1,564
个编辑
更改
跳到导航
跳到搜索
小第1行：
第1行： − 此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。+ 第5行：
第5行： − + 第13行：
第13行： − + − − − − 第169行：
第165行： − + 第207行：
第203行： − + 第219行：
第215行： − + 第315行：
第311行： − + 第415行：
第411行： − + 第483行：
第479行： − + 第699行：
第695行： − + 第708行：
第704行： − − == Q == − − − − {{term|term=quantile|content=[[quantile]]}} − − − − {{term|term=quartile|content=[[quartile]]}} − − − − {{term|term=quota sampling|content=[[quota sampling]]}} − − − − == R == − − − − {{term|term=random variable|content=[[random variable]]}} − − {{defn|1=A measurable function on a probability space, often real-valued. The distribution function of a random variable gives the probability of different results. We can also derive the mean and variance of a random variable}} − − {{see also|Discrete random variable|Continuous random variable}} − − − − {{term|term=randomized block design|content=[[Blocking (statistics)#Randomized block design|randomized block design]]}} − − − − {{term|term=range|content=[[Range (statistics)|range]]}} − − {{defn|1=The length of the smallest interval which contains all the data}} − − − − {{term|term=recursive Bayesian estimation|content=[[recursive Bayesian estimation]]}} − − − − {{term|term=regression analysis|content=[[regression analysis]]}} − − − − {{term|term=repeated measures design|content=[[repeated measures design]]}} − − − − {{term|term= responses}} − − {{defn|defn= In a statistical study, any variables whose values may have been affected by the treatments, such as cholesterol levels after following a particular diet for six months.<ref name=Reiter/>}} − − − − {{term|term=restricted randomization|content=[[restricted randomization]]}} − − − − {{term|term=robust statistics|content=[[robust statistics]]}} − − − − {{term|term=round-off error|content=[[round-off error]]}} − − − − == S == − − − − {{term|term=sample|content=[[Statistical sample|sample]]}} − − {{defn|1=That part of a population which is actually observed}} − − − − {{term|term= Sample mean and covariance|content=[[ Sample mean and covariance]]}} − − {{defn|defn=The arithmetic mean of a sample of values drawn from the population. It is denoted by <math>\overline{x}</math>. An example is the average test score of a subset of 10 students from a class. Sample mean is used as an estimator of the population mean, which in this example would be the average test score of all of the students in the class.}} − − − − {{term|term=sample space|content=[[sample space]]}} − − {{defn|1=The set of possible outcomes of an experiment. For example, the sample space for rolling a six-sided die will be <nowiki>{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}</nowiki>}} − − − − {{term|term=sampling|content=[[Sampling (statistics)|sampling]]}} − − {{defn|1=A process of selecting observations to obtain knowledge about a population. There are many methods to choose on which sample to do the observations}} − − − − {{term|term=sampling bias|content=[[sampling bias]]}} − − − − {{term|term=sampling distribution|content=[[sampling distribution]]}} − − {{defn|1=The probability distribution, under repeated sampling of the population, of a given statistic}} − − − − {{term|term=sampling error|content=[[sampling error]]}} − − − − {{term|term=scatter plot|content=[[scatter plot]]}} − − − − {{term|term=Scale parameter|content=[[Scale parameter]]}} − − − − − − {{term|term=significance level|content=significance level}} − − − − {{term|term=simple random sample|content=[[simple random sample]]}} − − − − {{term|term=Simpson's paradox|content=[[Simpson's paradox]]}} − − − − {{term|term=skewness|content=[[skewness]]}} − − {{defn|1=A measure of the asymmetry of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable. Roughly speaking, a distribution has positive skew (right-skewed) if the higher tail is longer and negative skew (left-skewed) if the lower tail is longer (confusing the two is a common error)}} − − − − {{term|term=spaghetti plot|content=[[spaghetti plot]]}} − − − − {{term|term=spectrum bias|content=[[spectrum bias]]}} − − − − {{term|term=standard deviation|content=[[standard deviation]]}} − − {{defn|1=The most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is the [[square root]] of the variance, and is generally written <math>\sigma</math> ([[Sigma (letter)|sigma]])}} − − − − {{term|term=standard error|content=[[standard error]]}} − − − − {{term|term=standard score|content=[[standard score]]}} − − − − {{term|term=statistic|content=[[statistic]]}} − − {{defn|1=The result of applying a statistical algorithm to a data set. It can also be described as an observable random variable}} − − − − {{term|term=statistical dispersion|content=[[statistical dispersion]]}} − − − − {{term|term=statistical graphics|content=[[statistical graphics]]}} − − − − {{term|term=statistical hypothesis testing|content=[[statistical hypothesis testing]]}} − − − − {{term|term=statistical independence|content=[[statistical independence]]}} − − {{defn|1=Two events are independent if the outcome of one does not affect that of the other (for example, getting a 1 on one die roll does not affect the probability of getting a 1 on a second roll). Similarly, when we assert that two random variables are independent, we intuitively mean that knowing something about the value of one of them does not yield any information about the value of the other}} − − − − {{term|term=statistical inference|content=[[statistical inference]]}} − − {{defn|1=Inference about a population from a random sample drawn from it or, more generally, about a random process from its observed behavior during a finite period of time}} − − − − {{term|term=statistical interference|content=[[statistical interference]]}} − − − − {{term|term=statistical model|content=[[statistical model]]}} − − − − {{term|term=statistical population|content=[[statistical population]]}} − − {{defn|1=A set of entities about which statistical inferences are to be drawn, often based on random sampling. One can also talk about a population of measurements or values}} − − − − {{term|term=statistical dispersion|content=[[statistical dispersion]]}} − − {{defn|1=Statistical variability is a measure of how diverse some data is. It can be expressed by the variance or the standard deviation}} − − − − {{term|term=statistical parameter|content=[[statistical parameter]]}} − − {{defn|1=A parameter that indexes a family of probability distributions}} − − − − {{term|term=statistical significance|content=[[statistical significance]]}} − − − − {{term|term=statistics|content=[[statistics]]}} − − − − {{term|term=Student's t-test|content=[[Student's t-test]]}} − − − − {{term|term=sstem-and-leaf display|content=[[stem-and-leaf display]]}} − − − − {{term|term=stratified sampling|content=[[stratified sampling]]}} − − − − {{term|term=survey methodology|content=[[survey methodology]]}} − − − − {{term|term=survival function|content=[[survival function]]}} − − − − {{term|term=survivorship bias|content=[[survivorship bias]]}} − − − − {{term|term=symmetric probability distribution|content=[[symmetric probability distribution]]}} − − − − {{term|term=systematic sampling|content=[[systematic sampling]]}} − − − − == T == − − − − {{term|term=test statistic|content=[[test statistic]]}} − − − − {{term|term=time domain|content=[[time domain]]}} − − − − {{term|term=time series|content=[[time series]]}} − − − − {{term|term=time series analysis|content=[[time series#time series analysis|time series analysis]]}} − − − − {{term|term=time series forecasting|content=[[time series#time series analysis|time series forecasting]]}} − − − − {{term|term= treatments}} − − {{defn|defn= Variables in a statistical study that are conceptually manipulable. For example, in a health study, following a certain diet is a treatment whereas age is not.<ref name=Reiter/>}} − − − − {{term|term=trial|content=[[Experiment (probability theory)|trial]]}} − − {{defn|1=Can refer to each individual repetition when talking about an experiment composed of any fixed number of them. As an example, one can think of an experiment being any number from one to ''n'' coin tosses, say 17. In this case, one toss can be called a trial to avoid confusion, since the whole experiment is composed of 17 ones. }} − − − − {{term|term=trimmed estimator|content=[[trimmed estimator]]}} − − − − {{term|term=type I and type II errors|content=[[type I and type II errors]]}} − − − − == U == − − − − {{term|term=[[unimodal probability distribution]]|content=[[unimodal probability distribution]]}} − − − − {{term|term= units}} − − {{defn|defn= In a statistical study, the objects to which treatments are assigned. For example, in a study examining the effects of smoking cigarettes, the units would be people.<ref name=Reiter/>}} − − − − == V == − − − − {{term|term=variance|content=[[variance]]}} − − {{defn|1=A measure of its statistical dispersion of a random variable, indicating how far from the expected value its values typically are. The variance of random variable ''X'' is typically designated as <math>\operatorname{var}(X)</math>, <math>\sigma_X^2</math>, or simply <math>\sigma^2</math>}} − − − − == W == − − − − {{term|term=weighted arithmetic mean|content=[[weighted arithmetic mean]]}} − − − − {{term|term=weighted median|content=[[weighted median]]}} − − − − == X == − − − − {{term|term=XOR|content=[[XOR|XOR, exclusive disjunction]]}} − − − − == Y == − − − − {{term|term=Yates's correction for continuity|content=[[Yates's correction for continuity]]}} − − − − == Z == − − {{term|term=z-test|content=[[z-test]]}} − − − − − − {{glossend}} − − − − == See also == − − * [[Notation in probability and statistics]] − − * [[Probability axioms]] − − * [[Glossary of experimental design]] − − * [[List of statistical topics]] − − * [[List of probability topics]] − − * [[Glossary of areas of mathematics]] − − * [[Glossary of calculus]] − − − − ==References == − − {{Reflist|30em}} − − − − == External links == − − * {{citation | title = NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods | chapter = A Glossary of DOE Terminology | chapter-url = http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pri/section7/pri7.htm | publisher= [[NIST]] | accessdate = 28 February 2009}} − − * {{ citation | url = http://www.statistics.com/resources/glossary/ | title = Statistical glossary | publisher = statistics.com | accessdate = 28 February 2009}} − − * [http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/Probability%20Earliest%20Uses.htm Probability and Statistics on the Earliest Uses Pages (Univ. of Southampton)] − − − − {{Statistics}} − − {{Glossaries of science and engineering}} − − − − [[Category:Probability and statistics| Glossary]] 第1,119行：
第709行： − [[Category:Statistics-related lists]]+ 第1,125行：
第715行： − [[Category:Glossaries of science|Probability and statistics]]+ 第1,131行：
第721行： − + 第1,137行：
第727行： − [[Category:Wikipedia glossaries|Probability and statistics]]+
Moved page from wikipedia:en:Glossary of probability and statistics (history)
此词条暂由彩云小译翻译，翻译字数共27，未经人工整理和审校，带来阅读不便，请见谅。
{{short description|Wikipedia glossary}}
{{short description|Wikipedia glossary}}
{{Hatnote|Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself. However, glossaries like this one are useful for looking up, comparing and reviewing large numbers of terms together. You can help enhance this page by adding new terms or writing definitions for existing ones.}}
{{Hatnote|Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia itself. However, glossaries like this one are useful for looking up, comparing and reviewing large numbers of terms together. You can help enhance this page by adding new terms or writing definitions for existing ones.}}
The following is a [[glossary]] of terms used in the [[mathematics|mathematical]] sciences [[statistics]] and [[probability]].
The following is a [[glossary]] of terms used in the [[mathematics|mathematical]] sciences [[statistics]] and probability.
The following is a glossary of terms used in the mathematical sciences statistics and probability.
The following is a glossary of terms used in the mathematical sciences statistics and probability.
{{compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|nobreak=yes|seealso=yes|refs=yes|}}
{{compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|nobreak=yes|seealso=yes|refs=yes|}}{{StatsTopicTOC}}
{{StatsTopicTOC}}
{{ProbabilityTopicsTOC}}
{{ProbabilityTopicsTOC}}
{{term|term=conditional probability|content=[[conditional probability]]}}
{{term|term=conditional probability|content=[[conditional probability]]}}
{{defn|1=The probability of some event A, assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(''A''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''B''), and is read "the probability of ''A'', given ''B''"}}
{{defn|1=The probability of some event A, assuming event B. Conditional probability is written P(''A''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''B''), and is read "the probability of ''A'', given ''B''"<ref name=probstatsymbols>{{cite web|title=Probability and Statistics Symbols|url=https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/probability-statistics-symbols/|website=Math Vault|access-date=2020-09-10}}</ref>}}
{{term|term=correlation|content=[[correlation]]}}
{{term|term=correlation|content=[[correlation]]}}
{{defn|1=Also called correlation coefficient, a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify, for example, how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]], which is found by dividing the covariance of the two variables by the product of their standard deviations. Independent variables have a correlation of 0}}
{{defn|1=Also called correlation coefficient, a numeric measure of the strength of linear relationship between two random variables (one can use it to quantify, for example, how shoe size and height are correlated in the population). An example is the [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient]], which is found by dividing the covariance of the two variables by the product of their standard deviations. Independent variables have a correlation of 0. A population correlation is often represented by the symbol <math>\rho</math>, while a sample correlation by <math>r</math>.<ref name="probstatsymbols"></ref>}}
{{term|term=covariance|content=[[covariance]]}}
{{term|term=covariance|content=[[covariance]]}}
{{defn|1=Given two random variables ''X'' and ''Y'', with expected values <math>E(X)=\mu</math> and <math>E(Y)=\nu</math>, covariance is defined as the expected value of random variable <math>(X - \mu) (Y - \nu)</math>, and is written <math>\operatorname{cov}(X, Y)</math>. It is used for measuring correlation}}
{{defn|1=Given two random variables ''X'' and ''Y'', with expected values <math>E(X)=\mu</math> and <math>E(Y)=\nu</math>, covariance is defined as the expected value of random variable <math>(X - \mu) (Y - \nu)</math>, and is written <math>\operatorname{cov}(X, Y)</math>.<ref name="probstatsymbols"/> It is used for measuring correlation.}}
{{term|term=expected value|content=[[expected value]]}}
{{term|term=expected value|content=[[expected value]]}}
{{defn|1=The sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ("value"). Thus, it represents the average amount one "expects" to win per bet if bets with identical odds are repeated many times. For example, the expected value of a six-sided die roll is 3.5. The concept is similar to the mean. The expected value of random variable ''X'' is typically written E(X) for the operator and <math>\mu</math> ([[Mu (letter)|mu]]) for the parameter}}
{{defn|1=The sum of the probability of each possible outcome of the experiment multiplied by its payoff ("value"). Thus, it represents the average amount one "expects" to win per bet if bets with identical odds are repeated many times. For example, the expected value of a six-sided die roll is 3.5. The concept is similar to the mean. The expected value of random variable ''X'' is typically written E(X) for the operator, and <math>\mu</math> ([[Mu (letter)|mu]]) for the parameter.<ref name="probstatsymbols"/>}}
{{term|term=joint probability|content=[[joint probability]]}}
{{term|term=joint probability|content=[[joint probability]]}}
{{defn|1=The probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of ''A'' and ''B'' is written <math>P(A \cap B)</math> or <math>P(A, \ B).</math>}}
{{defn|1=The probability of two events occurring together. The joint probability of ''A'' and ''B'' is written <math>P(A \cap B)</math><ref name="probstatsymbols"/> or <math>P(A, \ B).</math>}}
{{term|term=Marginal likelihood|content=[[Marginal likelihood]]}}
{{term|term=Marginal likelihood|content=[[marginal likelihood]]}}
{{term|term=probability plot|content=[[probability plot]]}}
{{term|term=probability plot|content=[[Probability plot (disambiguation)|probability plot]]}}
Glossary
Glossary
词汇表
词汇表
== Q ==
Category:Statistics-related lists
Category:Statistics-related lists
类别: 与统计数字有关的名单
类别: 与统计数字有关的名单
Probability and statistics
Probability and statistics
概率与统计
概率与统计
[[Category:Glossaries of mathematics|Probability and statistics]]
{{term|term=quantile|content=[[quantile]]}}
Probability and statistics
Probability and statistics
概率与统计
概率与统计
Probability and statistics
Probability and statistics