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第90行： + − [[File:Total Revenues and Outlays as Percent GDP 2013.png|thumb|right|250px|A time series illustrated with a line chart demonstrating trends in U.S. federal spending and revenue over time.]] − A time series illustrated with a line chart demonstrating trends in U.S. federal spending and revenue over time. − 随时间变化的美国联邦政府收支变化趋势时间序列折线图+ − [[File:U.S. Phillips Curve 2000 to 2013.png|thumb|right|250px|A scatterplot illustrating correlation between two variables (inflation and unemployment) measured at points in time.]] − A scatterplot illustrating correlation between two variables (inflation and unemployment) measured at points in time. − 两个变量（通货膨胀和失业）在时间点上的相关性散点图 − − Stephen Few described eight types of quantitative messages that users may attempt to understand or communicate from a set of data and the associated graphs used to help communicate the message. Customers specifying requirements and analysts performing the data analysis may consider these messages during the course of the process. − − Stephen Few described eight types of quantitative messages that users may attempt to understand or communicate from a set of data and the associated graphs used to help communicate the message. Customers specifying requirements and analysts performing the data analysis may consider these messages during the course of the process. − #Time-series: A single variable is captured over a period of time, such as the unemployment rate over a 10-year period. A [[line chart]] may be used to demonstrate the trend.+ − − Time-series: A single variable is captured over a period of time, such as the unemployment rate over a 10-year period. A line chart may be used to demonstrate the trend. − − 时间序列: 在一段时间内捕捉单一变量，如10年间的失业率。可以用折线图来说明趋势。 − − #Ranking: Categorical subdivisions are ranked in ascending or descending order, such as a ranking of sales performance (the ''measure'') by sales persons (the ''category'', with each sales person a ''categorical subdivision'') during a single period. A [[bar chart]] may be used to show the comparison across the sales persons. − − Ranking: Categorical subdivisions are ranked in ascending or descending order, such as a ranking of sales performance (the measure) by sales persons (the category, with each sales person a categorical subdivision) during a single period. A bar chart may be used to show the comparison across the sales persons. − − 排名: 按升序或降序对分类子类目进行排名，例如按销售人员 − （即类别，每个销售人员都有一个分类子类目）对一个时期内的销售业绩（即测量）进行排名。条形图可以用来在销售人员之间比较。 − − #Part-to-whole: Categorical subdivisions are measured as a ratio to the whole (i.e., a percentage out of 100%). A [[pie chart]] or bar chart can show the comparison of ratios, such as the market share represented by competitors in a market. − − Part-to-whole: Categorical subdivisions are measured as a ratio to the whole (i.e., a percentage out of 100%). A pie chart or bar chart can show the comparison of ratios, such as the market share represented by competitors in a market. − − 部分对整体: 分类子类目是以部分占整体的比例来衡量的（即占100% 的百分比）。饼图或条形图可以用来显示比率的比较，例如市场中竞争对手所占的市场份额。 − − #Deviation: Categorical subdivisions are compared against a reference, such as a comparison of actual vs. budget expenses for several departments of a business for a given time period. A bar chart can show comparison of the actual versus the reference amount. − − Deviation: Categorical subdivisions are compared against a reference, such as a comparison of actual vs. budget expenses for several departments of a business for a given time period. A bar chart can show comparison of the actual versus the reference amount. − − 偏差: 将分类子类目与参考数据进行比较，例如对一个企业的几个部门在给定时间内实际支出与预算支出进行比较。条形图可以比较实际金额与参考金额的差异。 − − #Frequency distribution: Shows the number of observations of a particular variable for given interval, such as the number of years in which the stock market return is between intervals such as 0–10%, 11–20%, etc. A [[histogram]], a type of bar chart, may be used for this analysis. − − Frequency distribution: Shows the number of observations of a particular variable for given interval, such as the number of years in which the stock market return is between intervals such as 0–10%, 11–20%, etc. A histogram, a type of bar chart, may be used for this analysis. − − 频率分布: 显示特定变量在给定时间间隔内的观测数量，例如<font color = '#ff8000'>股票市场回报率stock market return</font>在0-10% 、11-20% 等时间间隔内的年数。直方图作为一种条形图可以用来进行这种分析。 − − #Correlation: Comparison between observations represented by two variables (X,Y) to determine if they tend to move in the same or opposite directions. For example, plotting unemployment (X) and inflation (Y) for a sample of months. A [[scatter plot]] is typically used for this message. − Correlation: Comparison between observations represented by two variables (X,Y) to determine if they tend to move in the same or opposite directions. For example, plotting unemployment (X) and inflation (Y) for a sample of months. A scatter plot is typically used for this message.+ − 相关性: 用两个变量(x，y)表示的观测值之间的比较，以确定它们是否倾向于朝相同或相反的方向移动。例如，通常使用散点图绘制几个月的失业率x和通货膨胀率y之间的关系。+ − #Nominal comparison: Comparing categorical subdivisions in no particular order, such as the sales volume by product code. A bar chart may be used for this comparison.+ − Nominal comparison: Comparing categorical subdivisions in no particular order, such as the sales volume by product code. A bar chart may be used for this comparison.+ − 称名变量的比较: 比较分类子类目而没有特定的顺序，例如按产品代码标注的销售量。条形图可能被用于作这种比较。+ − #Geographic or geospatial: Comparison of a variable across a map or layout, such as the unemployment rate by state or the number of persons on the various floors of a building. A [[cartogram]] is a typical graphic used.<ref>[http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/ie/the_right_graph.pdf Stephen Few-Perceptual Edge-Selecting the Right Graph for Your Message-2004]</ref><ref>[http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/misc/Graph_Selection_Matrix.pdf Stephen Few-Perceptual Edge-Graph Selection Matrix]</ref>+ − Geographic or geospatial: Comparison of a variable across a map or layout, such as the unemployment rate by state or the number of persons on the various floors of a building. A cartogram is a typical graphic used. − +
→定量数据
[[File:Total Revenues and Outlays as Percent GDP 2013.png|thumb|right|250px|随时间变化的美国联邦政府收支变化趋势时间序列折线图]]
[[File:U.S. Phillips Curve 2000 to 2013.png|thumb|right|250px|两个变量（通货膨胀和失业）在时间点上的相关性散点图]]
Stephen Few 描述了用户可能试图从一组数据以及用于帮助传达信息的相关图表中理解或传达的八种定量信息。指定需求的客户和执行数据分析的分析人员可以在分析过程中考虑这些消息。
Stephen Few 描述了用户可能试图从一组数据以及用于帮助传达信息的相关图表中理解或传达的八种定量信息。指定需求的客户和执行数据分析的分析人员可以在分析过程中考虑这些消息。
'''时间序列:''' 在一段时间内捕捉单一变量，如10年间的失业率。可以用折线图来说明趋势。
'''排名:''' 按升序或降序对分类子类目进行排名，例如按销售人员（即类别，每个销售人员都有一个分类子类目）对一个时期内的销售业绩（即测量）进行排名。条形图可以用来在销售人员之间比较。
'''部分对整体:''' 分类子类目是以部分占整体的比例来衡量的（即占100% 的百分比）。饼图或条形图可以用来显示比率的比较，例如市场中竞争对手所占的市场份额。
'''偏差 Deviation:''' 将分类子类目与参考数据进行比较，例如对一个企业的几个部门在给定时间内实际支出与预算支出进行比较。条形图可以比较实际金额与参考金额的差异。
'''频率分布 Frequency distribution:''' 显示特定变量在给定时间间隔内的观测数量，例如股票市场回报率在0-10% 、11-20% 等时间间隔内的年数。直方图作为一种条形图可以用来进行这种分析。
'''相关性:''' 用两个变量<math>(x，y)</math>表示的观测值之间的比较，以确定它们是否倾向于朝相同或相反的方向移动。例如，通常使用散点图绘制几个月的失业率x和通货膨胀率<math>y</math>之间的关系。
'''名义变量的比较 Nominal comparison''': 比较分类子类目而没有特定的顺序，例如按产品代码标注的销售量。条形图可能被用于作这种比较。
地理图或地理空间: 在地图或布局中对一个变量的比较，例如州的失业率或建筑物各层的人数。地图是一种典型的图形。
'''地理图或地理空间 Geographic or geospatial''': 在地图或布局中对一个变量的比较，例如州的失业率或建筑物各层的人数。地图是一种典型的图形。<ref>[http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/ie/the_right_graph.pdf Stephen Few-Perceptual Edge-Selecting the Right Graph for Your Message-2004]</ref><ref>[http://www.perceptualedge.com/articles/misc/Graph_Selection_Matrix.pdf Stephen Few-Perceptual Edge-Graph Selection Matrix]</ref>
==Techniques for analyzing quantitative data 分析定性数据的技术==
==Techniques for analyzing quantitative data 分析定性数据的技术==