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无编辑摘要
Social influence is not necessarily negative. For example, doctors can try to [[persuade]] patients to change unhealthy habits. Social influence is generally perceived to be harmless when it respects the right of the influenced to accept or reject it, and is not unduly coercive. Depending on the context and motivations, social influence may constitute underhanded manipulation.
Social influence is not necessarily negative. For example, doctors can try to [[persuade]] patients to change unhealthy habits. Social influence is generally perceived to be harmless when it respects the right of the influenced to accept or reject it, and is not unduly coercive. Depending on the context and motivations, social influence may constitute underhanded manipulation.
社会影响不一定是负面的。 例如，医生可以尝试说服患者改变不健康的习惯。 当社会影响力尊重受影响者接受或拒绝它的权利并且没有过分强制性时，通常可以认为是无害的。社会影响取决于上下文和动机，可能构成不当操纵。
===Abusive power and control===
===Abusive power and control===
Controlling abusers use various tactics to exert power and control over their victims. The goal of the abuser is to control and [[intimidate]] the victim or to influence them to feel that they do not have an equal voice in the relationship.<ref name="Cory p. 30">Jill Cory; Karen McAndless-Davis. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qBFdlUnxmkkC&pg=PA30 When Love Hurts: A Woman's Guide to Understanding Abuse in Relationships]''. WomanKind Press; 1 January 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-9686016-0-0}}. p. 30.</ref>
Controlling abusers use various tactics to exert power and control over their victims. The goal of the abuser is to control and [[intimidate]] the victim or to influence them to feel that they do not have an equal voice in the relationship.<ref name="Cory p. 30">Jill Cory; Karen McAndless-Davis. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qBFdlUnxmkkC&pg=PA30 When Love Hurts: A Woman's Guide to Understanding Abuse in Relationships]''. WomanKind Press; 1 January 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-9686016-0-0}}. p. 30.</ref>
Controlling abusers use various tactics to exert power and control over their victims. The goal of the abuser is to control and [[intimidate]] the victim or to influence them to feel that they do not have an equal voice in the relationship.
滥用控制者使用各种策略来控制受害者。 施虐者的目标是控制受害者并使其受害，或以此影响他们使他们感到在恋爱关系中没有平等交流的权力。
===Propaganda===
===Propaganda===
Propaganda is information that is not [[Objectivity (journalism)|objective]] and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using [[loaded language]] to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.<ref name="brit_BLS">{{cite web | last = Smith | first = Bruce L. | author-link = Bruce Lannes Smith | title = Propaganda | website = britannica.com | publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] | date = 17 February 2016 | url = http://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda | access-date = 23 April 2016 }}</ref>
Propaganda is information that is not [[Objectivity (journalism)|objective]] and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using [[loaded language]] to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.<ref name="brit_BLS">{{cite web | last = Smith | first = Bruce L. | author-link = Bruce Lannes Smith | title = Propaganda | website = britannica.com | publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] | date = 17 February 2016 | url = http://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda | access-date = 23 April 2016 }}</ref>
Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.
宣传是非客观的信息，主要用于影响受众和议程，通常是有选择地陈述事实以鼓励特定的综合或感知，或使用加载的语言对信息进行感性而非理性的回应。
===Hard power===
===Hard power===
Hard power is the use of [[military]] and [[economics|economic]] means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of [[political power]] is often aggressive ([[coercion]]), and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or [[economic power]].<ref name=hard>{{cite web|title=Hard Power Vs. Soft Power|url=http://www.themarknews.com/articles/895-hard-power-vs-soft-power|publisher=The Mark|accessdate=26 April 2012|author=Daryl Copeland|date=Feb 2, 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501050956/http://www.themarknews.com/articles/895-hard-power-vs-soft-power|archivedate=1 May 2012}}</ref> Hard power contrasts with [[soft power]], which comes from [[diplomacy]], [[culture]] and [[history]].<ref name=hard/>
Hard power is the use of [[military]] and [[economics|economic]] means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of [[political power]] is often aggressive ([[coercion]]), and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and/or [[economic power]].<ref name=hard>{{cite web|title=Hard Power Vs. Soft Power|url=http://www.themarknews.com/articles/895-hard-power-vs-soft-power|publisher=The Mark|accessdate=26 April 2012|author=Daryl Copeland|date=Feb 2, 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501050956/http://www.themarknews.com/articles/895-hard-power-vs-soft-power|archivedate=1 May 2012}}</ref> Hard power contrasts with [[soft power]], which comes from [[diplomacy]], [[culture]] and [[history]].<ref name=hard/>
Hard power is the use of militaryand economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive (coercion), and is most effective when imposed by one political body upon another of lesser military and or economic power.
硬实力是为影响其他政治团体行为或利益而对军事实力和经济实力的使用。这种形式的政治权力通常是侵略性的（强制性的），并且在被一个政治机构强加给另一个军事和经济实力较小的政治机构时最为有效。
A social network is a social structure made up of nodes (representing individuals or organizations) which are connected (through ties, also called edges, connections, or links) by one or more types of interdependency (such as friendship, common interests or beliefs, sexual relations, or kinship). Social network analysis uses the lens of network theory to examine social relationships. Social network analysis as a field has become more prominent since the mid-20th century in determining the channels and effects of social influence. For example, Christakis and Fowler found that social networks transmit states and behaviors such as obesity, smoking, drinking and happiness.
A social network is a social structure made up of nodes (representing individuals or organizations) which are connected (through ties, also called edges, connections, or links) by one or more types of interdependency (such as friendship, common interests or beliefs, sexual relations, or kinship). Social network analysis uses the lens of network theory to examine social relationships. Social network analysis as a field has become more prominent since the mid-20th century in determining the channels and effects of social influence. For example, Christakis and Fowler found that social networks transmit states and behaviors such as obesity, smoking, drinking and happiness.
Many factors can affect the impact of social influence.
Many factors can affect the impact of social influence.
很多因素可以影响社会影响力的作用。
However, important flaws have been identified in the contagion model for social influence which is assumed and used in many of the above studies. In order to address these flaws, causal inference methods have been proposed instead, to systematically disentangle social influence from other possible confounding causes when using observational data.
However, important flaws have been identified in the contagion model for social influence which is assumed and used in many of the above studies. In order to address these flaws, causal inference methods have been proposed instead, to systematically disentangle social influence from other possible confounding causes when using observational data.
Social impact theory was developed by [[Bibb Latané]] in 1981. This theory asserts that there are three factors which increase a person's likelihood to respond to social influence:<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Latané | first1 = B | year = 1981 | title = The psychology of social impact | doi = 10.1037/0003-066x.36.4.343 | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 36 | issue = 4| pages = 343–356 }}</ref>
Social impact theory was developed by [[Bibb Latané]] in 1981. This theory asserts that there are three factors which increase a person's likelihood to respond to social influence:<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Latané | first1 = B | year = 1981 | title = The psychology of social impact | doi = 10.1037/0003-066x.36.4.343 | journal = American Psychologist | volume = 36 | issue = 4| pages = 343–356 }}</ref>
Social impact theory was developed by Bibb Latané in 1981. This theory asserts that there are three factors which increase a person's likelihood to respond to social influence:
社会影响理论是由比伯·拉坦纳（Bibb Latané）1981年提出的。该理论断言，有三个因素会增加一个人对社会影响做出反应的可能性：
*''Strength'': The importance of the influencing group to the individual
*''Strength'': The importance of the influencing group to the individual
*“重要性”：他人对个人的重要性
*''Immediacy'': Physical (and temporal) proximity of the influencing group to the individual at the time of the influence attempt
*''Immediacy'': Physical (and temporal) proximity of the influencing group to the individual at the time of the influence attempt
*“接近性”：他人对个人产生影响时，在时间和空间上与个人的接近程度
*''Number'': The number of people in the group
*“数量”：他人的数量
As described above, theoretical approaches are in the form of knowledge clusters. A global theory of Influence is missing for an easy understanding and an education to protect from manipulators.
如上所述，理论方法是知识集群的形式。但对于社会影响，缺少一个全球影响力理论帮助人们理解和学习如何防范操纵者。
[[Robert Cialdini]] defines six "weapons of influence" that can contribute to an individual's propensity to be influenced by a persuader:<ref name="Cialdini" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://conceptually.org/concepts/6-principles-of-influence/ |title=What are the 6 principles of influence? |website=conceptually.org |access-date= October 25, 2017}}</ref>
[[Robert Cialdini]] defines six "weapons of influence" that can contribute to an individual's propensity to be influenced by a persuader:<ref name="Cialdini" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://conceptually.org/concepts/6-principles-of-influence/ |title=What are the 6 principles of influence? |website=conceptually.org |access-date= October 25, 2017}}</ref>
Robert Cialdini defines six "weapons of influence" that can contribute to an individual's propensity to be influenced by a persuader:
罗伯特·迪尼（Robert Cialdini）定义了六种“影响力武器”，这些“武器”可以使个人更容易受到说服者的影响：
*[[norm of reciprocity|Reciprocity]]: People tend to return a favor.
*[[norm of reciprocity|Reciprocity]]: People tend to return a favor.
* Reciprocity: People tend to return a favor.
* 互惠：人们倾向于回报所有收到的好处
*[[Promise|Commitment]] and [[consistency]]: People do not like to be self-contradictory. Once they commit to an idea or behavior, they are averse to changing their minds without good reason.
*[[Promise|Commitment]] and [[consistency]]: People do not like to be self-contradictory. Once they commit to an idea or behavior, they are averse to changing their minds without good reason.
* Commitment and consistency: People do not like to be self-contradictory. Once they commit to an idea or behavior, they are averse to changing their minds without good reason.
* 承诺和一致：人们不喜欢自相矛盾。一旦他们承诺了某种行为或者采取某种立场，如果没有很好的理由，他们讨厌改变想法。
*[[Social proof]]: People will be more open to things that they see others doing. For example, seeing others compost their organic waste after finishing a meal may influence the subject to do so as well.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sussman, R.|author2=Gifford, R.|name-list-style=amp|year=2013|title=Be the Change You Want to See: Modeling Food Composting in Public Places|journal=Environment & Behavior|volume=45|issue=3|pages=323–343|doi=10.1177/0013916511431274|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0de18b4adf6b128027a3f4c0bc8d757426f20421}}</ref>
*[[Social proof]]: People will be more open to things that they see others doing. For example, seeing others compost their organic waste after finishing a meal may influence the subject to do so as well.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Sussman, R.|author2=Gifford, R.|name-list-style=amp|year=2013|title=Be the Change You Want to See: Modeling Food Composting in Public Places|journal=Environment & Behavior|volume=45|issue=3|pages=323–343|doi=10.1177/0013916511431274|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0de18b4adf6b128027a3f4c0bc8d757426f20421}}</ref>
* Social proof: People will be more open to things that they see others doing. For example, seeing others compost their organic waste after finishing a meal may influence the subject to do so as well.
* 社会认同：人们会更倾向于接受其他人都在做的事情。例如如果看见其他人用晚餐之后都把剩饭剩菜用来堆肥，这也会影响他们也这样做。
*[[Authority]]: People will tend to obey authority figures.
*[[Authority]]: People will tend to obey authority figures.
* Authority: People will tend to obey authority figures.
* 权威：人们更喜欢服从权威。
}}
}}
*Liking: People are more easily swayed by people they like.
*Liking: People are more easily swayed by people they like.
* Liking: People are more easily swayed by people they like.
* 喜好：人们自己的喜好很容易为他人的喜好所动摇。
*[[Scarcity]]: A perceived limitation of resources will generate demand.
*[[Scarcity]]: A perceived limitation of resources will generate demand.
* Scarcity: A perceived limitation of resources will generate demand.
* 稀缺：稀缺的东西将会产生需求。
===Unanimity===
===Unanimity===
Social Influence is strongest when the group perpetrating it is consistent and committed. Even a single instance of dissent can greatly wane the strength of an influence. For example, in Milgram's first set of [[Milgram experiment|obedience experiments]], 65% of participants complied with fake authority figures to administer "maximum shocks" to a confederate. In iterations of the Milgram experiment where three people administered shocks (two of whom were confederates), once one confederate disobeyed, only ten percent of subjects administered the maximum shocks.<ref name=ObedStudy>{{cite journal|last=Milgram |first=Stanley |year=1963 |title=Behavioral Study of Obedience |journal=Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=371–378 |pmid=14049516 |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/abn/67/4/371 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120717013242/http://content.apa.org/journals/abn/67/4/371 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-17 |doi=10.1037/h0040525 |citeseerx=10.1.1.599.92 }} [http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1981/A1981LC33300001.pdf Full-text PDF.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611105753/http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1981/A1981LC33300001.pdf |date=June 11, 2011 }}</ref>
Social Influence is strongest when the group perpetrating it is consistent and committed. Even a single instance of dissent can greatly wane the strength of an influence. For example, in Milgram's first set of [[Milgram experiment|obedience experiments]], 65% of participants complied with fake authority figures to administer "maximum shocks" to a confederate. In iterations of the Milgram experiment where three people administered shocks (two of whom were confederates), once one confederate disobeyed, only ten percent of subjects administered the maximum shocks.<ref name=ObedStudy>{{cite journal|last=Milgram |first=Stanley |year=1963 |title=Behavioral Study of Obedience |journal=Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=371–378 |pmid=14049516 |url=http://content.apa.org/journals/abn/67/4/371 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120717013242/http://content.apa.org/journals/abn/67/4/371 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-07-17 |doi=10.1037/h0040525 |citeseerx=10.1.1.599.92 }} [http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1981/A1981LC33300001.pdf Full-text PDF.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611105753/http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1981/A1981LC33300001.pdf |date=June 11, 2011 }}</ref>
Social Influence is strongest when the group perpetrating it is consistent and committed. Even a single instance of dissent can greatly wane the strength of an influence. For example, in Milgram's first set of obedience experiments, 65% of participants complied with fake authority figures to administer "maximum shocks" to a confederate. In iterations of the Milgram experiment where three people administered shocks (two of whom were confederates), once one confederate disobeyed, only ten percent of subjects administered the maximum shocks.
当团体的社会影响力一致且坚定时，社会影响力才最强。 即使只有一个异议也可以大大削弱影响力。 例如，在米尔格拉姆（Milgram）的第一组服从实验中，有65％的参与者遵从假冒的权威人物来对盟友施加“最大冲击”。 在米尔格拉姆（Milgram）实验的迭代中，三个人进行了电击（其中两个人是盟友），一旦其中一个不服从，就只有百分之十的受试者进行了最大的电击。
=== Status ===
=== Status ===
==编者推荐==
==编者推荐==
[https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/188286012 知乎：读书笔记|《影响力》罗伯特•B . 西奥迪尼]