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复杂适应系统的研究主要集中在系统的复杂性、涌现性和宏观特性上。<ref name=CAS-T-11>{{cite journal|title=A Complex Adaptive Organization Under the Lens of the LIFE Model:The Case of Wikipedia|journal=Egosnet.org|url=https://otago.academia.edu/JeanBaptisteFaucher/Papers/489796/A_Complex_Adaptive_Organization_Under_the_Lens_of_the_LIFE_Model_The_Case_of_Wikipedia|accessdate=25 August 2012|last1=Faucher|first1=Jean-Baptiste}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-12>{{cite web|title=Evolutionary Psychology, Complex Systems, and Social Theory|url=http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~mclennan/papers/EPCSST.pdf|work=Bruce MacLennan, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville|publisher=eecs.utk.edu|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-13>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems as a Model for Evaluating Organisational : Change Caused by the Introduction of Health Information Systems|url=http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|work=Kieren Diment, Ping Yu, Karin Garrety, Health Informatics Research Lab, Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, School of Management, University of Wollongong, NSW|publisher=uow.edu.au|accessdate=25 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905170544/http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|archivedate=5 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

 

 

 

复杂适应系统的研究主要集中在系统的复杂性、涌现性和宏观特性上。<ref name=CAS-T-11>{{cite journal|title=A Complex Adaptive Organization Under the Lens of the LIFE Model:The Case of Wikipedia|journal=Egosnet.org|url=https://otago.academia.edu/JeanBaptisteFaucher/Papers/489796/A_Complex_Adaptive_Organization_Under_the_Lens_of_the_LIFE_Model_The_Case_of_Wikipedia|accessdate=25 August 2012|last1=Faucher|first1=Jean-Baptiste}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-12>{{cite web|title=Evolutionary Psychology, Complex Systems, and Social Theory|url=http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~mclennan/papers/EPCSST.pdf|work=Bruce MacLennan, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville|publisher=eecs.utk.edu|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-13>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems as a Model for Evaluating Organisational : Change Caused by the Introduction of Health Information Systems|url=http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|work=Kieren Diment, Ping Yu, Karin Garrety, Health Informatics Research Lab, Faculty of Informatics, University of Wollongong, School of Management, University of Wollongong, NSW|publisher=uow.edu.au|accessdate=25 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905170544/http://www.uow.edu.au/~kd21/uploads/Diment-complexity.pdf|archivedate=5 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[约翰·霍兰德 John H. Holland]]复杂适应系统是由大量主体组成的系统，主体之间会相互影响，相互适应或学习。

复杂适应系统的典型例子包括: 气候、城市、企业、市场、政府、工业、生态系统、社交网络、电网、动物群落、交通流、社会昆虫群体（例如：蚁群）<ref name=AFC-NA-21>Steven Strogatz, Duncan J. Watts and Albert-László Barabási {{cite web |title =  explaining synchronicity ''(at 6:08)'', network theory, self-adaptation mechanism of complex systems, Six Degrees of separation, Small world phenomenon, events are never isolated as they depend upon each other ''(at 27:07)'' in the BBC / Discovery Documentary |work = BBC / Discovery  |url=http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/six-degrees-of-separation/|page =  |date=|accessdate=11 June 2012}} "Unfolding the science behind the idea of six degrees of separation"</ref>等。除此之外，互联网和网络空间等由复杂的人机交互组成、协作和管理的网络系统也被视为复杂适应性系统。<ref name=CAS-T-16>{{cite web|title=The Internet Analyzed as a Complex Adaptive System|url=http://spacecollective.org/aloksubbarao/5730/The-Internet-Analyzed-as-a-Complex-Adaptive-System|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-17>{{cite web|title=Cyberspace: The Ultimate Complex Adaptive System|url=http://www.dodccrp.org/files/IC2J_v4n2_03_Phister.pdf|publisher=The International C2 Journal

复杂适应系统的典型例子包括: 气候、城市、企业、市场、政府、工业、生态系统、社交网络、电网、动物群落、交通流、社会昆虫群体（例如：蚁群）<ref name=AFC-NA-21>Steven Strogatz, Duncan J. Watts and Albert-László Barabási {{cite web |title =  explaining synchronicity ''(at 6:08)'', network theory, self-adaptation mechanism of complex systems, Six Degrees of separation, Small world phenomenon, events are never isolated as they depend upon each other ''(at 27:07)'' in the BBC / Discovery Documentary |work = BBC / Discovery  |url=http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/six-degrees-of-separation/|page =  |date=|accessdate=11 June 2012}} "Unfolding the science behind the idea of six degrees of separation"</ref>等。除此之外，互联网和网络空间等由复杂的人机交互组成、协作和管理的网络系统也被视为复杂适应性系统。<ref name=CAS-T-16>{{cite web|title=The Internet Analyzed as a Complex Adaptive System|url=http://spacecollective.org/aloksubbarao/5730/The-Internet-Analyzed-as-a-Complex-Adaptive-System|accessdate=25 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=CAS-T-17>{{cite web|title=Cyberspace: The Ultimate Complex Adaptive System|url=http://www.dodccrp.org/files/IC2J_v4n2_03_Phister.pdf|publisher=The International C2 Journal

|accessdate=25 August 2012}} by Paul W. Phister Jr</ref><ref name=CAS-T-18>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems|url=http://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/notebook/Complex%20Adaptive%20Systems.pdf|publisher=mit.edu|year=2001|accessdate=25 August 2012}} by Serena Chan, Research Seminar in Engineering Systems</ref>

|accessdate=25 August 2012}} by Paul W. Phister Jr</ref><ref name=CAS-T-18>{{cite web|title=Complex Adaptive Systems|url=http://web.mit.edu/esd.83/www/notebook/Complex%20Adaptive%20Systems.pdf|publisher=mit.edu|year=2001|accessdate=25 August 2012}} by Serena Chan, Research Seminar in Engineering Systems</ref>

=== 一般性质 General properties ===

=== 一般性质 General properties ===

'''复杂适应系统(CAS)'''与'''[[多智能体系统]] Multi-agent system(MAS)'''的区别在于，CAS更关注顶层性质和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、[[涌现]]性和[[自组织]]特性。并且，[[多智能体系统]]是由多个相互作用的组件组成的系统，而在 复杂适应系统中，组件与系统之间是自适应的，系统是自相似的。

'''复杂适应系统(CAS)'''与'''[[多智能体系统]] Multi-agent system(MAS)'''的区别在于，复杂适应系统更关注顶层性质和特征，比如自相似性、复杂性、[[涌现]]性和[[自组织]]特性。[[多智能体系统]]是由多个相互作用的主体组成的系统，而在 复杂适应系统中，主体和系统都是自适应的，系统之间是自相似的。