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自组织临界控制 (查看源代码)

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此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
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此词条暂由Henry翻译。In [[applied physics]], the concept of '''controlling self-organized criticality''' refers to the control of processes by which a [[self-organized]] system dissipates [[energy]]. The objective of the control is to reduce the probability of occurrence of and size of [[energy dissipation]] bursts, often called ''avalanches'', of self-organized systems.  Dissipation of energy in a [[self-organized criticality|self-organized critical]] system into a lower energy state can be costly for society, since it depends on avalanches of all sizes usually following a kind of [[power law]] distribution and large avalanches can be damaging and disruptive.<ref name=cajand10a>{{cite journal
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In [[applied physics]], the concept of '''controlling self-organized criticality''' refers to the control of processes by which a [[self-organized]] system dissipates [[energy]]. The objective of the control is to reduce the probability of occurrence of and size of [[energy dissipation]] bursts, often called ''avalanches'', of self-organized systems.  Dissipation of energy in a [[self-organized criticality|self-organized critical]] system into a lower energy state can be costly for society, since it depends on avalanches of all sizes usually following a kind of [[power law]] distribution and large avalanches can be damaging and disruptive.<ref name=cajand10a>{{cite journal
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In applied physics, the concept of controlling self-organized criticality refers to the control of processes by which a self-organized system dissipates energy. The objective of the control is to reduce the probability of occurrence of and size of energy dissipation bursts, often called avalanches, of self-organized systems.  Dissipation of energy in a self-organized critical system into a lower energy state can be costly for society, since it depends on avalanches of all sizes usually following a kind of power law distribution and large avalanches can be damaging and disruptive.<ref name=cajand10a>{{cite journal
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In applied physics, the concept of controlling self-organized criticality refers to the control of processes by which a self-organized system dissipates energy. The objective of the control is to reduce the probability of occurrence of and size of energy dissipation bursts, often called avalanches, of self-organized systems.  Dissipation of energy in a self-organized critical system into a lower energy state can be costly for society, since it depends on avalanches of all sizes usually following a kind of power law distribution and large avalanches can be damaging and disruptive.
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在应用物理学中，<font color="#ff8000"> 控制自组织临界性Controlling self-organized criticality</font>的概念是指控制自组织系统消耗能量的过程。这种控制的目的是减少自组织系统发生能量耗散爆发(通常称为雪崩)的概率和规模。将一个自我组织的临界系统中的能量耗散转变到较低的能量状态对社会来说可能是代价高昂的，因为它依赖于各种规模的雪崩，这些雪崩通常遵循一种<font color="#ff8000"> 幂律分布Power law distribution</font>，大规模雪崩可能具有破坏性和破坏性。
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在应用物理学中，控制自组织临界性的概念是指对自组织系统消耗能量的过程的控制。这种控制的目的是减少自组织系统发生能量耗散爆发(通常称为雪崩)的概率和规模。将一个自我组织的临界系统中的能量耗散到较低的能量状态对社会来说可能是代价高昂的，因为它依赖于各种规模的雪崩，这些雪崩通常遵循一种幂律分布，大规模雪崩可能具有破坏性和破坏性。
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| author = D. O. Cajueiro and R. F. S. Andrade
    
  | author = D. O. Cajueiro and R. F. S. Andrade
 
  | author = D. O. Cajueiro and R. F. S. Andrade
   −
The modification of the degree of interdependence of the network where the avalanche spreads. Charles D. Brummitt, Raissa M. D'Souza and E. A. Leicht show that the dynamics of self-organized critical systems on complex networks depend on connectivity of the complex network. They find that while some connectivity is beneficial (since it suppresses the largest cascades in the system), too much connectivity gives space for the development of very large cascades and increases the size of capacity of the system.
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作者 D. O. Cajueiro 和R. F. S. Andrade
   −
雪崩蔓延地区网络相互依赖程度的修正。Charles d. Brummitt，Raissa m. d’ souza 和 e. a. lecht 证明了复杂网络上自组织临界系统的动力学依赖于复杂网络的连通性。他们发现，虽然有些连通性是有益的(因为它压制了系统中最大的级联) ，但过多的连通性为非常大的级联的发展提供了空间，并增加了系统的容量。
+
| year = 2010
    
  | year = 2010
 
  | year = 2010
 +
 +
2010年
    
  | title = Controlling self-organized criticality in sandpile models
 
  | title = Controlling self-organized criticality in sandpile models
   −
  Flood caused by systems of dams and reservoirs or interconnected valleys.
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  | title = Controlling self-organized criticality in sandpile models
   −
由水坝、水库或相互连接的山谷系统造成的洪水。
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控制沙堆模型中的自组织临界性
    
  | journal = Physical Review E
 
  | journal = Physical Review E
   −
  Snow avalanches that take place in snow hills.
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  | journal = Physical Review E
   −
在雪山上发生的雪崩。
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杂志物理评论 e
    
  | volume = 81
 
  | volume = 81
   −
  Forest fires in areas susceptible to a lightning bolt or a match lighting.
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  | volume = 81
   −
易受闪电或火柴照明影响的地区的森林火灾。
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第81卷
    
  | pages = 015102#R
 
  | pages = 015102#R
   −
  Cascades of load shedding that take place in power grids (a type of power outage). The OPA model is used to study different techniques for criticality control.
+
  | pages = 015102#R
   −
电网中发生的减载级联(断电的一种形式)。利用 OPA 模型研究了不同的临界控制技术。
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015102 # r
    
  | doi=10.1103/physreve.81.015102
 
  | doi=10.1103/physreve.81.015102
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  Cascading failure in the internet switching fabric.
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  | doi=10.1103/physreve.81.015102
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互联网交换结构中的级联故障。
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10.1103 / physicreve. 81.015102
    
|arxiv = 1305.6648 |bibcode = 2010PhRvE..81a5102C }}</ref><ref name=cajand10b>{{cite journal
 
|arxiv = 1305.6648 |bibcode = 2010PhRvE..81a5102C }}</ref><ref name=cajand10b>{{cite journal
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Ischemic cascades, a series of biochemical reactions releasing toxins during moments of inadequate blood supply.
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|arxiv = 1305.6648 |bibcode = 2010PhRvE..81a5102C }}</ref><ref name=cajand10b>{{cite journal
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缺血性瀑布，在血液供应不足的时刻释放毒素的一系列生化反应。
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1305.6648 | bibcode 2010PhRvE. . 81 a5102C } / ref name cajand10b { cite journal
    
  | author = D. O. Cajueiro and R. F. S. Andrade
 
  | author = D. O. Cajueiro and R. F. S. Andrade
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  Systemic risk in financial systems.
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  | author = D. O. Cajueiro and R. F. S. Andrade
 +
 
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作者 d. o. Cajueiro 和 R.f. s. Andrade
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金融系统的系统性风险。
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| year = 2010
    
  | year = 2010
 
  | year = 2010
   −
Excursions in nuclear energy systems.
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2010年
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核能系统的游动。
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| title = Controlling self-organized criticality in complex networks
    
  | title = Controlling self-organized criticality in complex networks
 
  | title = Controlling self-organized criticality in complex networks
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控制复杂网络中的自组织临界性
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 +
| journal = European Physical Journal B
    
  | journal = European Physical Journal B
 
  | journal = European Physical Journal B
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The failure cascades in electrical transmission and financial sectors occur because economic forces cause these systems to operate near a critical point, where avalanches of indeterminate size become possible.
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欧洲物理学杂志 b
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发生电力传输和金融部门的故障级联是因为经济力量使这些系统在临界点附近运行，在那里可能发生规模不确定的雪崩。
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| volume = 77
    
  | volume = 77
 
  | volume = 77
 +
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第77卷
    
  | pages = 291–296
 
  | pages = 291–296
 +
 +
| pages = 291–296
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第291-296页
    
  | doi=10.1140/epjb/e2010-00229-8
 
  | doi=10.1140/epjb/e2010-00229-8
 +
 +
| doi=10.1140/epjb/e2010-00229-8
 +
 +
10.1140 / epjb / e2010-00229-8
    
|arxiv = 1305.6656 |bibcode = 2010EPJB...77..291C }}</ref><ref name=cajand10c>{{cite journal
 
|arxiv = 1305.6656 |bibcode = 2010EPJB...77..291C }}</ref><ref name=cajand10c>{{cite journal
 +
 +
|arxiv = 1305.6656 |bibcode = 2010EPJB...77..291C }}</ref><ref name=cajand10c>{{cite journal
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1305.6656 | bibcode 2010EPJB... 77. . 291 c } / ref name cajand10c { cite journal
    
  | author = D. O. Cajueiro and R. F. S. Andrade
 
  | author = D. O. Cajueiro and R. F. S. Andrade
 +
 +
| author = D. O. Cajueiro and R. F. S. Andrade
 +
 +
作者 d. o. Cajueiro 和 R.f. s. Andrade
 +
 +
| year = 2010
    
  | year = 2010
 
  | year = 2010
 +
 +
2010年
    
  | title = Dynamical programming approach for controlling the directed Abelian Dhar-Ramaswamy model
 
  | title = Dynamical programming approach for controlling the directed Abelian Dhar-Ramaswamy model
 +
 +
| title = Dynamical programming approach for controlling the directed Abelian Dhar-Ramaswamy model
 +
 +
控制有向 Abelian Dhar-Ramaswamy 模型的动态规划方法
    
  | journal = Physical Review E
 
  | journal = Physical Review E
 +
 +
| journal = Physical Review E
 +
 +
杂志物理评论 e
 +
 +
| volume = 82
    
  | volume = 82
 
  | volume = 82
 +
 +
第82卷
    
  | pages = 031108
 
  | pages = 031108
 +
 +
| pages = 031108
 +
 +
031108页
    
  | doi=10.1103/physreve.82.031108
 
  | doi=10.1103/physreve.82.031108
 +
 +
| doi=10.1103/physreve.82.031108
 +
 +
10.1103 / physicreve. 82.031108
 +
 +
|arxiv = 1305.6668 |bibcode = 2010PhRvE..82c1108C }}</ref>
    
|arxiv = 1305.6668 |bibcode = 2010PhRvE..82c1108C }}</ref>
 
|arxiv = 1305.6668 |bibcode = 2010PhRvE..82c1108C }}</ref>
 +
 +
|arxiv = 1305.6668 |bibcode = 2010PhRvE..82c1108C }}</ref>
 +
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== Schemes ==
 +
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== Schemes ==
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计划
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Several strategies have been proposed to deal with the issue of controlling self-organized criticality:
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Several strategies have been proposed to deal with the issue of controlling self-organized criticality:
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有人提出了几个策略来处理控制自组织临界性的问题:
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#''The design of controlled avalanches.'' [[Daniel O. Cajueiro]] and [[Roberto F. S. Andrade]] show that if well-formulated small and medium avalanches are exogenously triggered in the system, the energy of the system is released in a way that large avalanches are rarer.<ref name="cajand10a" /><ref name="cajand10b" /><ref name="cajand10c" />
 +
 +
The design of controlled avalanches. Daniel O. Cajueiro and Roberto F. S. Andrade show that if well-formulated small and medium avalanches are exogenously triggered in the system, the energy of the system is released in a way that large avalanches are rarer.
 +
 +
控制雪崩的设计 Daniel O. Cajueiro和Roberto F. S. Andrade的研究表明，如果配方良好的中小规模雪崩是由系统外部触发的，那么系统的能量释放方式将使大规模雪崩更为罕见。
 +
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#'' The modification of the degree of interdependence of the network where the avalanche spreads.'' [[Charles D. Brummitt]], [[Raissa M. D'Souza]] and [[E. A. Leicht]] show that the dynamics of self-organized critical systems on [[complex network]]s depend on connectivity of the complex network. They find that while some connectivity is beneficial (since it suppresses the largest cascades in the system), too much connectivity gives space for the development of very large cascades and increases the size of capacity of the system.<ref name=brum12>{{cite journal
 +
 +
The modification of the degree of interdependence of the network where the avalanche spreads. Charles D. Brummitt, Raissa M. D'Souza and E. A. Leicht show that the dynamics of self-organized critical systems on complex networks depend on connectivity of the complex network. They find that while some connectivity is beneficial (since it suppresses the largest cascades in the system), too much connectivity gives space for the development of very large cascades and increases the size of capacity of the system.<ref name=brum12>{{cite journal
 +
 +
雪崩蔓延地区网络相互依赖程度的修正：Charles D. Brummitt，Raissa M. D'Souza和 E. A. Leicht 证明了复杂网络上自组织临界系统的动力学依赖于复杂网络的连通性。他们发现，虽然有些连通性是有益的(因为它压制了系统中最大的级联) ，但过多的连通性为非常大的级联的发展提供了空间，并增加了系统的容量。
 +
 +
| author = C. D. Brummitt, R. M. D'Souza and E. A. Leicht
 +
 +
| author = C. D. Brummitt, R. M. D'Souza and E. A. Leicht
 +
 +
作者 c. d. Brummitt，r. m. d’ souza and e. a. Leicht
 +
 +
| year = 2012
 +
 +
| year = 2012
 +
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2012年
 +
 +
| title = Suppressing cascades of load in interdependent networks
 +
 +
| title = Suppressing cascades of load in interdependent networks
 +
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在相互依赖的网络中抑制负载级联
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| journal = PNAS
 +
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| journal = PNAS
 +
 +
美国科学院院刊
 +
 +
| volume = 109
 +
 +
| volume = 109
 +
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第109卷
 +
 +
| pages = E680–E689
 +
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| pages = E680–E689
 +
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| 页 E680-E689
 +
 +
| doi=10.1073/pnas.1110586109
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 +
| doi=10.1073/pnas.1110586109
 +
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10.1073 / pnas. 1110586109
 +
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|arxiv = 1106.4499 |bibcode = 2012PNAS..109E.680B
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|arxiv = 1106.4499 |bibcode = 2012PNAS..109E.680B
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|arxiv = 1106.4499 |bibcode = 2012PNAS..109E.680B
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| pmid=22355144
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| pmid=22355144
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22355144
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| pmc=3311366}}</ref>
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| pmc=3311366}}</ref>
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3311366} / ref
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#'' The modification of the deposition process of the self-organized system.''  [[Pierre-Andre Noel]], Charles D. Brummitt and Raissa M. D'Souza show that it is possible to control the self-organized system by modifying the natural deposition process of the self-organized system adjusting the place where the avalanche starts.<ref name=noel13>{{cite journal
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The modification of the deposition process of the self-organized system.  Pierre-Andre Noel, Charles D. Brummitt and Raissa M. D'Souza show that it is possible to control the self-organized system by modifying the natural deposition process of the self-organized system adjusting the place where the avalanche starts.<ref name=noel13>{{cite journal
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自组织系统沉积工艺的改进。 Pierre-Andre Noel、Charles D. Brummitt和Raissa M. D'Souza 指出，通过改变自组织系统的自然沉积过程，调整雪崩开始的位置，可以控制自组织系统。
 +
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| author = P. A. Noel, C. D. Brummitt and R. M. D'Souza
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| author = P. A. Noel, C. D. Brummitt and R. M. D'Souza
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作者 p. a. Noel，c. d. Brummitt and r. m. d’ souza
 +
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| year = 2013
 +
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| year = 2013
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2013年
 +
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| title = Controlling self-organized criticality on networks using models that self-organize
 +
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| title = Controlling self-organized criticality on networks using models that self-organize
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| 标题使用自组织模型控制网络上的自组织临界性
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| journal = Physical Review Letters
 +
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| journal = Physical Review Letters
 +
 +
物理评论快报
 +
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| volume = 111
 +
 +
| volume = 111
 +
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第111卷
 +
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| pages = 078701
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| pages = 078701
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078701页
 +
 +
| doi=10.1103/physrevlett.111.078701
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| doi=10.1103/physrevlett.111.078701
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10.1103 / physrvlett. 111.078701
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|arxiv = 1305.1877 |bibcode = 2013PhRvL.111g8701N
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|arxiv = 1305.1877 |bibcode = 2013PhRvL.111g8701N
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|arxiv = 1305.1877 |bibcode = 2013PhRvL.111g8701N
 +
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| pmid=23992086}}</ref>
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| pmid=23992086}}</ref>
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23992086} / ref
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#'' Dynamically modifying the local thresholds of cascading failures.'' In a model of an electric transmission network, Heiko Hoffmann and David W. Payton demonstrated that either randomly upgrading lines (sort of like preventive maintenance) or upgrading broken lines to a random breakage threshold suppresses self-organized criticality.<ref name=hh2014>{{cite journal
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 +
Dynamically modifying the local thresholds of cascading failures. In a model of an electric transmission network, Heiko Hoffmann and  David W. Payton  demonstrated that either randomly upgrading lines (sort of like preventive maintenance) or upgrading broken lines to a random breakage threshold suppresses self-organized criticality.<ref name=hh2014>{{cite journal
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动态修改级联故障的局部阈值；在一个电力传输网络模型中， Heiko Hoffmann 和 David W. Payton 证明，要么随机升级线路(类似于预防性维护) ，要么将破损线路升级到随机破损阈值抑制自组织临界性。 2014{ cite journal
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 +
| author = H. Hoffmann and D. W. Payton
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| author = H. Hoffmann and D. W. Payton
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作者 h. 霍夫曼和 d. w. 佩顿
 +
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| year = 2014
 +
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| year = 2014
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2014年
 +
 +
| title = Suppressing cascades in a self-organized-critical model with non-contiguous spread of failures
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| title = Suppressing cascades in a self-organized-critical model with non-contiguous spread of failures
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在具有非连续分布故障的自组织临界模型中抑制级联
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| journal = Chaos, Solitons and Fractals
 +
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| journal = Chaos, Solitons and Fractals
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混沌，孤子和分形
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| volume = 67
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| volume = 67
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第67卷
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| pages = 87–93
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| pages = 87–93
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第87-93页
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| doi=10.1016/j.chaos.2014.06.011
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| doi=10.1016/j.chaos.2014.06.011
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10.1016 / j.chaos. 2014.06.011
 +
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| bibcode = 2014CSF....67...87H
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| bibcode = 2014CSF....67...87H
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| bibcode 2014CSF... 67... 87H
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}}</ref> Apparently, these strategies undermine the self-organization of large critical clusters. Here, a critical cluster is a collection of transmission lines that are near the failure threshold and that collapse entirely if triggered.
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}}</ref> Apparently, these strategies undermine the self-organization of large critical clusters. Here, a critical cluster is a collection of transmission lines that are near the failure threshold and that collapse entirely if triggered.
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显然，这些策略破坏了大型关键集群的自我组织。在这里，一个临界集群是一组接近故障阈值的传输线，一旦触发，这些传输线就会完全崩溃。
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== Applications ==
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== Applications ==
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应用
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There are several events that arise in nature or society where these ideas of control may help to avoid them:<ref name="cajand10a" /><ref name="cajand10b" /><ref name="cajand10c" /><ref name="brum12" /><ref name="noel13" /><ref name="hh2014" />
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There are several events that arise in nature or society where these ideas of control may help to avoid them:
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在自然界或社会中发生的一些事件中，这些控制观念可能有助于避免它们:
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# [[Flood]] caused by systems of dams and reservoirs or interconnected valleys.
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Flood caused by systems of dams and reservoirs or interconnected valleys.
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由水坝、水库或相互连接的山谷系统造成的洪水。
 +
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# Snow avalanches that take place in snow hills.
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Snow avalanches that take place in snow hills.
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在雪山上发生的雪崩。
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# Forest fires in areas susceptible to a lightning bolt or a match lighting.
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Forest fires in areas susceptible to a lightning bolt or a match lighting.
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易受闪电或火柴照明影响的地区发生的森林火灾。
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# [[Cascading failure|Cascades of load shedding]] that take place in power grids (a type of [[power outage]]). The [[power outage#OPA model|OPA model]] is used to study different techniques for criticality control.
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Cascades of load shedding that take place in power grids (a type of power outage). The OPA model is used to study different techniques for criticality control.
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电网中发生的减载级联(断电的一种形式)。利用OPA模型研究了不同的临界控制技术。
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# [[Cascading failure]] in the internet switching fabric.
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Cascading failure in the internet switching fabric.
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互联网交换结构中的级联故障。
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# [[Ischemic cascade]]s, a series of biochemical reactions releasing toxins during moments of inadequate blood supply.
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Ischemic cascades, a series of biochemical reactions releasing toxins during moments of inadequate blood supply.
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缺血级联反应，在血液供应不足的时刻释放毒素的一系列生化反应。
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# [[Systemic risk]] in financial systems.
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Systemic risk in financial systems.
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金融系统的系统性风险。
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# [[Criticality accident|Excursions in nuclear energy systems]].
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Excursions in nuclear energy systems.
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核能系统的游动。
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The failure cascades in electrical transmission and financial sectors occur because economic forces cause these systems to operate near a critical point, where avalanches of indeterminate size become possible.
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The failure cascades in electrical transmission and financial sectors occur because economic forces cause these systems to operate near a critical point, where avalanches of indeterminate size become possible.
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发生电力传输和金融部门的故障级联是因为经济力量使这些系统在临界点附近运行，在那里可能发生规模不确定的雪崩。
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== See also ==
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== See also ==
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参见
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*[[Abelian sandpile model]]
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阿贝尔沙堆模型
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*[[Complex network]]s
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复杂网络
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*[[Self-organized criticality]]
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自组织临界
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== References ==
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== References ==
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参考资料
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{{reflist}}
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[[Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics]]
    
Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics
 
Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics
第99行： 第501行：  
类别: 应用和跨学科物理学
 
类别: 应用和跨学科物理学
   −
 
+
[[Category:Control theory]]
    
Category:Control theory
 
Category:Control theory
第105行： 第507行：  
范畴: 控制理论
 
范畴: 控制理论
   −
== Schemes ==
+
[[Category:Chaos theory]]
    
Category:Chaos theory
 
Category:Chaos theory
第111行： 第513行：  
范畴: 混沌理论
 
范畴: 混沌理论
   −
 
+
[[Category:Self-organization]]
    
Category:Self-organization
 
Category:Self-organization
第117行： 第519行：  
类别: 自我组织
 
类别: 自我组织
   −
Several strategies have been proposed to deal with the issue of controlling self-organized criticality:
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[[Category:Critical phenomena]]
    
Category:Critical phenomena
 
Category:Critical phenomena
Henry
153

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