed by the head of the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), Dr. J.C.R. Licklider, demanded more accessibility and utility. The driving force of this Internet-based collective intelligence is the digitization of information and communication. Henry Jenkins, a key theorist of new media and media convergence draws on the theory that collective intelligence can be attributed to media convergence and participatory culture . He criticizes contemporary education for failing to incorporate online trends of collective problem solving into the classroom, stating "whereas a collective intelligence community encourages ownership of work as a group, schools grade individuals". Jenkins argues that interaction within a knowledge community builds vital skills for young people, and teamwork through collective intelligence communities contribute to the development of such skills. Collective intelligence is not merely a quantitative contribution of information from all cultures, it is also qualitative.

万维网创始人蒂姆·伯纳斯·李Tim Berners-Lee，曾以促进全球信息共享和发作为目标开发了万维网。后来，他的雇主开放了该技术以供大家免费使用。在90年代初期，互联网的潜力一直没有得到开发，直到1990年代中期，高级研究计划局（ARPA）负责人J.C.R. Licklider博士将其称为“临界质量”，并要求其具有更强的可访问性和实用性。这种基于互联网的集体智能驱动力是信息和通信的数字化。研究新媒体出现和媒体融合的关键理论家亨利·詹金斯Henry Jenkins借鉴了其概念，认为集体智能可以归因于媒体融合和参与性文化（Flew 2008）。他批判当代教育未能将集体智能理念的趋势纳入课堂，比如说可以通过在线集群智慧解决问题这一思想。并指出“通过集体智能社区鼓励以集体为单位进行工作学习，而学校则需要对个人评分”。詹金斯认为，知识社区内的互动为年轻人创造了至关重要的技能，而通过集体智能社区的团队合作则有助于此类技能的发展。集体智能不仅是来自所有文化信息的定量贡献，同样也是定性存在。

万维网创始人蒂姆·伯纳斯·李Tim Berners-Lee，曾以促进全球信息共享和发作为目标开发了万维网。后来，他的雇主开放了该技术以供大家免费使用。在90年代初期，互联网的潜力一直没有得到开发，直到1990年代中期，高级研究计划局（ARPA）负责人J.C.R. Licklider博士将其称为“临界质量”，并要求其具有更强的可访问性和实用性。这种基于互联网的集体智能驱动力是信息和通信的数字化。研究新媒体出现和媒体融合的关键理论家Henry Jenkins借鉴了其概念，认为集体智能可以归因于媒体融合和参与性文化（Flew 2008）。他批判当代教育未能将集体智能理念的趋势纳入课堂，比如说可以通过在线集群智慧解决问题这一思想。并指出“通过集体智能社区鼓励以集体为单位进行工作学习，而学校则需要对个人评分”。詹金斯认为，知识社区内的互动为年轻人创造了至关重要的技能，而通过集体智能社区的团队合作则有助于此类技能的发展。集体智能不仅是来自所有文化信息的定量贡献，同样也是定性存在。

Research performed by Tapscott and Williams has provided a few examples of the benefits of collective intelligence to business:

Research performed by Tapscott and Williams has provided a few examples of the benefits of collective intelligence to business:

Games such as The Sims Series, and Second Life are designed to be non-linear and to depend on collective intelligence for expansion. This way of sharing is gradually evolving and influencing the mindset of the current and future generations. he refers to Pierre Lévy's concept of Collective Intelligence  and argues this is active in videogames as clans or guilds in MMORPG constantly work to achieve goals. Henry Jenkins proposes that the participatory cultures emerging between games producers, media companies, and the end-users mark a fundamental shift in the nature of media production and consumption. Jenkins argues that this new participatory culture arises at the intersection of three broad new media trends. Firstly, the development of new media tools/technologies enabling the creation of content. Secondly, the rise of subcultures promoting such creations, and lastly, the growth of value adding media conglomerates, which foster image, idea and narrative flow.

Games such as The Sims Series, and Second Life are designed to be non-linear and to depend on collective intelligence for expansion. This way of sharing is gradually evolving and influencing the mindset of the current and future generations. he refers to Pierre Lévy's concept of Collective Intelligence  and argues this is active in videogames as clans or guilds in MMORPG constantly work to achieve goals. Henry Jenkins proposes that the participatory cultures emerging between games producers, media companies, and the end-users mark a fundamental shift in the nature of media production and consumption. Jenkins argues that this new participatory culture arises at the intersection of three broad new media trends. Firstly, the development of new media tools/technologies enabling the creation of content. Secondly, the rise of subcultures promoting such creations, and lastly, the growth of value adding media conglomerates, which foster image, idea and narrative flow.

《模拟人生》系列和《第二人生》等游戏的设计是非线性的，并依靠集体智能进行扩展。这种共享方式会自我进化，并同步影响当前及未来新生代产品的思维方式。对于他们来说，集体智能已经成为了一种常态。在特里·弗尔Terry Flew关于对网络游戏环境“交互性”的讨论中（即用户与游戏开发人员之间的交互对话），他提到了皮埃尔·列维的“集体智能”概念（Lévy 1998），并认为这在电子游戏中非常活跃，就像是MMORPG中的部族或公会一样，会不断努力去实现目标。亨利·詹金斯Henry Jenkins提出，游戏生产商，媒体公司和终端用户之间形成的参与式文化，标志着媒体的生产消费性质在根本性转变。詹金斯认为，这种新的参与式文化源于三大新媒体趋势的交融。首先，开发的新媒体工具/技术促使内容的创建。然后亚文化的兴起促进了这种创造，最后，增值媒体集团壮大了形象，思想和叙事的传播。

《模拟人生》系列和《第二人生》等游戏的设计是非线性的，并依靠集体智能进行扩展。这种共享方式会自我进化，并同步影响当前及未来新生代产品的思维方式。对于他们来说，集体智能已经成为了一种常态。在特里·弗尔Terry Flew关于对网络游戏环境“交互性”的讨论中（即用户与游戏开发人员之间的交互对话），他提到了Pierre Lévy的“集体智能”概念（Lévy 1998），并认为这在电子游戏中非常活跃，就像是MMORPG中的部族或公会一样，会不断努力去实现目标。Henry Jenkins提出，游戏生产商，媒体公司和终端用户之间形成的参与式文化，标志着媒体的生产消费性质在根本性转变。詹金斯认为，这种新的参与式文化源于三大新媒体趋势的交融。首先，开发的新媒体工具/技术促使内容的创建。然后亚文化的兴起促进了这种创造，最后，增值媒体集团壮大了形象，思想和叙事的传播。