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第61行：
第61行： − 烟雾从一支香烟上升起。最开始的几厘米，烟雾是层流。雷诺数随着流速和特征长度增加时，飘起来的烟变成了湍流。+ 第74行：
第74行： − + − + − + − + − + + + − + − − 第106行：
第106行： − + + − + − + − + − − − 第136行：
第134行： − 激光诱导荧光。射流展现出广泛的长度尺度，这是湍流的一个重要特征。]+
无编辑摘要
* Smoke rising from a [[cigarette]]. For the first few centimeters, the smoke is [[Laminar flow|laminar]]. The smoke [[Plume (fluid dynamics)|plume]] becomes turbulent as its [[Reynolds number]] increases with increases in flow velocity and characteristic lengthscale.
* Smoke rising from a [[cigarette]]. For the first few centimeters, the smoke is [[Laminar flow|laminar]]. The smoke [[Plume (fluid dynamics)|plume]] becomes turbulent as its [[Reynolds number]] increases with increases in flow velocity and characteristic lengthscale.
烟雾从一支香烟上升起。最开始的几厘米，烟雾是层流。'''<font color="#ff8000"> 雷诺数Reynolds number </font>'''随着流速和特征长度增加时，飘起来的烟变成了湍流。
* Most of the terrestrial [[atmospheric circulation]].
* Most of the terrestrial [[atmospheric circulation]].
大部分陆地的大气环流
* 大部分陆地的大气环流
* The oceanic and atmospheric [[mixed layer]]s and intense oceanic currents.
* The oceanic and atmospheric [[mixed layer]]s and intense oceanic currents.
* 海洋和大气混合层和强烈的洋流
* The flow conditions in many industrial equipment (such as pipes, ducts, precipitators, gas [[scrubber]]s, [[dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger]]s, etc.) and machines (for instance, [[internal combustion engine]]s and [[gas turbine]]s).
* The flow conditions in many industrial equipment (such as pipes, ducts, precipitators, gas [[scrubber]]s, [[dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger]]s, etc.) and machines (for instance, [[internal combustion engine]]s and [[gas turbine]]s).
* 许多工业设备(如管道、管道、除尘器、气体洗涤器、动态刮面热交换器等)和机器(如'''<font color="#ff8000"> 内燃机internal combustion engine</font>'''、'''<font color="#ff8000"> 燃气轮机gas turbine </font>''')中的流动状况。
* The external flow over all kinds of vehicles such as cars, airplanes, ships, and submarines.
* The external flow over all kinds of vehicles such as cars, airplanes, ships, and submarines.
* 各种交通工具，如汽车、飞机、船舶和潜艇的外部流。
* The motions of matter in stellar atmospheres.
* The motions of matter in stellar atmospheres.
* 恒星大气中物质的运动。
* A jet exhausting from a nozzle into a quiescent fluid. As the flow emerges into this external fluid, shear layers originating at the lips of the nozzle are created. These layers separate the fast moving jet from the external fluid, and at a certain critical [[Reynolds number]] they become unstable and break down to turbulence.
* A jet exhausting from a nozzle into a quiescent fluid. As the flow emerges into this external fluid, shear layers originating at the lips of the nozzle are created. These layers separate the fast moving jet from the external fluid, and at a certain critical [[Reynolds number]] they become unstable and break down to turbulence.
* 从喷嘴排放到静止流体中的射流。 当流体流入该外部流体中时，会在喷嘴的边缘产生剪切层。 这些层将快速移动的射流与外部流体分开，并且在某个临界雷诺数时，它们变得不稳定并分解为湍流。
* Biologically generated turbulence resulting from swimming animals affects ocean mixing. <ref>{{Cite journal|title = Observations of Biologically Generated Turbulence in a Coastal Inlet|url = http://science.sciencemag.org/content/313/5794/1768|journal = Science|date = 2006-09-22|issn = 0036-8075|pmid = 16990545|pages = 1768–1770|volume = 313|issue = 5794|doi = 10.1126/science.1129378|language = en|first = Eric|last = Kunze|first2 = John F.|last2 = Dower|first3 = Ian|last3 = Beveridge|first4 = Richard|last4 = Dewey|first5 = Kevin P.|last5 = Bartlett|bibcode = 2006Sci...313.1768K }}</ref>
* Biologically generated turbulence resulting from swimming animals affects ocean mixing.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Observations of Biologically Generated Turbulence in a Coastal Inlet|url = http://science.sciencemag.org/content/313/5794/1768|journal = Science|date = 2006-09-22|issn = 0036-8075|pmid = 16990545|pages = 1768–1770|volume = 313|issue = 5794|doi = 10.1126/science.1129378|language = en|first = Eric|last = Kunze|first2 = John F.|last2 = Dower|first3 = Ian|last3 = Beveridge|first4 = Richard|last4 = Dewey|first5 = Kevin P.|last5 = Bartlett|bibcode = 2006Sci...313.1768K }}</ref>
* 游泳动物引起的生物湍流会影响海洋混合。
{{unsolved|physics|Is it possible to make a theoretical model to describe the behavior of a turbulent flow — in particular, its internal structures?}}
{{unsolved|physics|Is it possible to make a theoretical model to describe the behavior of a turbulent flow — in particular, its internal structures?}}
* [[Snow fence]]s work by inducing turbulence in the wind, forcing it to drop much of its snow load near the fence.
* [[Snow fence]]s work by inducing turbulence in the wind, forcing it to drop much of its snow load near the fence.
* 防雪栅栏的工作原理是在风中产生湍流，迫使其将大部分雪荷载降到栅栏附近。
* Bridge supports (piers) in water. In the late summer and fall, when river flow is slow, water flows smoothly around the support legs. In the spring, when the flow is faster, a higher Reynolds number is associated with the flow. The flow may start off laminar but is quickly separated from the leg and becomes turbulent.
* Bridge supports (piers) in water. In the late summer and fall, when river flow is slow, water flows smoothly around the support legs. In the spring, when the flow is faster, a higher Reynolds number is associated with the flow. The flow may start off laminar but is quickly separated from the leg and becomes turbulent.
* 桥在水中支撑码头。 在夏末和秋季，当河流流量缓慢时，水在支柱周围顺畅流动。 在春季，水流更快时，较高的雷诺数与流动相关联。 流动可能从层流开始，但很快与支柱分离并变得湍流。
* In many geophysical flows (rivers, atmospheric boundary layer), the flow turbulence is dominated by the coherent structures and turbulent events. A turbulent event is a series of turbulent fluctuations that contain more energy than the average flow turbulence.<ref name="Narasimha">{{cite journal|last1=Narasimha|first1=R.|last2=Rudra Kumar|first2=S.|last3=Prabhu|first3=A.|last4=Kailas|first4=S. V.|title= Turbulent flux events in a nearly neutral atmospheric boundary layer|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=365|issue=1852|pages=841–858 |year=2007 | doi=10.1098/rsta.2006.1949|pmid=17244581|bibcode = 2007RSPTA.365..841N |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/24526/1/322.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Trevethan_Chanson">{{cite journal|last1=Trevethan|first1=M.|author2-link=Hubert Chanson|last2=Chanson|first2=H.|title= Turbulence and Turbulent Flux Events in a Small Estuary|journal=[[Environmental Fluid Mechanics]]|issue=3|volume=10 |pages=345–368 |year=2010 |isbn= | doi=10.1007/s10652-009-9134-7 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:205133}}</ref> The turbulent events are associated with coherent flow structures such as eddies and turbulent bursting, and they play a critical role in terms of sediment scour, accretion and transport in rivers as well as contaminant mixing and dispersion in rivers and estuaries, and in the atmosphere.
* In many geophysical flows (rivers, atmospheric boundary layer), the flow turbulence is dominated by the coherent structures and turbulent events. A turbulent event is a series of turbulent fluctuations that contain more energy than the average flow turbulence.<ref name="Narasimha">{{cite journal|last1=Narasimha|first1=R.|last2=Rudra Kumar|first2=S.|last3=Prabhu|first3=A.|last4=Kailas|first4=S. V.|title= Turbulent flux events in a nearly neutral atmospheric boundary layer|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=365|issue=1852|pages=841–858 |year=2007 | doi=10.1098/rsta.2006.1949|pmid=17244581|bibcode = 2007RSPTA.365..841N |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/24526/1/322.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Trevethan_Chanson">{{cite journal|last1=Trevethan|first1=M.|author2-link=Hubert Chanson|last2=Chanson|first2=H.|title= Turbulence and Turbulent Flux Events in a Small Estuary|journal=[[Environmental Fluid Mechanics]]|issue=3|volume=10 |pages=345–368 |year=2010 |isbn= | doi=10.1007/s10652-009-9134-7 |url=http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:205133}}</ref> The turbulent events are associated with coherent flow structures such as eddies and turbulent bursting, and they play a critical role in terms of sediment scour, accretion and transport in rivers as well as contaminant mixing and dispersion in rivers and estuaries, and in the atmosphere.
* 在许多地球物理流动(河流、大气边界层)中，湍流主要由凝聚结构和湍流事件所控制。湍流事件是一系列包含比平均湍流更多能量的湍流波动。
* In the medical field of [[cardiology]], a stethoscope is used to detect [[heart sounds]] and [[bruits]], which are due to turbulent blood flow. In normal individuals, heart sounds are a product of turbulent flow as heart valves close. However, in some conditions turbulent flow can be audible due to other reasons, some of them pathological. For example, in advanced [[atherosclerosis]], bruits (and therefore turbulent flow) can be heard in some vessels that have been narrowed by the disease process.
* In the medical field of [[cardiology]], a stethoscope is used to detect [[heart sounds]] and [[bruits]], which are due to turbulent blood flow. In normal individuals, heart sounds are a product of turbulent flow as heart valves close. However, in some conditions turbulent flow can be audible due to other reasons, some of them pathological. For example, in advanced [[atherosclerosis]], bruits (and therefore turbulent flow) can be heard in some vessels that have been narrowed by the disease process.
* 在心脏病学的医学领域中，听诊器被用于检测心音和杂音，这些都是由于血液湍流引起的。 在正常个体中，心音是心脏瓣膜关闭时湍流的产物。 但是，在某些情况下，由于其他原因，某些是病理性原因，也可以听到心音或杂音。 例如，在'''<font color="#ff8000"> 晚期动脉粥样硬化atherosclerosis</font>'''中，在某些因疾病过程而变窄的血管中会产生湍流，因此会听到杂音。
* Recently, turbulence in porous media became a highly debated subject.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jin|first1=Y.|last2=Uth|first2=M.-F.|last3=Kuznetsov|first3=A. V.|last4=Herwig|first4=H.|title=Numerical investigation of the possibility of macroscopic turbulence in porous media: a direct numerical simulation study|journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics|date=2 February 2015|volume=766|pages=76–103|doi=10.1017/jfm.2015.9|bibcode = 2015JFM...766...76J }}</ref>
* Recently, turbulence in porous media became a highly debated subject.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jin|first1=Y.|last2=Uth|first2=M.-F.|last3=Kuznetsov|first3=A. V.|last4=Herwig|first4=H.|title=Numerical investigation of the possibility of macroscopic turbulence in porous media: a direct numerical simulation study|journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics|date=2 February 2015|volume=766|pages=76–103|doi=10.1017/jfm.2015.9|bibcode = 2015JFM...766...76J }}</ref>
* 最近，多孔介质中的湍流成为一个备受争议的话题
laser-induced fluorescence. The jet exhibits a wide range of length scales, an important characteristic of turbulent flows.]]
laser-induced fluorescence. The jet exhibits a wide range of length scales, an important characteristic of turbulent flows.]]
【图3: False color image of the far field of a submerged turbulent jet. 紊乱淹没射流远场的伪彩色图像。射流的长度范围很广，这是湍流的一个重要特征激光诱导荧光。】
Turbulence is characterized by the following features:
Turbulence is characterized by the following features: