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第36行： − Various criteria for [[intelligence]] have been proposed (most famously the [[Turing test]]) but to date, there is no definition that satisfies everyone.<ref>AI founder [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] writes: "we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures we want to call intelligent." {{cite web| url=http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html| title=Basic Questions| last=McCarthy| first=John| authorlink=John McCarthy (computer scientist)| publisher=[[Stanford University]]| year=2007| access-date=6 December 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026100601/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html| archive-date=26 October 2007| url-status=live}} (For a discussion of some definitions of intelligence used by [[artificial intelligence]] researchers, see [[philosophy of artificial intelligence]].)</ref> However, there ''is'' wide agreement among artificial intelligence researchers that intelligence is required to do the following:<ref> − + 第120行：
第119行： − + − − 第130行：
第127行： − 对于计算机来说，最困难的问题被非正式地称为“ AI完全问题”或“ AI困难问题” ，这意味着解决这些问题相当于人类智能的一般才能，或强人工智能，超出了特定目的算法的能力。+ − 第138行：
第134行： − 人工智能完全问题假设包括一般的计算机视觉，自然语言理解，以及在解决任何现实世界问题的同时处理意外情况。+ 第146行：
第142行： − 目前的计算机技术不能单独解决AI完全问题，而且还需要人工计算。例如，这个特性可以用来测试人类是否存在(CAPTCHAs 的目标就是这样做) ，以及应用于计算机安全以抵御强力攻击。+ − −
→判定要求
{{main|Cognitive science}}
{{main|Cognitive science}}
Various criteria for intelligence have been proposed (most famously the Turing test) but to date, there is no definition that satisfies everyone. However, there is wide agreement among artificial intelligence researchers that intelligence is required to do the following:<ref>
Various criteria for [[intelligence]] have been proposed (most famously the [[Turing test]]) but to date, there is no definition that satisfies everyone.<ref>AI founder [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] writes: "we cannot yet characterize in general what kinds of computational procedures we want to call intelligent." {{cite web| url=http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html| title=Basic Questions| last=McCarthy| first=John| authorlink=John McCarthy (computer scientist)| publisher=[[Stanford University]]| year=2007| access-date=6 December 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026100601/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html| archive-date=26 October 2007| url-status=live}} (For a discussion of some definitions of intelligence used by [[artificial intelligence]] researchers, see [[philosophy of artificial intelligence]].)</ref> However, there ''is'' wide agreement among artificial intelligence researchers that intelligence is required to do the following:
人们提出了各种各样的智能标准(最著名的是图灵测试) ，但到目前为止，还没有一个定义能使所有人满意。然而，人工智能研究人员普遍认为，智能需要做到以下几点:
人们提出了各种各样的智能标准(最著名的是图灵测试) ，但到目前为止，还没有一个定义能使所有人满意。然而，人工智能研究人员普遍认为，智能需要做到以下几点:
=== Problems requiring AGI to solve 等待通用人工智能解决的问题===
===需要通用人工智能解决的问题===
{{Main|AI-complete}}
{{Main|AI-complete}}
The most difficult problems for computers are informally known as "AI-complete" or "AI-hard", implying that solving them is equivalent to the general aptitude of human intelligence, or strong AI, beyond the capabilities of a purpose-specific algorithm.<ref name="Shapiro92">Shapiro, Stuart C. (1992). [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Papers/ai.pdf Artificial Intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201014644/http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Papers/ai.pdf |date=1 February 2016 }} In Stuart C. Shapiro (Ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence'' (Second Edition, pp. 54–57). New York: John Wiley. (Section 4 is on "AI-Complete Tasks".)</ref>
The most difficult problems for computers are informally known as "AI-complete" or "AI-hard", implying that solving them is equivalent to the general aptitude of human intelligence, or strong AI, beyond the capabilities of a purpose-specific algorithm.<ref name="Shapiro92">Shapiro, Stuart C. (1992). [http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Papers/ai.pdf Artificial Intelligence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201014644/http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Papers/ai.pdf |date=1 February 2016 }} In Stuart C. Shapiro (Ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence'' (Second Edition, pp. 54–57). New York: John Wiley. (Section 4 is on "AI-Complete Tasks".)</ref>
The most difficult problems for computers are informally known as "AI-complete" or "AI-hard", implying that solving them is equivalent to the general aptitude of human intelligence, or strong AI, beyond the capabilities of a purpose-specific algorithm.
The most difficult problems for computers are informally known as "AI-complete" or "AI-hard", implying that solving them is equivalent to the general aptitude of human intelligence, or strong AI, beyond the capabilities of a purpose-specific algorithm.
对于计算机来说，最困难的问题被非正式地称为“AI完全问题”或“AI困难问题”，这意味着解决这些问题相当于拥有人类智能的一般才能，或超出了特定目的算法能力的强人工智能。
AI-complete problems are hypothesised to include general computer vision, natural language understanding, and dealing with unexpected circumstances while solving any real world problem.
AI-complete problems are hypothesised to include general computer vision, natural language understanding, and dealing with unexpected circumstances while solving any real world problem.
AI-完全问题被认为包括一般的计算机视觉，自然语言理解，以及在解决任何现实世界问题的同时处理意外情况。
AI-complete problems cannot be solved with current computer technology alone, and also require human computation. This property could be useful, for example, to test for the presence of humans, as CAPTCHAs aim to do; and for computer security to repel brute-force attacks.
AI-complete problems cannot be solved with current computer technology alone, and also require human computation. This property could be useful, for example, to test for the presence of humans, as CAPTCHAs aim to do; and for computer security to repel brute-force attacks.
目前的计算机技术不能单独解决AI完全问题，还需要人工计算的参与。这个特性可以用来测试人类是否存在(比如说，CAPTCHAs的目标就是测试服务的使用者是人类而非机器人) ，以及应用于计算机安全以抵御暴力攻击。
== History 历史 ==
== History 历史 ==