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第231行： − 观察关联矩阵，我们就会发现，每一列的和总是等于2的。这是因为每条边都有一个顶点连接到每个端点。+ 第239行：
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→Undirected and directed graphs 无向图和有向图
If we look at the incidence matrix, we see that the sum of each column is equal to 2. This is because each edge has a vertex connected to each end.
If we look at the incidence matrix, we see that the sum of each column is equal to 2. This is because each edge has a vertex connected to each end.
观察关联矩阵，我们就会发现，因为每条边都有一个顶点连接到每个端点，所以每一列的和总是等于2。
The incidence matrix of a directed graph is a matrix B where n and m are the number of vertices and edges respectively, such that if the edge e<sub>j</sub> leaves vertex v<sub>i</sub>, 1 if it enters vertex v<sub>i</sub> and 0 otherwise (many authors use the opposite sign convention).
The incidence matrix of a directed graph is a matrix B where n and m are the number of vertices and edges respectively, such that if the edge e<sub>j</sub> leaves vertex v<sub>i</sub>, 1 if it enters vertex v<sub>i</sub> and 0 otherwise (many authors use the opposite sign convention).
'''<font color="#32CD32">有向图的关联矩阵是一个矩阵''B''，其中 ''n'' 和 ''m'' 分别是顶点和边的数目，这样如果边 e<sub>j</sub> 离开顶点 v<sub>i</sub>，为1，如果它进入顶点 v<sub>i</sub> ，为0(许多作者使用相反的符号约定)。</font>The incidence matrix of a directed graph is a matrix B where n and m are the number of vertices and edges respectively, such that if the edge e<sub>j</sub> leaves vertex v<sub>i</sub>, 1 if it enters vertex v<sub>i</sub> and 0 otherwise (many authors use the opposite sign convention).
'''<font color="#32CD32">有向图的关联矩阵是一个矩阵''B''，其中 ''n'' 和 ''m'' 分别是顶点和边的数目，这样当边 e<sub>j</sub> 离开顶点 v<sub>i</sub>，时为1，当它进入顶点 v<sub>i</sub> ，时为0(许多作者使用相反的符号约定)。</font>The incidence matrix of a directed graph is a matrix B where n and m are the number of vertices and edges respectively, such that if the edge e<sub>j</sub> leaves vertex v<sub>i</sub>, 1 if it enters vertex v<sub>i</sub> and 0 otherwise (many authors use the opposite sign convention).
The integral cycle space of a graph is equal to the null space of its oriented incidence matrix, viewed as a matrix over the integers or real or complex numbers. The binary cycle space is the null space of its oriented or unoriented incidence matrix, viewed as a matrix over the two-element field.
The integral cycle space of a graph is equal to the null space of its oriented incidence matrix, viewed as a matrix over the integers or real or complex numbers. The binary cycle space is the null space of its oriented or unoriented incidence matrix, viewed as a matrix over the two-element field.
图的'''<font color="#ff8000">圈空间 Cycle Space</font>'''等j价于其有向关联矩阵的零空间，可以看作是整数或实数或复数上的矩阵。二元循环空间是有向或无向关联矩阵的零空间，也可以看作是二元场上的矩阵。
图的'''<font color="#ff8000">圈空间 Cycle Space</font>'''等价于其有向关联矩阵的零空间，可以看作是整数或实数或复数上的矩阵。二元循环空间是有向或无向关联矩阵的零空间，也可以看作是二元域上的矩阵。
==Signed and bidirected graphs 有符号双向图 ==
==Signed and bidirected graphs 有符号双向图 ==