更改

===在经济学和社会科学中===

===在经济学和社会科学中===

权威文章: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics Agent-based computational economics] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_social_simulation Agent-based social simulation].

权威文章: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_computational_economics Agent-based computational economics] 和 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_social_simulation Agent-based social simulation].

金融危机前后，人们对将ABMs作为经济分析工具的兴趣有所增长<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott E. |last=Page |year=2008 |title=Agent-Based Models |work=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics|edition=2 |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000218&edition=current&q=agent-based%20computational%20modeling&topicid=&result_number=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Leigh |editor1-last=Testfatsion |editor1-link=Leigh Tesfatsion |editor2-first=Kenneth |editor2-last=Judd |editor2-link=Kenneth Judd |date=May 2006 |title=Handbook of Computational Economics |volume=2 |publisher=Elsevier |pages=904 |url=http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/660847/description#description |isbn=978-0-444-51253-6 |access-date=January 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306100156/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/660847/description#description |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} ([https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/15740021/2 Chapter preview)]</ref>。ABMs并不假设经济可以达到均衡，“[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_agent 典型主体]”被具有多样性、动态和相互依赖行为（包括羊群行为）的主体所取代。ABMs采用一种“自下而上”的方法，可以生成极其复杂和不稳定的模拟经济体。ABMs可以代表不稳定的系统，崩溃和繁荣是从[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear 非线性]地（不成比例）响应比例小的变化发展而来的。<ref name="agents">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/16636121 |title=Agents of change |date=July 22, 2010 |work=The Economist |accessdate=February 16, 2011 }}</ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist 《经济学人]》2010年7月的一篇文章将ABMs视为DSGE模型的替代品。[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal) 《自然》]杂志也鼓励基于主体的建模，社论提出，与标准模型相比，ABMs能够更好地代表金融市场和其它经济复杂性<ref>{{cite journal |title=A model approach |journal=Nature (journal) |volume=460 |issue=7256 |page=667 |date=August 6, 2009 |doi=10.1038/460667a |pmid=19661863 |bibcode=2009Natur.460Q.667.|doi-access=free }}</ref> 。此外，多恩·法默 J. Doyne Farmer和邓肯·弗利 Duncan Foley的一篇文章也指出，ABMs能够满足凯恩斯描绘复杂经济的愿望，以及罗伯特·卢卡斯 Robert Lucas基于微观基础构建模型的愿望。法默和福利指出，使用ABMs对经济的部分进行建模已经取得了进展，但他们主张创建一个包含低层次模型的非常大的模型。以模仿、反模仿和无差异金融市场这三种不同的行为特征为基础，建立一个复杂的分析师系统模型，并对其进行了高精度的模拟。结果表明，网络形态与股票市场指数之间存在相关性。<ref>Stefan, F., & Atman, A. (2015). Is there any connection between the network morphology and the fluctuations of the stock market index? Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, (419), 630-641.</ref>

金融危机前后，人们对将ABMs作为经济分析工具的兴趣有所增长<ref>{{cite book |first=Scott E. |last=Page |year=2008 |title=Agent-Based Models |work=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics|edition=2 |url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000218&edition=current&q=agent-based%20computational%20modeling&topicid=&result_number=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Leigh |editor1-last=Testfatsion |editor1-link=Leigh Tesfatsion |editor2-first=Kenneth |editor2-last=Judd |editor2-link=Kenneth Judd |date=May 2006 |title=Handbook of Computational Economics |volume=2 |publisher=Elsevier |pages=904 |url=http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/660847/description#description |isbn=978-0-444-51253-6 |access-date=January 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306100156/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/660847/description#description |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }} ([https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/15740021/2 Chapter preview)]</ref>。ABMs并不假设经济可以达到均衡，“[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_agent 典型主体]”被具有多样性、动态和相互依赖行为（包括羊群行为）的主体所取代。ABMs采用一种“自下而上”的方法，可以生成极其复杂和不稳定的模拟经济体。ABMs可以代表不稳定的系统，崩溃和繁荣是从[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear 非线性]地（不成比例）响应比例小的变化发展而来的。<ref name="agents">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/16636121 |title=Agents of change |date=July 22, 2010 |work=The Economist |accessdate=February 16, 2011 }}</ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist 《经济学人]》2010年7月的一篇文章将ABMs视为DSGE模型的替代品。[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal) 《自然》]杂志也鼓励基于主体的建模，社论提出，与标准模型相比，ABMs能够更好地代表金融市场和其它经济复杂性<ref>{{cite journal |title=A model approach |journal=Nature (journal) |volume=460 |issue=7256 |page=667 |date=August 6, 2009 |doi=10.1038/460667a |pmid=19661863 |bibcode=2009Natur.460Q.667.|doi-access=free }}</ref> 。此外，多恩·法默 J. Doyne Farmer和邓肯·弗利 Duncan Foley的一篇文章也指出，ABMs能够满足凯恩斯描绘复杂经济的愿望，以及罗伯特·卢卡斯 Robert Lucas基于微观基础构建模型的愿望。法默和福利指出，使用ABMs对经济的部分进行建模已经取得了进展，但他们主张创建一个包含低层次模型的非常大的模型。以模仿、反模仿和无差异金融市场这三种不同的行为特征为基础，建立一个复杂的分析师系统模型，并对其进行了高精度的模拟。结果表明，网络形态与股票市场指数之间存在相关性。<ref>Stefan, F., & Atman, A. (2015). Is there any connection between the network morphology and the fluctuations of the stock market index? Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, (419), 630-641.</ref>

自21世纪初以来，ABMs已被应用于建筑和城市规划中<ref>{{cite journal |first1=G.D.P.A |last2=Wullschleger |first2=Tobias |last3=Müller |first3=Hanspeter |last4=Schmitt |first4=Gerhard |last1=Aschwanden |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of 3D city models using automatic placed urban agents |journal=Automation in Construction |volume=22 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1016/j.autcon.2011.07.001}}</ref> ，以评估设计和模拟城市环境中的行人流量<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Daniel G. |last1=Brown |last2=Page |first2=Scott E. |last3=Zellner |first3=Moira |last4=Rand |first4=William |year=2005 |title=Path dependence and the validation of agent‐based spatial models of land use |journal=International Journal of Geographic Informations Science |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=153–174 |doi=10.1080/13658810410001713399|doi-access=free }}</ref>。利用ABM的识别社会经济网络系统影响的能力，对应基础设施投资的影响进行社会经济分析的领域也越来越多。<ref>{{cite report |first1=Paul |last2=Stiff |first2=David |last1=Smetanin |year=2015 |title=Investing in Ontario's Public Infrastructure: A Prosperity at Risk Perspective, with an analysis of the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area |journal=The Canadian Centre for Economic Analysis |url=http://www.cancea.ca/sites/economic-analysis.ca/files/reports/CANCEA%20Report%20-%20Investing%20in%20Ontario%27s%20Infrastructure%20FINAL%20Oct%202015%20Web.pdf}}</ref>

自21世纪初以来，ABMs已被应用于建筑和城市规划中<ref>{{cite journal |first1=G.D.P.A |last2=Wullschleger |first2=Tobias |last3=Müller |first3=Hanspeter |last4=Schmitt |first4=Gerhard |last1=Aschwanden |year=2009 |title=Evaluation of 3D city models using automatic placed urban agents |journal=Automation in Construction |volume=22 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1016/j.autcon.2011.07.001}}</ref> ，以评估设计和模拟城市环境中的行人流量<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Daniel G. |last1=Brown |last2=Page |first2=Scott E. |last3=Zellner |first3=Moira |last4=Rand |first4=William |year=2005 |title=Path dependence and the validation of agent‐based spatial models of land use |journal=International Journal of Geographic Informations Science |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=153–174 |doi=10.1080/13658810410001713399|doi-access=free }}</ref>。利用ABM的识别社会经济网络系统影响的能力，对应基础设施投资的影响进行社会经济分析的领域也越来越多。<ref>{{cite report |first1=Paul |last2=Stiff |first2=David |last1=Smetanin |year=2015 |title=Investing in Ontario's Public Infrastructure: A Prosperity at Risk Perspective, with an analysis of the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area |journal=The Canadian Centre for Economic Analysis |url=http://www.cancea.ca/sites/economic-analysis.ca/files/reports/CANCEA%20Report%20-%20Investing%20in%20Ontario%27s%20Infrastructure%20FINAL%20Oct%202015%20Web.pdf}}</ref>

===组织ABM：主体导向的模拟===

===组织ABM：主体导向的模拟===