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第169行： − * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110217151303/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/historicaldynamics.htm "Historical Dynamics in a Time of Crisis: Late Byzantium, 1204–1453" (discussion of social dynamics from the point of view of historical studies)]+ 第165行：
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}
'''Social dynamics''' (or '''sociodynamics''') is the study of the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members as well to the study of the relationship between individual interactions and group level behaviors.<ref name=durlauf>{{cite book|last=Durlauf|first=Steven|last2=Young|first2=Peyton|title=Social Dynamics|year=2001|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0-262-04186-3}}</ref>
'''Social dynamics''' (or '''sociodynamics''') is the study of the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members as well to the study of the relationship between individual interactions and group level behaviors.<ref name=durlauf>{{cite book|last=Durlauf|first=Steven|last2=Young|first2=Peyton|title=Social Dynamics|year=2001|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0-262-04186-3}}</ref>
Social dynamics (or sociodynamics) is the study of the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members as well to the study of the relationship between individual interactions and group level behaviors. That is, behavior that changes over time.
Social dynamics (or sociodynamics) is the study of the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members as well to the study of the relationship between individual interactions and group level behaviors.
社会动力学(或社会动力学)是研究群体的行为，这种行为是由群体中个体成员的相互作用产生的，也是研究个体的相互作用和群体层面的行为之间的关系。也就是说，行为会随着时间的推移而改变。
社会动力学(或社会动力学)是研究群体的行为，这种行为是由群体中个体成员的相互作用产生的，也是研究个体的相互作用和群体层面的行为之间的关系。
The field of social dynamics brings together ideas from [[economics]], [[sociology]], [[social psychology]], and other disciplines, and is a sub-field of [[complex adaptive system]]s or [[complexity science]]. The fundamental assumption of the field is that individuals are influenced by one another's behavior. The field is closely related to [[system dynamics]]. Like system dynamics, social dynamics is concerned with changes over time and emphasizes the role of feedbacks. However, in social dynamics individual choices and interactions are typically viewed as the source of aggregate level behavior, while system dynamics posits that the structure of feedbacks and accumulations are responsible for system level dynamics.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sterman|first=John|title=Business Dynamics|year=2000|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=0-07-231135-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/businessdynamics0000ster}}</ref> Research in the field typically takes a behavioral approach, assuming that individuals are [[Bounded rationality|boundedly rational]] and act on local information. Mathematical and computational modeling are important tools for studying social dynamics. This field grew out of work done in the 1940s by [[Game Theory|game theorists]] such as Duncan & Luce, and even earlier works by mathematician [[Armand Borel]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Luce|first=Duncan|title=Games and Decisions|url=https://archive.org/details/gamesdecisions00rdun|url-access=registration|year=1957|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|isbn= 0486659437}}</ref> Because social dynamics focuses on individual level behavior, and recognizes the importance of heterogeneity across individuals, strict analytic results are often impossible. Instead, approximation techniques, such as [[Mean field theory|mean field approximations]] from [[statistical physics]], or [[computer simulation]]s are used to understand the behaviors of the system. In contrast to more traditional approaches in economics, scholars of social dynamics are often interested in non-equilibrium, or dynamic, behavior.<ref name=durlauf /><ref>{{cite web|title=Brookings Institution, Center for Social Dynamics and Policy|url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/centers/dynamics|accessdate=29 Sep 2012}}</ref> That is, behavior that changes over time.
The field of social dynamics brings together ideas from [[economics]], [[sociology]], [[social psychology]], and other disciplines, and is a sub-field of [[complex adaptive system]]s or [[complexity science]]. The fundamental assumption of the field is that individuals are influenced by one another's behavior. The field is closely related to [[system dynamics]]. Like system dynamics, social dynamics is concerned with changes over time and emphasizes the role of feedbacks. However, in social dynamics individual choices and interactions are typically viewed as the source of aggregate level behavior, while system dynamics posits that the structure of feedbacks and accumulations are responsible for system level dynamics.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sterman|first=John|title=Business Dynamics|year=2000|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=0-07-231135-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/businessdynamics0000ster}}</ref> Research in the field typically takes a behavioral approach, assuming that individuals are [[Bounded rationality|boundedly rational]] and act on local information. Mathematical and computational modeling are important tools for studying social dynamics. This field grew out of work done in the 1940s by [[Game Theory|game theorists]] such as Duncan & Luce, and even earlier works by mathematician [[Armand Borel]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Luce|first=Duncan|title=Games and Decisions|url=https://archive.org/details/gamesdecisions00rdun|url-access=registration|year=1957|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|isbn= 0486659437}}</ref> Because social dynamics focuses on individual level behavior, and recognizes the importance of heterogeneity across individuals, strict analytic results are often impossible. Instead, approximation techniques, such as [[Mean field theory|mean field approximations]] from [[statistical physics]], or [[computer simulation]]s are used to understand the behaviors of the system. In contrast to more traditional approaches in economics, scholars of social dynamics are often interested in non-equilibrium, or dynamic, behavior.<ref name=durlauf /><ref>{{cite web|title=Brookings Institution, Center for Social Dynamics and Policy|url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/centers/dynamics|accessdate=29 Sep 2012}}</ref> That is, behavior that changes over time.
The field of social dynamics brings together ideas from economics, sociology, social psychology, and other disciplines, and is a sub-field of complex adaptive systems or complexity science. The fundamental assumption of the field is that individuals are influenced by one another's behavior. The field is closely related to system dynamics. Like system dynamics, social dynamics is concerned with changes over time and emphasizes the role of feedbacks. However, in social dynamics individual choices and interactions are typically viewed as the source of aggregate level behavior, while system dynamics posits that the structure of feedbacks and accumulations are responsible for system level dynamics. Research in the field typically takes a behavioral approach, assuming that individuals are boundedly rational and act on local information. Mathematical and computational modeling are important tools for studying social dynamics. This field grew out of work done in the 1940s by game theorists such as Duncan & Luce, and even earlier works by mathematician Armand Borel. Because social dynamics focuses on individual level behavior, and recognizes the importance of heterogeneity across individuals, strict analytic results are often impossible. Instead, approximation techniques, such as mean field approximations from statistical physics, or computer simulations are used to understand the behaviors of the system. In contrast to more traditional approaches in economics, scholars of social dynamics are often interested in non-equilibrium, or dynamic, behavior. That is, behavior that changes over time.
社会动力学领域汇集了来自经济学、社会学、社会心理学和其他学科的思想，是复杂适应系统或复杂性科学的一个子领域。该领域的基本假设是，个体受到彼此行为的影响。该领域与系统动力学密切相关。像系统动力学一样，社会动力学关注随着时间的推移而发生的变化，并强调反馈的作用。然而，在社会动力学中，个体的选择和相互作用通常被视为总体水平行为的来源，而系统动力学则假定反馈和累积的结构负责系统水平的动力学。该领域的研究通常采取行为方法，假设个体是有限理性的，并根据当地信息采取行动。数学和计算建模是研究社会动力学的重要工具。这个领域是在20世纪40年代邓肯和卢斯等博弈论家的工作，以及数学家阿曼德 · 博雷尔的早期著作中发展起来的。由于社会动力学关注于个体层面的行为，并认识到个体之间异质性的重要性，严格的分析结果通常是不可能的。相反，近似技术，如统计物理学的平均场近似，或计算机模拟被用来理解系统的行为。与经济学中更为传统的方法相比，研究社会动力学的学者往往对非均衡或动态行为感兴趣。也就是说，行为会随着时间的推移而改变。
== References ==
== References ==
Available online: http://www.hindawi.com/GetArticle.aspx?doi=10.1155/S1026022697000101.
Available online: http://www.hindawi.com/GetArticle.aspx?doi=10.1155/S1026022697000101.
Available online: http://www.hindawi.com/GetArticle.aspx?doi=10.1155/S1026022697000101.
可在线阅读: http://www.hindawi.com/getarticle.aspx?doi=10.1155/s1026022697000101。
*{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Matthew O.|title=Social and Economic Networks|year=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-13440-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Matthew O.|title=Social and Economic Networks|year=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-13440-6}}
== External links ==
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|onlinebooks=no
|label=Social dynamics
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| label = 社会动态
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* http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628232019/http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~read/connectionism_preface2.html
* http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628232019/http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~read/connectionism_preface2.html
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110217151303/http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/historicaldynamics.htm "Historical Dynamics in a Time of Crisis: Late Byzantium, 1204–1453" (discussion of social dynamics from the point of view of historical studies)]
* {{cite journal
| author = Watts, D.J.
| author = Watts, D.J.
| author = Watts, D.J.
作者: Watts，d.j。
作者: Watts，d.j。
|author2=Strogatz, S.H.
|author2=Strogatz, S.H.
|author2=Strogatz, S.H.
2 = Strogatz，s.h.
2 = Strogatz，s.h.
| year = 1998
| year = 1998
| year = 1998
1998年
1998年
| author = Watts, D.J.
| title = Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks
| title = Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks
| title = Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks
| title = “小世界”网络的集体动态
| title = “小世界”网络的集体动态
|author2=Strogatz, S.H.
| journal = Nature
| journal = Nature
| journal = Nature
| 日志 = 自然
| 日志 = 自然
| year = 1998
| volume = 393
| volume = 393
| volume = 393
393
393
| title = Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks
| issue = 6684
| issue = 6684
| issue = 6684
6684
6684
| journal = Nature
| pages = 440–442
| pages = 440–442
| pages = 440–442
| 页数 = 440-442
| 页数 = 440-442
| volume = 393
| accessdate =
| accessdate =
| accessdate =
2012年10月11日
2012年10月11日
| issue = 6684
| doi = 10.1038/30918
| doi = 10.1038/30918
| doi = 10.1038/30918
| doi = 10.1038/30918
| doi = 10.1038/30918
| pages = 440–442
| pmid = 9623998
| pmid = 9623998
| pmid = 9623998
9623998
9623998
| accessdate =
| bibcode = 1998Natur.393..440W
| bibcode = 1998Natur.393..440W
| bibcode = 1998Natur.393..440W
1998/natur. 393. . 440 w
1998/natur. 393. . 440 w
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Social Dynamics}}
[[Category:Social dynamics| ]]
[[Category:Systems theory]]
Category:Systems theory
Category:Systems theory
范畴: 系统论
范畴: 系统论
[[Category:Social systems]]
Category:Social systems
Category:Social systems