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{{short description|Spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos}}

{{short description|Spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos}}

{{Refimprove|date=January 2017}}

{{Refimprove|date=January 2017}}

Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order. Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.

Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process in social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order. Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.

Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being [[scale-free networks]], while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, ''and controllable'' by no one.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich A.|publisher=Touchstone|year=1969|isbn=978-0671202460|location=|page=97|quote=}}</ref>

Spontaneous orders are to be distinguished from organizations. Spontaneous orders are distinguished by being [[scale-free networks]], while organizations are hierarchical networks. Further, organizations can be and often are a part of spontaneous social orders, but the reverse is not true. Further, while organizations are created and controlled by humans, spontaneous orders are created, controlled, ''and controllable'' by no one.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order is defined as "the result of human actions, not of human design".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics|last=Hayek|first=Friedrich A.|publisher=Touchstone|year=1969|isbn=978-0671202460|location=|page=97|quote=}}</ref>

Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, describes spontaneous order as follows:

Lawrence Reed, president of the Foundation for Economic Education, describes spontaneous order as follows:

经济教育基金会主席劳伦斯•里德Lawrence Reed对自发秩序的描述如下:

经济教育基金会(Foundation for Economic Education)主席劳伦斯•里德(Lawrence Reed)对自发秩序的描述如下:

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

< 封锁报价 >

< 封锁报价 >  

Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.

Spontaneous order is what happens when you leave people alone—when entrepreneurs... see the desires of people... and then provide for them.

自发秩序就是当你不去管别人的时候——当企业家......看到别人的欲望......然后提供给他们的时候。

自发秩序就是当你不去管别人的时候---- 当企业家... ... 看到别人的欲望... ... 然后提供给他们的时候。

==History==

==History==

According to [[Murray Rothbard]], [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of [[Confucianism]], writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order,  asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] in the nineteenth [century]".<ref>Rothbard, Murray. [https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/9_2/9_2_3.pdf ''Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire''], The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX No. 2 (Fall 1990)</ref>

According to [[Murray Rothbard]], [[Zhuang Zhou|Zhuangzi]] (369–286 BCE) was the first to work out the idea of spontaneous order. The philosopher rejected the authoritarianism of [[Confucianism]], writing that there "has been such a thing as letting mankind alone; there has never been such a thing as governing mankind [with success]." He articulated an early form of spontaneous order,  asserting that "good order results spontaneously when things are let alone", a concept later "developed particularly by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|Proudhon]] in the nineteenth [century]".<ref>Rothbard, Murray. [https://www.mises.org/journals/jls/9_2/9_2_3.pdf ''Concepts of the Role of Intellectuals in Social Change Toward Laissez Faire''], The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. IX No. 2 (Fall 1990)</ref>

They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.

They respond to market signals, to prices. Prices tell them what's needed and how urgently and where. And it's infinitely better and more productive than relying on a handful of elites in some distant bureaucracy.

By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.

By analyzing datasets of household income from 66 countries and Hong Kong SAR, ranging from Europe to Latin America, North America and Asia, Tao et al found that, for all of these countries, the income distribution for the great majority of populations (low and middle income classes) follows an exponential income distribution.

The thinkers of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] developed and inquired into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian [[Adam Ferguson]] described society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".<ref>[http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm Adam Ferguson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509054323/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm |date=2007-05-09 }} on The History of Economic Thought Website</ref><ref name="Ferguson1767">{{cite book

The thinkers of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] developed and inquired into the idea of the market as a spontaneous order. In 1767, the sociologist and historian [[Adam Ferguson]] described society as the "result of human action, but not the execution of any human design".<ref>[http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm Adam Ferguson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509054323/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/ferguson.htm |date=2007-05-09 }} on The History of Economic Thought Website</ref><ref name="Ferguson1767">{{cite book

   | last = Ferguson

   | last = Ferguson

One commentator states that (Hayek's) theory of spontaneous order, “the  foundations  of  Hayek’s  liberalism  are  so  incoherent” because the “idea  of  spontaneous order lacks distinctness and internal structure.”. The three components: lack of intentionality,  the  “primacy  of  tacit  or  practical  knowledge,” and  the  “natural  selection  of  competitive  traditions.”. While  the  first  feature,  that  social  institutions  may  arise in some unintended fashion, is indeed an essential element of spontaneous order, the second two are only implications, not essential elements.

One commentator states that (Hayek's) theory of spontaneous order, “the  foundations  of  Hayek’s  liberalism  are  so  incoherent” because the “idea  of  spontaneous order lacks distinctness and internal structure.”. The three components: lack of intentionality,  the  “primacy  of  tacit  or  practical  knowledge,” and  the  “natural  selection  of  competitive  traditions.”. While  the  first  feature,  that  social  institutions  may  arise in some unintended fashion, is indeed an essential element of spontaneous order, the second two are only implications, not essential elements.

一位评论家评论(哈耶克Hayek的)自发秩序理论：“哈耶克自由主义的基础是如此不连贯” ，因为“自发秩序的理念缺乏明确性和内在结构”。三个组成部分: 缺乏意向性，“隐性或实用性知识的首要地位” ，以及“竞争传统的自然选择”。虽然第一个特征，即社会制度可能以某种意想不到的方式出现的确是自发秩序的一个基本要素，但后两个特征只是影响，而不是基本要素。

一位评论家认为(哈耶克的)自发秩序理论“哈耶克自由主义的基础是如此不连贯” ，因为“自发秩序的理念缺乏明确性和内在结构”.三个组成部分: 缺乏意向性，“隐性或实用性知识的首要地位” ，以及“竞争传统的自然选择”.虽然第一个特征，即社会制度可能以某种意想不到的方式出现，的确是自发秩序的一个基本要素，但第二个特征只是含义，而不是基本要素。

   | publisher = T. Cadell, London

   | publisher = T. Cadell, London

Hayek's theory has also been criticized for not offering a moral argument, and his overall outlook contains “incompatible strands that he never seeks to reconcile in a systematic manner.” .  

Hayek's theory has also been criticized for not offering a moral argument, and his overall outlook contains “incompatible strands that he never seeks to reconcile in a systematic manner.” .  

   | location = The Online Library of Liberty

   | location = The Online Library of Liberty

However, the term “spontaneous order” seems to have been coined by Michael Polanyi in his essay, “The Growth of Thought in Society,” Economica 8 (November 1941): 428–456.<ref>Straun Jacobs, “Michael Polanyi’s Theory of Spontaneous Orders,” Review of Austrian Economics 11, nos. 1–2 (1999): 111–127</ref>.

However, the term “spontaneous order” seems to have been coined by Michael Polanyi in his essay, “The Growth of Thought in Society,” Economica 8 (November 1941): 428–456.<ref>Straun Jacobs, “Michael Polanyi’s Theory of Spontaneous Orders,” Review of Austrian Economics 11, nos. 1–2 (1999): 111–127</ref>.

The [[Austrian School of Economics]], led by [[Carl Menger]], [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]] made it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought. Hayek's theory of spontaneous order is the product of two related but distinct influences that do  not always tend in the same direction. As an economic theorist, his explanations can be given a rational explanation. But as a legal and social theorist, he leans, by contrast, very heavily on a conservative and traditionalist approach which instructs us  to submit blindly to a flow of events over which we can have little control.<ref>Barry, Norman (University of Buckingham) - Literature of Liberty; Vol. v, no. 2, pp. 7-58. Arlington, VA: Institute for Humane Studies Pub. Date 1982</ref>

The [[Austrian School of Economics]], led by [[Carl Menger]], [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Friedrich Hayek]] made it a centerpiece in its social and economic thought. Hayek's theory of spontaneous order is the product of two related but distinct influences that do  not always tend in the same direction. As an economic theorist, his explanations can be given a rational explanation. But as a legal and social theorist, he leans, by contrast, very heavily on a conservative and traditionalist approach which instructs us  to submit blindly to a flow of events over which we can have little control.<ref>Barry, Norman (University of Buckingham) - Literature of Liberty; Vol. v, no. 2, pp. 7-58. Arlington, VA: Institute for Humane Studies Pub. Date 1982</ref>

==Examples==

==Examples==

===Markets===

===Markets===

Many conservative theorists<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>, such as Hayek, have argued that [[Market economy|market economies]] are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve."<ref>Hayek cited. Petsoulas, Christian. Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment. Routledge. 2001. p. 2</ref> They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the [[extended order]] in Hayek's ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'') is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required.<ref>Hayek, F.A. ''The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism''. The University of Chicago Press. 1991. p. 6.</ref> Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.<ref>Hayek cited. Boaz, David. ''The Libertarian Reader''. The Free Press. 1997. p. 220</ref>

Many conservative theorists<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>, such as Hayek, have argued that [[Market economy|market economies]] are a spontaneous order, "a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve."<ref>Hayek cited. Petsoulas, Christian. Hayek's Liberalism and Its Origins: His Idea of Spontaneous Order and the Scottish Enlightenment. Routledge. 2001. p. 2</ref> They claim this spontaneous order (referred to as the [[extended order]] in Hayek's ''[[The Fatal Conceit]]'') is superior to any order a human mind can design due to the specifics of the information required.<ref>Hayek, F.A. ''The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism''. The University of Chicago Press. 1991. p. 6.</ref> Centralized statistical data, they suppose, cannot convey this information because the statistics are created by abstracting away from the particulars of the situation.<ref>Hayek cited. Boaz, David. ''The Libertarian Reader''. The Free Press. 1997. p. 220</ref>

For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their [[dispersed knowledge|individual knowledge]]. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority.  Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.

For Hayek, prices in a market economy are the aggregation of information acquired when the people who own resources are free to use their [[dispersed knowledge|individual knowledge]]. Price then allows everyone dealing in a commodity or its substitutes to make decisions based on more information than he or she could personally acquire, information not statistically conveyable to a centralized authority.  Interference from a central authority which affects price will have consequences they could not foresee because they do not know all of the particulars involved.

 

According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the [[invisible hand]] proposed by [[Adam Smith]] in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]''.<ref name=Barry1982 /> Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.

According to Barry this is illustrated in the concept of the [[invisible hand]] proposed by [[Adam Smith]] in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]''.<ref name=Barry1982 /> Thus in this view by acting on information with greater detail and accuracy than possible for any centralized authority, a more efficient economy is created to the benefit of a whole society.

Hayek, or at least his followers on the contemporary British and American political scene ‐ have wrongly inferred strong conclusions from these theories which are inimical to the welfare state by failing to reconcile the rule of law to social justice.<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>

Hayek, or at least his followers on the contemporary British and American political scene ‐ have wrongly inferred strong conclusions from these theories which are inimical to the welfare state by failing to reconcile the rule of law to social justice.<ref>MACCORMICK, D.N. (1989), Spontaneous Order and the Rule of Law: Some Problems. Ratio Juris, 2: 41-54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9337.1989.tb00025.x</ref>

Category:Systems theory

Category:Systems theory

===Game studies===

===Game studies===

Category:Austrian School

Category:Austrian School

===Anarchism===

===Anarchism===

Category:Pattern formation

Category:Pattern formation