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第191行：
第191行： − + − | Find data cases possessing an extreme value of an attribute over its range within the data set.+ − | What are the top/bottom N data cases with respect to attribute A? − | ''- What is the car with the highest MPG?'' − ''- What director/film has won the most awards?'' − − ''- What Marvel Studios film has the most recent release date?'' − |- − | align="center" | 5 − | '''Sort''' − | Given a set of data cases, rank them according to some ordinal metric. − | What is the sorted order of a set S of data cases according to their value of attribute A? − | ''- Order the cars by weight.'' − ''- Rank the cereals by calories.'' − |- − | align="center" | 6 − | '''Determine Range''' − | Given a set of data cases and an attribute of interest, find the span of values within the set. − | What is the range of values of attribute A in a set S of data cases? − | ''- What is the range of film lengths?'' − ''- What is the range of car horsepowers?'' − − ''- What actresses are in the data set?'' − |- − | align="center" | 7 − | '''Characterize Distribution''' − | Given a set of data cases and a quantitative attribute of interest, characterize the distribution of that attribute's values over the set. − | What is the distribution of values of attribute A in a set S of data cases? − | ''- What is the distribution of carbohydrates in cereals?'' − ''- What is the age distribution of shoppers?'' − |- − | align="center" | 8 − | '''Find Anomalies''' − | Identify any anomalies within a given set of data cases with respect to a given relationship or expectation, e.g. statistical outliers. − | Which data cases in a set S of data cases have unexpected/exceptional values? − | ''- Are there exceptions to the relationship between horsepower and acceleration?'' − ''- Are there any outliers in protein?'' − |- − | align="center" | 9 − | '''Cluster''' − | Given a set of data cases, find clusters of similar attribute values. − | Which data cases in a set S of data cases are similar in value for attributes {X, Y, Z, ...}? − | ''- Are there groups of cereals w/ similar fat/calories/sugar?'' − ''- Is there a cluster of typical film lengths?'' − |- − | align="center" | 10 − | '''Correlate''' − | Given a set of data cases and two attributes, determine useful relationships between the values of those attributes. − | What is the correlation between attributes X and Y over a given set S of data cases? − | ''- Is there a correlation between carbohydrates and fat?'' − ''- Is there a correlation between country of origin and MPG?'' − − ''- Do different genders have a preferred payment method?'' − − ''- Is there a trend of increasing film length over the years?'' − |- − | align="center" | 11 − | ''' [[Contextualization (computer science)|Contextualization]]<ref name="ConTaaS"/>''' − | Given a set of data cases, find contextual relevancy of the data to the users. − | Which data cases in a set S of data cases are relevant to the current users' context? − | ''- Are there groups of restaurants that have foods based on my current caloric intake?'' − |- − |} − − − − − − − − − ''- Which funds underperformed the SP-500?'' − − - Which funds underperformed the SP-500? − − “-哪些基金的表现不如 SP-500？” − − |- − − |- − − |- − − | align="center" | 3 − − | align="center" | 3 − − | align="center" | 3 − − | '''Compute Derived Value''' − − | Compute Derived Value − − | '''<font color='#ff8000'>计算派生值Compute Derived Value</font>''' − − | Given a set of data cases, compute an aggregate numeric representation of those data cases. − − | Given a set of data cases, compute an aggregate numeric representation of those data cases. − − | 给定一组数据案例，计算这些数据案例以聚合形式表示的数值。 − − | What is the value of aggregation function F over a given set S of data cases? − − | What is the value of aggregation function F over a given set S of data cases? − − | '''<font color='#ff8000'>聚合函数aggregation function </font>'''F 在给定数据集 S 上的值是多少？ − − | ''- What is the average calorie content of Post cereals?'' − − | - What is the average calorie content of Post cereals? − − | “-'''<font color='#ff8000'>波斯特谷物Post cereals</font>'''的平均热量是多少？” − − ''- What is the gross income of all stores combined?'' − − - What is the gross income of all stores combined? − − “-所有商店的总收入是多少？” − − − − ''- How many manufacturers of cars are there?'' − − - How many manufacturers of cars are there? − − “-有多少汽车制造商？” − − |- − − |- − − |- − − | align="center" | 4 − − | align="center" | 4 − − | align="center" | 4 − − | '''Find Extremum''' − − | Find Extremum − − | '''<font color='#ff8000'>寻找极值Find Extremum</font>''' − − | Find data cases possessing an extreme value of an attribute over its range within the data set. − − | Find data cases possessing an extreme value of an attribute over its range within the data set. − − − − | What are the top/bottom N data cases with respect to attribute A? − − | What are the top/bottom N data cases with respect to attribute A? − − + − − | ''- What is the car with the highest MPG?'' − − | - What is the car with the highest MPG? − − − − ''- What director/film has won the most awards?'' − − - What director/film has won the most awards? − − − − − ''- What Marvel Studios film has the most recent release date?'' − − - What Marvel Studios film has the most recent release date? − − − |- − − |- − − − | align="center" | 5 − − | align="center" | 5 − − + − − − | Sort − − | '''<font color='#ff8000'>排序Sort</font>''' − − | Given a set of data cases, rank them according to some ordinal metric. − − | Given a set of data cases, rank them according to some ordinal metric. − − − | What is the sorted order of a set S of data cases according to their value of attribute A? − − | What is the sorted order of a set S of data cases according to their value of attribute A? − − − | ''- Order the cars by weight.'' − − | - Order the cars by weight. − − − ''- Rank the cereals by calories.'' − − - Rank the cereals by calories. − − − − |- − − |- − − | align="center" | 6 − − | align="center" | 6 − − + − − − | Determine Range − − | '''<font color='#ff8000'>确定范围Determine Range</font>''' − − | Given a set of data cases and an attribute of interest, find the span of values within the set. − − | Given a set of data cases and an attribute of interest, find the span of values within the set. − − − | What is the range of values of attribute A in a set S of data cases? − − | What is the range of values of attribute A in a set S of data cases? − − − | ''- What is the range of film lengths?'' − − | - What is the range of film lengths? − − − ''- What is the range of car horsepowers?'' − − - What is the range of car horsepowers? − − − − − ''- What actresses are in the data set?'' − − - What actresses are in the data set? − − − |- − − |- − − − | align="center" | 7 − − | align="center" | 7 − − + − − − | Characterize Distribution − − | '''<font color='#ff8000'>特征分布Characterize Distribution</font>''' − − | Given a set of data cases and a quantitative attribute of interest, characterize the distribution of that attribute's values over the set. − − | Given a set of data cases and a quantitative attribute of interest, characterize the distribution of that attribute's values over the set. − − − | What is the distribution of values of attribute A in a set S of data cases? − − | What is the distribution of values of attribute A in a set S of data cases? − − − | ''- What is the distribution of carbohydrates in cereals?'' − − | - What is the distribution of carbohydrates in cereals? − − − ''- What is the age distribution of shoppers?'' − − - What is the age distribution of shoppers? − − − |- − − |- − − | align="center" | 8 − − | align="center" | 8 − − + − − − | Find Anomalies − − | '''<font color='#ff8000'>寻找异常值Find Anomalies</font>''' − − | Identify any anomalies within a given set of data cases with respect to a given relationship or expectation, e.g. statistical outliers. − − | Identify any anomalies within a given set of data cases with respect to a given relationship or expectation, e.g. statistical outliers. − − − | Which data cases in a set S of data cases have unexpected/exceptional values? − − | Which data cases in a set S of data cases have unexpected/exceptional values? − − − | ''- Are there exceptions to the relationship between horsepower and acceleration?'' − − | - Are there exceptions to the relationship between horsepower and acceleration? − − − ''- Are there any outliers in protein?'' − − - Are there any outliers in protein? − − − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + + + + + − | align="center" | 9 − − | align="center" | 9 − − | align="center" | 9 − | '''Cluster''' − | Cluster − | '''<font color='#ff8000'>Cluster 集群<font>''' − | Given a set of data cases, find clusters of similar attribute values. − | Given a set of data cases, find clusters of similar attribute values. − | 给定一组数据案例，找出相似属性值的集群。 − + − + − + − | ''- Are there groups of cereals w/ similar fat/calories/sugar?'' − | - Are there groups of cereals w/ similar fat/calories/sugar? + + − − ''- Is there a cluster of typical film lengths?'' − − - Is there a cluster of typical film lengths? − 第605行：
第290行： − | Given a set of data cases and two attributes, determine useful relationships between the values of those attributes. − | Given a set of data cases and two attributes, determine useful relationships between the values of those attributes. − − | What is the correlation between attributes X and Y over a given set S of data cases? − − | What is the correlation between attributes X and Y over a given set S of data cases? − − − | ''- Is there a correlation between carbohydrates and fat?'' − − | - Is there a correlation between carbohydrates and fat? − − − ''- Is there a correlation between country of origin and MPG?'' − − - Is there a correlation between country of origin and MPG? − − − − ''- Do different genders have a preferred payment method?'' − − - Do different genders have a preferred payment method? − − “- 不同性别是否倾向不同的付款方式？” − ''- Is there a trend of increasing film length over the years?'' − - Is there a trend of increasing film length over the years? − − “- 电影长度是否有逐年增加的趋势？” 第663行：
第320行： − | Given a set of data cases, find contextual relevancy of the data to the users. − | Given a set of data cases, find contextual relevancy of the data to the users. − − | Which data cases in a set S of data cases are relevant to the current users' context? − − | Which data cases in a set S of data cases are relevant to the current users' context? − − − | ''- Are there groups of restaurants that have foods based on my current caloric intake?'' − − | - Are there groups of restaurants that have foods based on my current caloric intake? −
→数据用户的分析活动
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| align="center" | 4
| align="center" | 4
| '''Find Extremum'''
| '''寻找极值Find Extremum'''
| 查找数据集中在某属性的某范围内具有极端取值的数据案例。
| 查找数据集中在某属性的某范围内具有极端取值的数据案例。
| 属性 A 的顶部或底部的 N 个数据案例是什么？
| 属性 A 的顶部或底部的 N 个数据案例是什么？
| “- 有最高 MPG 的汽车是什么？”
|“- 有最高 MPG 的汽车是什么？”
“- 哪个导演/哪部电影获奖最多？”
“- 哪个导演/哪部电影获奖最多？”
“- 哪部漫威电影公司的电影具有最近上映的日期？”
“- 哪部漫威电影公司的电影具有最近上映的日期？”
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| align="center" | 5
| align="center" | 5
| '''排序 Sort'''
| '''Sort'''
| 给定一组数据案例，根据某种顺序度量对它们进行排序。
| 给定一组数据案例，根据某种顺序度量对它们进行排序。
| 根据属性 A 的值，一组数据案例 S 怎样排序？
| 根据属性 A 的值，一组数据案例 S 怎样排序？
| “-按重量给汽车排序。”
| “-按重量给汽车排序。”
“- 按卡路里排列谷物。”
“- 按卡路里排列谷物。”
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| align="center" | 6
| align="center" | 6
| '''确定范围 Determine Range'''
| '''Determine Range'''
| 给定一组数据案例和一个感兴趣的属性，查找该组中的值的范围。
| 给定一组数据案例和一个感兴趣的属性，查找该组中的值的范围。
| 在一组数据案例 S 中，属性 A 的值范围是多少？
| 在一组数据案例 S 中，属性 A 的值范围是多少？
| “-胶卷的长度范围是多少？”
| “-胶卷的长度范围是多少？”
“-汽车的马力范围是多少？”
“-汽车的马力范围是多少？”
“-数据库里有哪些女演员？”
“-数据库里有哪些女演员？”
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| align="center" | 7
| align="center" | 7
| '''特征分布 Characterize Distribution'''
| '''Characterize Distribution'''
| 给定一组数据案例和一个感兴趣的定量属性，刻画该属性值在该集上的分布情况。
| 给定一组数据案例和一个感兴趣的定量属性，刻画该属性值在该集上的分布情况。
| 属性 A 的值在一组数据案例 S 中的分布情况如何？
| 属性 A 的值在一组数据案例 S 中的分布情况如何？
|“-谷物中碳水化合物的分布情况如何？”
|“-谷物中碳水化合物的分布情况如何？”
“-购物者的年龄分布情况如何？”
“-购物者的年龄分布情况如何？”
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| align="center" | 8
| align="center" | 8
| '''寻找异常值 Find Anomalies'''
| '''Find Anomalies'''
| 识别给定数据集中与给定关系或期望有关的任何异常值，例如统计异常值。
| 识别给定数据集中与给定关系或期望有关的任何异常值，例如统计异常值。
| 在一组数据案例中，哪些数据案例具有意外的或异常的取值？
| 在一组数据案例中，哪些数据案例具有意外的或异常的取值？
|“-马力和加速度之间的关系有例外吗？”
|“-马力和加速度之间的关系有例外吗？”
“-蛋白质是否有异常值？”
“-蛋白质是否有异常值？”
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| align="center" | 9
| '''集群 Cluster'''
|给定一组数据案例，找出相似属性值的集群。
|一组数据案例中的哪些数据案例在属性{ X, Y, Z, ... }的值上相似？
|“-有没有含脂肪 / 卡路里 / 糖类似的谷类食物？”
“-是否有一组典型的电影长度？”
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| '''相关 Correlate'''
| 给定一组数据案例和两个属性，确定这些属性值之间的有用关系。
| 在给定的数据案例集 S 中，属性 X 和 Y 之间的相关性是什么？
|“-碳水化合物和脂肪之间有关系吗？”
“-起源国和 MPG 之间有联系吗？”
“- 不同性别是否倾向不同的付款方式？”
“- 电影长度是否有逐年增加的趋势？”
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| ''' 语境化 Contextualization<ref name="ConTaaS"/>'''
| 给定一组数据案例，找出数据与用户语境化的相关性。
| 一组数据案例中的哪些数据案例与当前用户的语境相关？
|“-是否有几组餐馆根据我目前摄入的热量来提供食物？”
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| Which data cases in a set S of data cases are similar in value for attributes {X, Y, Z, ...}?
| '''Cluster'''
| Which data cases in a set S of data cases are similar in value for attributes {X, Y, Z, ...}?
| Cluster
| 一组数据案例中的哪些数据案例在属性{ X, Y, Z, ... }的值上相似？
| '''<font color='#ff8000'>Cluster 集群<font>'''
|给定一组数据案例，找出相似属性值的集群。
|一组数据案例中的哪些数据案例在属性{ X, Y, Z, ... }的值上相似？
|“-有没有含脂肪 / 卡路里 / 糖类似的谷类食物？”
|“-有没有含脂肪 / 卡路里 / 糖类似的谷类食物？”
“-是否有一组典型的电影长度？”
“-是否有一组典型的电影长度？”
| '''<font color='#ff8000'>相关Correlate</font>'''
| '''<font color='#ff8000'>相关Correlate</font>'''
| 给定一组数据案例和两个属性，确定这些属性值之间的有用关系。
| 给定一组数据案例和两个属性，确定这些属性值之间的有用关系。
| 在给定的数据案例集 S 中，属性 X 和 Y 之间的相关性是什么？
| 在给定的数据案例集 S 中，属性 X 和 Y 之间的相关性是什么？
|“-碳水化合物和脂肪之间有关系吗？”
|“-碳水化合物和脂肪之间有关系吗？”
“-起源国和 MPG 之间有联系吗？”
“-起源国和 MPG 之间有联系吗？”
|-
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| '''<font color='#ff8000'>语境化Contextualization</font>'''
| '''<font color='#ff8000'>语境化Contextualization</font>'''
| 给定一组数据案例，找出数据与用户语境化的相关性。
| 给定一组数据案例，找出数据与用户语境化的相关性。
| 一组数据案例中的哪些数据案例与当前用户的语境相关？
| 一组数据案例中的哪些数据案例与当前用户的语境相关？
|“-是否有几组餐馆根据我目前摄入的热量来提供食物？”
|“-是否有几组餐馆根据我目前摄入的热量来提供食物？”